Historical Origins and A Current Comparison of the Scottish and Catalan Independence Movements

Abstract

In this study, firstly, the concepts of nationalism, sub-state nationalism and self-determination are analysed with empirical cases. Then, the historical development, internal dynamics and a current comparison of the Scottish and Catalan independence movements are explained. The studies of sub-state nationalism specialists and the news of independent think tanks and broadcasting organisations are analysed qualitatively. The most important reasons for the strengthening of the independence demands of these regions in the public opinion are determined as loss of imperial power, strong sub-state institutionalisation, public diplomacy activities, economic demands and constitutional crises. Although there is stronger economic motivation and public diplomacy in Catalonia, recent opinion polls and regional election results show that support for expanding autonomy rights rather than independence is on the rise. Scotland, on the other hand, has an economic structure and public diplomacy that is highly dependent on England. However, with its strong political structure led by SNP, especially in the Brexit process, as can be understood from the opinion polls, it can create a serious pressure on the international public opinion regarding the independence movements.

Keywords

• Scotland
• Catalonia
• Independence Movements
• Self-Determination
• Sub-State Nationalism

İskoç ve Katalan Bağımsızlık Hareketlerinin Tarihsel Kökenleri ve Güncel Bir Karşılaştırması

Abstract

Bu çalışmada öncelikle, milliyetçilik, devlet altı milliyetçilik ve self determinasyon kavramları ampirik örneklerle desteklenerek analiz edilmektedir. Daha sonra İskoç ve Katalan bağımsızlık hareketlerinin tarihsel gelişimine, iç dinamiklerine ve güncel bir karşılaştırmasına yer verilmektedir. Çalışmada devlet altı milliyetçilik konusunda uzman düşünürlerin çalışmaları ve konunun güncelliğini koruması sebebiyle bağımsız düşünce ve yayın kuruluşlarının haberleri nitel olarak analiz edilmektedir. Bu bölgelerin bağımsızlık taleplerinin kamuoyunda güçlenmesinin en önemli nedenleri; emperyal gücün kaybı, güçlü devlet altı kurumsallaşma, kamu diplomasisi faaliyetleri, ekonomik talepler ve anayasal krizler olarak belirlenmiştir. Katalonya’da daha güçlü ekonomik motivasyon ve kamu diplomasisi bulunsa da son kamuoyu yoklamaları ve bölgesel seçim sonuçları, bağımsızlıktan çok özerklik haklarının genişletilmesi yönünde desteğin artışta olduğunu göstermektedir. İskoçya ise İngiltere’ye fazlasıyla bağımlı bir ekonomik yapılanma ve kamu diplomasisine sahiptir. Fakat İskoç Ulusal Partisi (SNP) liderliğindeki güçlü siyasi yapılanmasıyla özellikle Brexit sürecinde, kamuoyu yoklamalarından da anlaşılacağı üzere, bağımsızlık hareketleri konusunda uluslararası kamuoyunda ciddi bir baskı yaratabilmektedir.

Keywords

• İskoçya
• Katalonya
• Bağımsızlık Hareketleri
• Self Determinasyon
• Devlet Altı Milliyetçilik

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