Abstract
Literal contracts are the least widely known and least common type of contract in the Roman law contract system. Gaius’ Institutiones and other literary texts are the main source of information concerning nomina transscripticia, as a type of the literal contract. Gaius’ Institutiones mentions two types of nomina transscripticia: nomina transscripticia a re in personam and nomina transscripticia a persona in personam. A debt arising from another legal ground is inscribed as a literal contract via nomina transscripticia a re in personam. The creditor inscribes another person as a debtor instead of the original debtor with nomina transscripticia a persona in personam. The entries in nomina transscripticia a re in personam and nomina transscripticia a persona in personam terminate the previous debt and result in a new contractus. These entries function as a novatio allowing changes to be made to the basis and parties of the legal transaction. Together with these entries, a strict law contract is concluded and the debtor, whose name is recorded in the ledger called codex accepti et expensi, is obliged to pay the amount of debt entered in the ledger. As a valid contractus under ius civile, nomina transscripticia benefits from legal protection through actio. Developments and needs in commercial life played a key role in the emergence of nomina transscripticia. Being not widely practiced until the end of the classical period, nomina transscripticia disappeared during the reign of Iustinianus. The emergence of constitutum agreements in this period was effective in the abandonment of nomina transscripticia.
Keywords
Contractus Litteris Codex Accepti Et Expensi Novatio Nomina Transscripticia a Persona in Personam Nomina Transscripticia a re in Personam
References
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Abstract
Roma hukuku akitler sisteminde hakkında en az bilgi sahibi olunan ve en az yaygınlaşmış akit türü yazılı akitlerdir. Yazılı akitler arasında yer alan nomina transscripticia’nın da hakkında bilinenler ağırlıklı olarak Gaius’un Institutiones’inde ve diğer edebi metinlerde yer almaktadır. Nomina transscripticia’nın Gaius’un Institutiones’inde belirtilen türleri nomina transscripticia a re in personam ve nomina transscripticia a persona in personam’dır. Nomina transscripticia a re in personam vasıtasıyla başka bir hukuki sebeple ödenmesi gereken borç yazılı akit olarak kaydedilir. Nomina transscripticia a persona in personam ile ise alacaklı, asıl borçlu yerine bir başkasını borçlu olarak kaydeder. Nomina transscripticia a re in personam ve nomina transscripticia a persona in personam kayıtlarıyla birlikte önceki borç sona erer ve yeni bir contractus ortaya çıkar. Novatio işlevi gören bu kayıtlarla hukuki işlemin sebebinde ve taraflarında değişiklik yapılabilmektedir. Aynı zamanda bu yazılı kayıtlarla birlikte dar hukuk akdi kurulmuş olur ve codex accepti et expensi olarak adlandırılan deftere ismi kaydedilen borçlu, deftere kayıtlı borç miktarını ödeme yükümlülüğü altına girer. Nomina transscripticia, ius civile’ye göre geçerli bir contractus olduğu için actio vasıtasıyla himaye edilir. Nomina transscripticia’nın ortaya çıkışında ticari hayatta yaşanan gelişmeler ve ihtiyaçlar önemli rol oynamıştır. Klasik devrin sonlarına kadar yaygın şekilde olmasa da uygulanan nomina transscripticia, Iustinianus devrine gelindiğinde uygulamadan kalkmıştır. Bu devirde constitutum anlaşmalarının ortaya çıkışı nomina transscripticia’nın uygulamadan kalkmasında etkili olmuştur.
Keywords
Contractus Litteris Codex Accepti Et Expensi Novatio Nomina Transscripticia a Persona in Personam Nomina Transscripticia a re in Personam
References
- Akıncı Ş, Roma Borçlar Hukuku, 818 Sayılı BK ve 6098 Sayılı TBK ile Mukayeseli (Sayram Basım Yayım Ltd Şti 2013). google scholar
- Berger A, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law (The American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, reprinted 1991). google scholar
- Birks P, The Roman Law of Obligations (Oxford University Press 2014). google scholar
- Buckland W W, A Text-Book of Roman Law from Augustus to Justinian (3. edition, Cambridge University Press 1975). google scholar
- Buckler W H, The Origin and History of Contract in Roman Law down to the end of the Republican Period, (London: C. J. Clay and Sons, Cambridge University Press Warehouse 1895). google scholar
- Burdick W L, The Principles of Roman Law and Their Relation to Modern Law (The Lawyers Cooperative Publishing Co 1938). google scholar
- Di Marzo S, Roma Hukuku, Beşinci Tab’ından Çeviren: Ziya Umur (İkinci Baskı, Sulhi Garan Matbaası 1959). google scholar
- Erdoğmuş B, Roma Borçlar Hukuku Dersleri (Der Yayınları 2014). google scholar
- Harvey W F, A Brief Digest of the Roman Law of Contracts (Oxford, James Thornton 1878). google scholar
- Herskowitz H, ‘Roman Literal Contract and Double-entry Bookkeeping’ (1930) 49 (5) Journal of Accountancy 350-353. google scholar
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- Hunter W A, A Systematic and Historical Exposition of Roman Law, Translated into English by J. Ashton Cross, (2. edition, London: William Maxwell & Son 1885). google scholar
- Koschaker P ve Ayiter K, Modern Hususi Hukuka Giriş Olarak Roma Hususi Hukukunun Ana Hatları, (Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları No 370, Sevinç Matbaası 1975). google scholar
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- Poste E, The Elements of Roman Law by Gaius (Oxford at the Clarendon Press 1890). google scholar
- Prichard A M, Leage’s Roman Private Law Founded on the Institutes of Gaius and Justinian, (3. edition, London, Macmillian and Company Limited, New York, St Martin’s Press 1964). google scholar Purser L C, ‘The Roman Account-Books’ (1887) 6 (13) Hermathena 209-218. google scholar
- Rado T, Roma Hukuku Dersleri, Borçlar Hukuku (Filiz Kitabevi 2014). google scholar
- Roby H J, Roman Private Law in the Times of Cicero and of the Antonines, Volume II (Cambridge: at the University Press 1902). google scholar
- Sherman C P, Roman Law in the Modern World, Volume II, Manual of Roman Law Illustrated by Anglo-American Law and the Modern Codes (Fred B. Rothman & Co 1993). google scholar
- Sohm R, The Institutes A Textbook of the History and System of Roman Private Law, Translated by James Crawford Ledlie (3. Edition, Oxford at the Clarendon Press 1907). google scholar
- Ste. Croix G E M, ‘Greek and Roman Accounting’ in A C Littleton and B S Yamey (eds), Studies in the History of Accounting (Richard D. Irwin, Inc 1956). google scholar
- Stein P, Fault in the Formation of Contract in Roman Law and Scots Law (Oliver and Boyd 1958). google scholar
- Tahiroğlu B, Roma Borçlar Hukuku (Der Yayınları 2016). google scholar
- Umur Z, Roma Hukuku Ders Notları, Usul Hukuku, Borçlar Hukuku, Eşya Hukuku, Miras Hukuku (Tıpkı 3. Basım, Beta Basım A. Ş. 2010). google scholar
- Watson A, Obligations in the Later Roman Republic, (Oxford at the Clarendon Press 1965). google scholar
- Zimmermann R, The Law of Obligations; Roman Foundations of the Civilian Tradition (Juta&Jo Ltd 1990). google scholar
- Zulueta F, The Institutes of Gaius Part II Commentary (Oxford at the Clarendon Press 1963). google scholar
- Marcus Tullius Cicero: Cicero, De Officiis with an English Translation by Walter Miller (The Loeb Classical Library, London: William Heinemann Ltd., New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons 1928). (De Off.) google scholar
- Marcus Tullius Cicero: Cicero in Twenty-Eight Volumes, VI, Pro Publio Quinctio - Pro Sexto Roscio Amerino - Pro Quinto Roscio Comoedo - De Lege Agraria I., II., III. with an English Translation by John Henry Freese (The Loeb Classical Library 240, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, London William Heinemann Ltd 1967). (Pro. Rosc. Com.) google scholar
- Titus Livius: Livy, with an English Translation in Fourteen Volumes (History of Rome: Ab Urbe Condita-From the Founding of the City) (Latin and English), Volume 10, Books 35-37 translated by Evan T. Sage (The Loeb Classical Library 301, 1984). (Tit. Liv.) google scholar
- Valerii Maximii: Factorum etDictorum Memorabilium, Libri Novem; Cum Iulii Paridis et Ianvarii Nepotiani Epitomis, Iterum Recensuit Carolus Kempf (Lipsiae, in Aedibus B. G. Teubneri 1888) (Val. Max.) google scholar
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Law in Context |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | May 31, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 |