Industry 4.0, Digitalization and Future of Labor Law-Evaluation in the Framework of Legal Relations Revealed by Digital Platforms

Abstract

Industry 4.0, also called the fourth industrial revolution of our era and used for the first time at the Hannover Fair in Germany in 2011, envisages the production of systems with the systems that have passed from worker control to machine control as a part of the fourth industrial revolution. One of the important transformation fields brought by digitalization is the platforms that provide (offer) service and bring together users called “Gig-Economy” (gig economy-collaborative economy-platform economy). Two ways of working that led to the birth of the digital economy are "crowdworking" through digital platforms and "work on demand via apps." Currently, determining the legal qualifications of those who provide services on platforms such as "Amazon Mechanical Turk," "Clickworker," "Taskrabbit," “Uber,” and “Helpling” or those who work and the platform that allows these services to be offered presents difficulties within the framework of the traditional concepts of labor law. Failure to comply with the traditional definitions of the continuity and dependency elements of act performance leads to a revision of these definitions and then to a search for new concepts by obscuring the boundaries of the concepts of worker, employer, and workplace.

Keywords

• Industry 4.0
• Crowdworking
• Employee-Like
• Digitalization
• Digital Platforms

Endüstri 4.0, Dijitalleşme ve İş Hukukunun Geleceği-Dijital Platformların Ortaya Çıkardığı Hukuki İlişkiler Çerçevesinde Değerlendirilmesi

Abstract

Çağımızın dördüncü sanayi devrimi de olarak adlandırılan ve ilk kez 2011 yılında Almanya Hannover Fuarı’nda kullanılan, geleneksel sanayiyi bilgisayarlaşma yönünde teşvik etme ve ileri teknoloji ile donatma projesi olan Endüstri 4.0 işçi kontrolünden makine kontrolüne geçen sistemler ile üretimin sağlanmasını öngörmektedir Dördüncü sanayi devriminin bir unsuru olarak dijitalleşmenin beraberinde getirdiği önemli dönüşüm alanlarından biri“Gig- Ekonomi” (gig economy- collaborative economy-platform economy) adı verilen hizmeti sağlayan (sunan) ve kullanıcıları bir araya getiren platformlardır. Dijital ekonominin doğumuna kaynaklık ettiği iki çalışma şekli mevcut olup bunlardan birincisine “kitle çalışma” yahut “crowdworking”; diğerine ise “aplikasyonlar aracılığıyla talep üzerine yapılan çalışmalar”- “work on demand via apps” adı verilmektedir. Günümüzde “Amazon Mechanical Turk”, “Clickworker”, “Taskrabbit”, “Uber, “Helpling” gibi platformlarda hizmet sunanların yahut iş görenlerin ve bu hizmetin sunulmasına olanak tanıyan platformun hukuki niteliklerinin tespiti iş hukukunun geleneksel kavramları çerçevesinde güçlükler arz etmektedir. İfa edilen edimin iş ilişkisinin süreklilik ve bağımlılık unsurlarının geleneksel tanımları ile bağdaşmaması bu tanımların yeniden gözden geçirilmesine yol açmakta ve işçi, işveren ve işyeri kavramlarının sınırlarını belirsizleştirerek yeni kavram arayışlarını da beraberinde getirmektedir.

Keywords

• Endüstri 4.0
• Kitle Çalışma
• İşçi Benzeri
• Dijitalleşme
• Dijital Platformlar

References

1. “Arbeits- und Sozial Rechtliche Aspekte der Platformökonomie” (26.10.2017) Sachstand Deutscher Bundestag WD 6 - 3000 - 058/17 https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/532608/.../wd-6-058-17-pdf-data.pdf (Deutscher Bundestag) Erişim:9.03.2020.
2. Bourazeri K, “Neue Beschäftigungsformen in der digitalen Wirtschaft am Beispiel soloselbstständiger Crowdworker” (2019) NZA 741-746.
3. Cherry A M, and Winifred R, “Crowdwork, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Fair Labor Practices” (2016) Chapter 14 Research Handbook on Digital Transformations,Saint Louis U. Legal Studies Research Paper No.2016-8.
4. Çelik N, Caniklioğlu N and Canbolat T, İş Hukuku Dersleri, (32st edition, Beta 2019).
5. De Stefano V, “The rise of the "just-in-time workforce" : on-demand work, crowdwork and labour protection in the "gig-economy"” (2016 Geneva ILO Conditions of work and employment series No. 71).
6. Deinert O, “Die heutige Bedeutung des Heimarbeitsgesetzes” (2018) RdA 359-369
7. “Digital Factories: The End of Defects”, https://www.siemens.com/innovation/en/home/pictures-of-the-future/industry-and-automation/digital-factories-defects-a-vanishing-species.html. Erişim: 19.02.2020.
8. “Digital Labour Platforms and Future of Work”, Towards Decent Work in the Online World” (2018) ILO Geneva, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_645337.pdf Erişim: 3.03.2020.

9. Däubler W, “Challenges to Labor Law” (2016) No.1 Journal Of the Higher School of Economics 189-203.
10. Däubler W, and Klebe T, “Crowdwork: Die neue Form der Arbeit – Arbeitgeber auf der Flucht?”, (2015) NZA 1032-1041
11. “Employment and Working Conditions of Selected Types of Platform Work” Eurofound, Publications Office of the European Union, 2018 Luxembourg, 55, https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ef_publication/field_ef_document/ef18001en.pdf (Eurofound 2018) Erişim:03.04.2020.
12. “Factory Automation for Industry 4.0”, https://www.fanuc.eu/es/en/who-we-are/news/en-news-factory-automation-for-industry-4. Erişim: 19.11.2019.
13. Felstiner A, “Working the Crowd: Employment and Labor Law in the Crowdsourcing Industry” (2011) V.32:1 Berkeley Journal Of Employment&Labor Law 143-203.
14. Garcia C A, and González C N, “The Regulation of Economically Dependent Self-employed Work in Spain: A Critical Analysis and a Comparison with Italy” (2012) E-Journal of International and Comparative Labour Studies ADAPT 117-133.
15. Green Paper (2006) “Modernising labour law to meet the challenges of the 21st century” European Commission 8 https://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/labour_law/answers/documents/4_93_en.pdf Erişim:16.04.2020.
16. Green Paper Work 4.0 https://www.bmas.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/PDF-Publikationen-DinA4/gruenbuch-arbeiten-vier-null.pdf?__blob=publicationFile. Erişim: 19.11.2019
17. Hanau P, “Arbeits- und Sozialversicherungsrecht 4.0 im Weißbuch des BMAS” (2017) RdA 213-217
18. Heinrich M, “INDUSTRY 4 . 0 : How It Will Affect Employment And What Skills Will Be Required to Match The Requirements of The Market” 2018 Aarhus Business Academy
19. International Federation of Robotics (IFR) "World Robotics Report 2016". https://ifr.org/ifr-press-releases/news/world-robotics-report-2016, Erişim: 19.11.2019.
20. Joachim H, “Arbeitsrecht 4.0 – Eine kurze Bestandsaufnahme aus aktuellem Anlass” (2016) Öat 225-229.
21. Jonhnston H, and Kazlauskas C L, Organizing on-demand: Representation,voice, and collective bargaining in the gig economy (2019 Geneva ILO Conditions of Work and Employment Series No.94)
22. Kahraman F, Çalışma İlişkileri Bakımından Dördüncü Sanayi Devrimi ve Sivas İlinde Farkındalık Üzerine Alan Araştırması, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2017.
23. “Karanlık Fabrikalar ile İnsansız Üretim”, Türkiye’nin Endüstri 4.0 Platformu, ps://www.endustri40.com/karanlik-fabrikalar-ile-insansiz-uretim Erişim: 12.11.2019.
24. “Karanlık Fabrikalar ile Karanlık Üretim”, https://otomasyonadair.com/2017/09/06/karanlik-fabrikalar-ile-karanlik-uretim/ Erişim: 12.11.2019.
25. Klebe T, “Arbeitsrecht 4.0: Faire Bedingungen für Platformarbeit” (2017) Friedrich Ebert Stiftung: Wirthschafts- und Sozialpolitik.
26. Klebe T, and Weiss M, “Workers' Participation 4.0 - Digital and Global” (2019) 40 COMP LAB L & POL'Y J 263-283.
27. Kocher E, and Hensell I, “Herausforderungen des Arbeitsrechts durch digitale Plattformen – ein neuer Koordinationsmodus von Erwerbsarbeit” (2016) NZA 984-990. Krause R, “Herausforderung Digitalisierung der Arbeitswelt und Arbeiten 4.0” (2017) NZA-Beilage 53-60.
28. Küçükkalay M, “Endüstri Devrimi ve İktisadi Sonuçlarının Analizi”, (1997) 2 Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 51-68.
29. Mahiroğulları A, “Endüstri Devrimi Sonrasında Emeğin İstismarını Belgeleyen İki Eser: Germinal ve Dokumacılar”, (2011) 32 Sosyoloji Konferansları 41-53. Öztuna B, Endüstri 4.0 (Dördüncü Sanayi Devrimi) ile Çalışma Yaşamının Geleceği (Gece Kitaplığı 2017)
30. “Platform Economy İnitiatives”, Eurofound Publications Office of the European Union, 6 September 2018 https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/data/platform-economy/initiatives#RidersUnionBologna (Eurofound 2018a) Erişim:03.04.2020.
31. Prassl J, and and Risak M, “Uber, Taskrabbit, & Co: Platforms As Employers? Rethinking the Legal Analysıs of Crowdwork” (2016) Vol 37 Comp. Labor Law & Policy Journal 619–651.
32. Preis U, Erfurter Kommentar zum Arbeitsrecht (19. Auflage 2019)
33. Risak M, “Fair Working Conditions for Platform Workers” Possible Regulatory Approaches at the EU Level (2017 Friedrich- Ebert- Stiftung)
34. Schubert C, “Neue Beschäftigungsformen in der digitalen Wirtschaft – Rückzug des Arbeitsrechts” (2018) RdA 200-206.
35. Schwab K, The Fourth Industrıal Revolution (2016 World Economic Forum).
36. Signes-Todoli A, “The End of Subordinate Worker ? The On-Demand Economy, the Gig Economy and the Need for Protection for Crowdworkers” (2017) 33 No.2 International Journal Of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 241-268.
37. Sarper S, İş Hukuku (18th edition, Beta 2019).
38. Şener S, and Elevli B, “Endüstri 4.0’da Yeni İşkolları ve Yüksek Öğrenim” Mühendis Beyinler Dergisi (2017) 2 (1) 25-37.
39. “The digital agenda of the European Commission: Preliminary ETUC assessment” Endorsed by the Executive Committee at its meeting on 17-18 June 2015 https://www.etuc.org/sites/default/files/document/files/en-digital-agenda-of-the-ec-preliminary-etuc-assessment.pdf. Erişim: 20.11.2019.
40. “The Situation of Workers ın the Collaborative Economy” European Parliament (October 2016) http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2016/587316/IPOL_IDA(2016)587316_EN.pdf Erişim:10.10.2019 (European Parliament).
41. Türkiye’nin Küresel Rekabetçiliği İçin Bir Gereklilik Olarak Sanayi 4.0 (2016) TÜSİAD http://www.tusiad.org/indir/2016/sanayi-40.pdf Erişim: 17.04.2020.
42. Uffmann K, Möglichkeiten und Grenzen erfolgsabhängiger Vergütung. In Richard Giesen and Abbo Junker and Volker Rieble (eds) Industrie 4.0 als Herausforderung des Arbeitsrechts (Zaar Verlag München 2015).
43. Vandaele K, Will trade unions survive in the platform economy? Emerging patterns of platform workers’ collective voice and representation in Europe (Working Paper ETUI 2018).
44. Yayvak Namlı İ, “Dijital Çağda Yeni Bir Çalışma İlişkisi Modeli: Crowdworking” (2019) Sicil İş Hukuku Dergisi (42) 128-143.
45. Yenisey Doğan K, “Endüstri 4.0, Üretimin Değişen Yapısı ve İş Hukuku” (2019) Toprak İşveren (120) 1-7.
46. Yıldız G, B, “Atipik Çalışma Kavramı Çerçevesinde Bağımlılık İlişkisinin Değerlendirilmesi” (2019) Prof.Dr.Savaş Taşkent’e Armağan (On İki Levha Yayıncılık 2019) 781-810.
47. Waas B, “The Legal Definition of Employment Relationship” (2010) V.1, N.1 European Labour Law Journal 45-57.
48. Waas B, and Liebman W, and Lyubarsky, A., and Kezuka K, Crowdwork — A comparative law perspective, (Bund-Verlag Frankfurt am Main Germany 2017).
49. White Paper Work 4.0 https://www.bmas.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/PDF-Publikationen/a883-weissbuch.pdf?__blob=publicationFile. Erişim: 19.11.2019.
50. Williams C, and Lapeyre F, Dependent self-employment: Trends, challenges and policy responses in the EU (ILO 2017)
51. Wolfgang K, and Heussen B, Computterrechts Handbuch: Informationstechnologie in der Rechts- und Wirtschaftpraxis (34.Auflage 2018).