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Hukuk ve Kalkınma Çalışmalarında Üç Dönem: Modernleşme, Piyasalaşma ve Piyasa-Sonrası

Year 2025, Volume: 83 Issue: 2, 727 - 769, 21.08.2025

Abstract

‘Hukuk ve Kalkınma Çalışmaları’ iktisadi kalkınmaya elverişli hukuki kural, kurum ve uygulamaları tespit etmeye yönelen bir araştırma alanıdır. 1950’lerde başlayan bu çalışmaların gelişimi üç döneme ayrılarak incelenebilir. Bu çalışmaların ilk yirmi yılını kapsayan ‘Modernleşme Dönemi’ni devlet eliyle sanayileşme ve ithal ikamecilik fikirleri şekillendirmiştir. 1970’lere gelindiğinde modernleşme dönemi çalışmalarının başarısızlıkları görünür olmuş ve hukuk ve kalkınma alanı metruk bir alana dönüşmüştür. 1980’lerde bu alanda yeniden bir hareketlenme gözlenmiştir. ‘Piyasalaşma Dönemi’ adını verdiğimiz bu ikinci dönemde Dünya Bankası ve Uluslararası Para Fonu gibi kuruluşların etkinliği artmıştır. Bu dönemde devletin iktisadi alandan tamamen çekilmesi ve serbest küresel ticaret savunulmuştur. 1990’lı yılların sonuna gelindiğinde bu yaklaşımın uygulandığı ülkelerin kalkınamadığı, aksine yoksulluğun ve gelir adaletsizliğinin arttığı görülmüş ve böylece piyasalaşma dönemi sona ermiştir. 2000’lerde başlayan ‘Piyasa-sonrası Dönem’de kalkınmakta olan ülkeler uluslararası finans kuruluşlarından uzaklaşmaya başlamışlardır. İktisadi alanda meşruluğunu kaybeden bu kuruluşlar etik alandan meşruluk devşirmeye yönelmişlerdir. Amartya Sen’in ‘özgürlük olarak kalkınma’ kuramı bu bakımdan işlevsel olmuştur. Dünya Bankası bu kuramdan esinlenen ‘Kapsayıcı Kalkınma Çerçevesi’ adlı bir bildiri yayımlamış ve bu çerçevede kalkınma, iktisadi büyümeden fazlasını kapsayacak şekilde yeniden tanımlanmış; eğitim, sağlık, çevre, eşitlik, demokrasi gibi birçok mesele bu alana dahil edilmiştir. Bu dönemde kalkınmanın iktisadi anlamına ağırlık veren yeni bir yaklaşım da ortaya çıkmıştır. ‘Yeni Kalkınmacı Devlet’ adlı bu yaklaşımda kalkınmada devlete ve piyasaya ayrı ayrı görevler düştüğü savunulmaktadır. Buna göre devlet, iktisadi yaşamı yönetmemeli ancak piyasa aktörlerinin bireysel olarak çözemeyecekleri sorunları çözmeli, yaygın etki vaat eden ilk girişimlerde riski paylaşmalı ve girişimcileri yenilikçiliğe özendirmelidir. Bu yaklaşımda bağlamsal, çoğulcu ve devingen kalkınma siyasaları öne çıkmaktadır.

References

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  • Peerenboom R, ‘Show Me the Money: The Dominance of Wealth in Determining Rights Performance in Asia’ (2004) 15 Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law 75-152. google scholar
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  • <https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/> Erişim tarihi 28 Mart 2024. google scholar

Three Periods on Law and Development Studies: Modernization, Marketization and Post-Market

Year 2025, Volume: 83 Issue: 2, 727 - 769, 21.08.2025

Abstract

‘Law and Development Studies’ aim to identify legal rules, institutions, and practices that are conducive to development. The development of these studies, which started in the 1950s, can be divided into three periods. The ‘Modernization Period’, which covers the first twenty years, was shaped by the idea of state-led industrialization. These studies failed to produce positive results. The ‘Marketization Period’, which started in the 1980s the effectiveness of international finance institutions has increased; and the complete withdrawal of the state from the economic field were advocated. By the end of the 1990s, in the countries where this approach was implemented, development could not be achieved. In the ‘Post-Market Era’ that started in the 2000s, developing countries move away from international financial institutions. These institutions, which have lost their legitimacy in the economic f ield, have turned to the ethical field to regain legitimacy. Inspired by Amartya Sen, The World Bank published ‘The Comprehensive Development Framework’. Within this framework, development was redefined to mean more than economic growth; many issues such as education, health, equality, and democracy were entered to this notion. During this period, a new approach that focused on the economic meaning of development also emerged. In this approach called ‘New Developmental State’, it is argued that the state and the market both have duties in development processes. The state should not manage economic life but should solve problems that market actors cannot solve individually, share the risk in the initiatives that promise widespread impact, and encourage entrepreneurs to innovate.

References

  • Akman ŞT, ‘Hukuk Politika İlişkisi Bakımından Eleştirel Hukuk Çalışmaları Hareketi’ (2012) 61(4) Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 1271-1306. google scholar
  • Aktaş S, Hayek’in Hukuk ve Adalet Teorisi (1. Bası, Liberte 2001). google scholar
  • Burg EM, ‘Law and Development: A Review of the Literature & a Critique of ‘Scholars in Self-Estrangement’’ (1977) 25(3) The American Journal of Comparative Law 492-530. google scholar Butler E, Hayek, Yusuf Ziya Çelikkaya (çev), (1. Bası, Liberte 2001). google scholar
  • Carter C, ‘The Clonability of the Singapore Model of Law and Development: The Case of Suzhou, China’ iç Christoph Antons (ed), Law and Development in Southeast Asia, (1. Bası, RoutledgeCurzon 2003). google scholar
  • Chibundu MO, ‘Law in Development: On Tapping, Gourding, and Serving Palm-Wine’ (1997) 29(2) Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 167-261. google scholar
  • Coase RH, ‘The Problem of Social Cost’ (1960) 3 The Journal of Law & Economics 1-44. google scholar
  • Davis KE ve Trebilcock MJ, ‘The Relationship between Law and Development: Optimists versus Skeptics’ (2008) 76(4) The American Journal of Comparative Law 895-946. google scholar
  • Effros RC, ‘The World Bank in a Changing World: The Role of Legal Construction’ (2001) 35(4) The International Lawyer 1341-1348. google scholar
  • Eğilmez M, ‘Acı Reçete’ (Kendime Yazılar, 20 Temmuz 2023) <https://www.mahfiegilmez.com/2023/07/ac-recete.html> Erişim tarihi 02 Şubat 2024. google scholar
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  • Hayek FA, ‘The Use of Knowledge in Society’ (1945) 35(4) The American Economic Review 519-530. google scholar
  • Hayek FA, Hukuk, Yasama ve Özgürlük, Atilla Yayla (çev), (1. Bası, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları 2012). google scholar
  • Hewko J, ‘Foreign Direct Investment: Does the Rule of Law Matter?’ (2002) 26 Carnegie Endowment Working Papers. <https://carnegiee ndowment.org/2002/04/15/foreign-direct-investment-does-rule-of-law-matter-pub-8978> Erişim tarihi 03 Şubat 2024 google scholar
  • Kararmaz F, “Hukuki Pragmatizmin Temel Unsurları” (Basılmamış Doktora Tezi, Akdeniz Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü 2017). google scholar
  • Kararmaz F, Hayek’te Özgürlük, Zorlama ve Özgür Bir Toplumun Güvenceleri (1. Bası, Adalet 2017). google scholar
  • Kaufmann D, Aart Kraay ve Pablo Zoido-Lobaton, Governance Matters (1. Bası, The World Bank 1999). google scholar
  • Kennedy D, ‘The ‘Rule of Law’, Political Choices and Development Common Sense’ iç David M. Trubek ve Alvaro Santos (edr), The New Law and Economic Development: A Critical Appraisal (Cambridge University Press 2006). google scholar
  • Kinley D, ‘Human Rights and the World Bank: Practice, Politics, and Law’ iç The World Bank Legal Review: Law, Equity and Development Volume 2, (1. Bası, The World Bank 2006). google scholar
  • Koloş U, ‘Hukuka Bakışta Başka Bir Boyut: Hukuk Fetişizmi’ iç Hayrettin Ökçesiz, Gülriz Uygur, Saim Üye (edr), HFSA 24. Kitap, (İstanbul Barosu 2012). google scholar
  • Kroncke J, ‘Law and Development as Anti-Comparative Law’ (2021) 45(2) Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 477-555. google scholar
  • Lee Y, ‘Call for a New Analytical Model for Law and Development’ 2015 8(1) Law and Development Review 1-67. google scholar
  • Lobel O, ‘The Renew Deal: The Fall of Regulation and the Rise of Governance in Contemporary Legal Thought’ (2004) 89 Minnesota Law Review 262-390. google scholar
  • Merryman JH, ‘Comparative Law and Social Change: On the Origins, Style, Decline & Revival of the Law and Development Movement’ (1977) 25(3) The American Journal of Comparative Law 457-491. google scholar
  • Nader L, ‘Promise or Plunder? A Past and Future Look at Law and Development’ (2007) 7(2) Global Jurist 1-25. google scholar
  • Newton S, ‘The Dialectics of Law and Development’, iç David M. Trubek ve Alvaro Santos (edr), The New Law and Economic Development: A Critical Appraisal (Cambridge University Press 2006). google scholar
  • North DC ve Thomas RP, The Rise of the Western World: A New Economic History (1. Bası, Cambridge University Press 1973). google scholar
  • North DC, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance (1. Bası, Cambridge University Press 1990). google scholar
  • Odabaşı NS, Kuzey-Güney Çelişkileri ve Sürdürülebilirlik Ekseninde Gelişme Hakkı, (1. Bası, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi 2022). google scholar
  • Ohnesorge JKM, ‘Developing Development Theory: Law and Development Orthodoxies and the Northeast Asian Experience’ (2019) 28(2) University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law 219-308. google scholar
  • Peerenboom R, ‘Show Me the Money: The Dominance of Wealth in Determining Rights Performance in Asia’ (2004) 15 Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law 75-152. google scholar
  • Pereira Leite S, ‘Human Rights and the IMF’ (2001) 38(4) Finance & Development. <https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2001/ 12/leite.htm> Erişim tarihi 16 Ocak 2024. google scholar
  • Rittich K, ‘The Future of Law and Development: Second-Generation Reforms and the Incorporation of the Social’ iç David M. Trubek ve Alvaro Santos (edr), The New Law and Economic Development: A Critical Appraisal (Cambridge University Press 2006). google scholar
  • Rodrik D ve Stiglitz JH, ‘A New Growth Strategy for Developing Nations’ (2024). <https://drodrik.scholar.harvard.edu/publications/new-growth-strategy-developing-nations> Erişim tarihi 17 Ocak 2024. google scholar
  • Rodrik D ve Subramanian A, ‘The Primacy of Institutions (and What This Does and Does Not Mean)’ (2003) 40(2) Finance & Development 31-34. google scholar
  • Rodrik D, ‘Industrial Policy for the Twenty-First Century’ (2004). <https://drodrik.scholar.harvard.edu/files/dani-rodrik/files/industrial-policy-twenty-first-century.pdf> Erişim tarihi 10 Şubat 2024. google scholar
  • Rostow WW, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto, (2. Bası, Cambridge University Press 1971). google scholar
  • Sabel CF, ‘Bootstrapping Development: Rethinking the Role of Public Intervention in Promoting Growth’ (2004) Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism Conference. <https://charlessabel.com/papers/bootstrapping%20deve%20send5.pdf>. Erişim tarihi 02 Ocak 2024. google scholar
  • Salacuse JW, ‘Direct Foreign Investment and the Law in Developing Countries’ (2000) 15(2) ICSID Review - Foreign Investment Law Journal 382-400. google scholar
  • Santos A, ‘The World Bank’s Uses of the “Rule of Law” Promise in Economic Development’ iç David M. Trubek ve Alvaro Santos (edr), The New Law and Economic Development: A Critical Appraisal (Cambridge University Press 2006). google scholar
  • Schrijer BB, ‘Hukuk ve Kalkınma İlişkisi Açısından Araçsallaştırılmış Kalkınma Faaliyeti’, (2023) 25(1) Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 23-65. google scholar
  • Sen A, ‘What is the Role of Legal and Judicial Reform in the Development Process?’ iç The World Bank Legal Review: Law, Equity and Development Volume 2 (1. Bası, The World Bank, 2006). google scholar
  • Sen A, Development as Freedom (4. Bası, Alfred A. Knopf 2000). google scholar
  • Sherman FC, ‘Law and Development Today: The New Developmentalism’ (2009) 10(9) German Law Journal 1257-1273. google scholar
  • Shihata IFI, ‘The World Bank and Human Rights: An Analysis of the Legal Issues and the Record of Achievements’ (1988) 17(1) Denver Journal of International Law 39-66. google scholar
  • Tamanaha BZ, ‘The Primacy of Society and the Failures of Law and Development’ (2011) (44/2) Cornell International Law Journal 209-247. google scholar
  • Tatcher M, ‘Speech to Conservative Women’s Conference’ (21 Mayıs 1980) <https://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/104368> Erişim tarihi 28 Mart 2024. google scholar
  • The World Bank, Governance and Development (1. Bası, The World Bank 1992). google scholar
  • The World Bank, Legal and Judicial Reform: Observations, Experiences and Approach of the Legal Vice Presidency (1. Bası, The World Bank 2002). google scholar
  • Thomas C, ‘Law and Neoclassical Economic Development in Theory and Practice: Toward an Institutionalist Critique Of Institutionalism’ (2011) 11-16 Cornell Law School Research Paper 967-1024. google scholar
  • Thomas C, ‘Re-reading Weber in Law and Development: A Critical Intellectual History of ‘Good Governance’ Reform’ (2008) 118 Cornell Law Faculty Publications. google scholar
  • Trubek DM ve Galanter M, ‘Scholars in Self-Estrangement: Some Reflections on the Crisis in Law and Development Studies in the United States’ (1974) 4 Wisconsin Law Review 1062-1102. google scholar
  • Trubek DM ve Santos A, ‘Introduction: The Third Moment in Law and Development Theory and the Emergence of a New Critical Practice’ iç David M. Trubek ve Alvaro Santos (edr), The New Law and Economic Development: A Critical Appraisal (Cambridge University Press 2006). google scholar
  • Trubek DM, ‘Developmental States and the Legal Order: Towards a New Political Economy of Development and Law’ (2008) 1075 Universty of Wisconsin Research Papers. <https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1349163> Erişim Tarihi 09 Eylül 2024. google scholar
  • Trubek DM, ‘The ‘Rule of Law’ in Development Assistance: Past, Present, and Future’ iç David M. Trubek ve Alvaro Santos (edr), The New Law and Economic Development: A Critical Appraisal (Cambridge University Press 2006). google scholar
  • Trubek DM, ‘The Owl and the Pussy-Cat: Is There a Future for ‘Law and Development’’ (2012) 25(2) Wisconsin International Law Journal 235-242. google scholar
  • Williamson J, ‘What Should the World Bank Think about the Washington Consensus?’ (2000) 15(2) The World Bank Research Observer 251-264. google scholar
  • Wolfensohn J, The Comprehensive Development Framework (1. Bası, The World Bank 2000). google scholar
  • Yasuda N, ‘Law and Development from the Southeast Asian Perspective: Methodology, History, and Paradigm Change’ iç Christoph Antons (ed), Law and Development in Southeast Asia, (1. Bası, RoutledgeCurzon 2003). google scholar
  • <https://hdr.undp.org> Erişim tarihi 03 Şubat 2024. google scholar
  • <https://turkiye.un.org/tr/sdgs> Erişim tarihi 29 Mart 2024. google scholar
  • <https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/> Erişim tarihi 28 Mart 2024. google scholar
There are 62 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Public Law (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Furkan Kararmaz 0000-0001-8395-0869

Publication Date August 21, 2025
Submission Date April 18, 2024
Acceptance Date May 26, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 83 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kararmaz, F. (2025). Hukuk ve Kalkınma Çalışmalarında Üç Dönem: Modernleşme, Piyasalaşma ve Piyasa-Sonrası. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, 83(2), 727-769. https://doi.org/10.26650/mecmua.2025.83.2.0001
AMA Kararmaz F. Hukuk ve Kalkınma Çalışmalarında Üç Dönem: Modernleşme, Piyasalaşma ve Piyasa-Sonrası. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası. August 2025;83(2):727-769. doi:10.26650/mecmua.2025.83.2.0001
Chicago Kararmaz, Furkan. “Hukuk Ve Kalkınma Çalışmalarında Üç Dönem: Modernleşme, Piyasalaşma Ve Piyasa-Sonrası”. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası 83, no. 2 (August 2025): 727-69. https://doi.org/10.26650/mecmua.2025.83.2.0001.
EndNote Kararmaz F (August 1, 2025) Hukuk ve Kalkınma Çalışmalarında Üç Dönem: Modernleşme, Piyasalaşma ve Piyasa-Sonrası. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası 83 2 727–769.
IEEE F. Kararmaz, “Hukuk ve Kalkınma Çalışmalarında Üç Dönem: Modernleşme, Piyasalaşma ve Piyasa-Sonrası”, İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, vol. 83, no. 2, pp. 727–769, 2025, doi: 10.26650/mecmua.2025.83.2.0001.
ISNAD Kararmaz, Furkan. “Hukuk Ve Kalkınma Çalışmalarında Üç Dönem: Modernleşme, Piyasalaşma Ve Piyasa-Sonrası”. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası 83/2 (August2025), 727-769. https://doi.org/10.26650/mecmua.2025.83.2.0001.
JAMA Kararmaz F. Hukuk ve Kalkınma Çalışmalarında Üç Dönem: Modernleşme, Piyasalaşma ve Piyasa-Sonrası. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası. 2025;83:727–769.
MLA Kararmaz, Furkan. “Hukuk Ve Kalkınma Çalışmalarında Üç Dönem: Modernleşme, Piyasalaşma Ve Piyasa-Sonrası”. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, vol. 83, no. 2, 2025, pp. 727-69, doi:10.26650/mecmua.2025.83.2.0001.
Vancouver Kararmaz F. Hukuk ve Kalkınma Çalışmalarında Üç Dönem: Modernleşme, Piyasalaşma ve Piyasa-Sonrası. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası. 2025;83(2):727-69.