Research Article

Ottoman Madrasas: A Higher Education Model Based on Waqf, Curriculum, and Bureaucracy

Volume: 12 Number: 2 July 16, 2026
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Ottoman Madrasas: A Higher Education Model Based on Waqf, Curriculum, and Bureaucracy

Abstract

This article examines the Ottoman madrasa system as a historically distinctive model of higher education shaped by the integration of waqf-based finance, curricular organization, scholarly hierarchy, and the ʿilmiyye establishment. Rather than treating the Ottoman madrasa as a direct equivalent of the modern university, the study approaches it as a multifaceted educational institution that combined religious instruction, legal authority, administrative training, and the maintenance of social order. Focusing primarily on the Fatih (Sahn-ı Semān) Madrasas established during the reign of Sultan Mehmed II, the article analyzes how the inherited Islamic and Seljuk madrasa tradition was reorganized within the institutional framework of the expanding Ottoman Empire. Employing a qualitative research design based on literature-oriented document analysis, the study examines the interrelationship between the waqf system, curricular organization, educational hierarchy, and the ʿilmiyye career structure through both classical and recent scholarship. The findings demonstrate that the Fatih Madrasas represented a decisive stage in the institutionalization of the Ottoman higher education system. Supported by a sustainable waqf-based financial structure, these institutions combined graded instruction, a curriculum organized around authoritative scholarly texts, and a structured career system based on mulāzamat, thereby serving not only as centers for the production and transmission of knowledge but also as the principal institutions responsible for training the judicial, religious, and administrative personnel required by the Ottoman state. The article further examines the transformation of the madrasa system during the late Ottoman period by considering educational reforms, the emergence of modern schools, the reform initiatives of the Tanzimat and Second Constitutional periods, and the process culminating in the Law on the Unification of Education (Tevhid-i Tedrisat). It argues that the history of Ottoman madrasas should not be reduced to a simple narrative of continuity or decline but understood within the broader context of changing political, administrative, and educational structures. Consequently, the Ottoman madrasa is interpreted not merely as a continuation of earlier Islamic educational institutions but as a historically specific model of higher education that successfully integrated education, waqf finance, scholarly authority, and state bureaucracy within the institutional framework of the Ottoman Empire.

Keywords

Ethical Statement

It is hereby declared that, throughout all stages of the design, conduct, and writing of this study, due care was taken to comply with the principles of scientific research and publication ethics, and that all sources directly or indirectly used have been fully, accurately, and appropriately cited in the references.

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Religious Education

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

July 16, 2026

Submission Date

February 6, 2026

Acceptance Date

May 28, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 12 Number: 2

APA
Genç, S. (2026). Ottoman Madrasas: A Higher Education Model Based on Waqf, Curriculum, and Bureaucracy. İhya Uluslararası İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(2), 916-944. https://doi.org/10.69576/ihya.1883199
AMA
1.Genç S. Ottoman Madrasas: A Higher Education Model Based on Waqf, Curriculum, and Bureaucracy. İHYA Islamic Studies. 2026;12(2):916-944. doi:10.69576/ihya.1883199
Chicago
Genç, Safinur. 2026. “Ottoman Madrasas: A Higher Education Model Based on Waqf, Curriculum, and Bureaucracy”. İhya Uluslararası İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi 12 (2): 916-44. https://doi.org/10.69576/ihya.1883199.
EndNote
Genç S (July 1, 2026) Ottoman Madrasas: A Higher Education Model Based on Waqf, Curriculum, and Bureaucracy. İhya Uluslararası İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi 12 2 916–944.
IEEE
[1]S. Genç, “Ottoman Madrasas: A Higher Education Model Based on Waqf, Curriculum, and Bureaucracy”, İHYA Islamic Studies, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 916–944, July 2026, doi: 10.69576/ihya.1883199.
ISNAD
Genç, Safinur. “Ottoman Madrasas: A Higher Education Model Based on Waqf, Curriculum, and Bureaucracy”. İhya Uluslararası İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi 12/2 (July 1, 2026): 916-944. https://doi.org/10.69576/ihya.1883199.
JAMA
1.Genç S. Ottoman Madrasas: A Higher Education Model Based on Waqf, Curriculum, and Bureaucracy. İHYA Islamic Studies. 2026;12:916–944.
MLA
Genç, Safinur. “Ottoman Madrasas: A Higher Education Model Based on Waqf, Curriculum, and Bureaucracy”. İhya Uluslararası İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 12, no. 2, July 2026, pp. 916-44, doi:10.69576/ihya.1883199.
Vancouver
1.Safinur Genç. Ottoman Madrasas: A Higher Education Model Based on Waqf, Curriculum, and Bureaucracy. İHYA Islamic Studies. 2026 Jul. 1;12(2):916-44. doi:10.69576/ihya.1883199