The Unchanging Truth Of Career Stages: Career Anxiety

Abstract

Career anxiety is defined as the state of emotion which occurs when people are faced with a situation that threatens them and / or causes an uncertainty about their career in business life. In this study, qualitative research method is preferred and in-depth interviews are performed with 37 participants who work in different organizations both in the public and private sector to identify the underlying factors of career anxiety. The interviews reveal that career anxiety is derived from collegues, managers, employment issues, particulary those related to individual, organizational, technological, social issues and the implications are listed for employees to deal with this anxiety. It is also believed that this study will contribute to the national literature as it is the study that has been conducted with a qualitative method on career anxiety which is experienced by the employees who are in the stage of establishing/maintaining their career and will form the basis for future research on this topic.

Keywords

• career anxiety
• career stages
• Career Management
• Human Resources Management
• Qualitative Method.

Kariyer Dönemlerinin Değişmeyen Gerçeği: Kariyer Endişesi

Abstract

Kariyer endişesi; kişinin çalışma hayatında kariyeriyle ilgili kendisini tehdit eden ve/veya belirsizlik yaşamasına neden olan bir durumla karşı karşıya kaldığında ortaya çıkan duygu durumu olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada; kurumlarda çalışan kişilerin yaşamış oldukları kariyer endişesinin altında yatan konuları tespit etmek amacıyla nitel araştırma yöntemi tercih edilmiş ve hem kamu sektöründe hem de özel sektördeki farklı örgütlerde çalışan 37 katılımcıyla derinlemesine mülakatlar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan görüşmeler sonucunda söz konusu endişenin arka planında bireysel, örgütsel, teknolojik ve toplumsal konular başta olmak üzere çalışma arkadaşları, yönetici ve istihdam ile ilgili konulardan kaynaklandığı ortaya konulmuş ve çalışanların bu endişeyle baş edebilme yolları sıralanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın, kariyerini yerleştirme/sürdürme döneminde olan çalışanların yaşamış oldukları kariyer endişesinin altında yatan nedenleri belirlemeye yönelik olarak yapılan bir nitel çalışma olması nedeniyle alanyazına katkıda bulunacağına ve konuyla ilgili gelecekte yapılacak araştırmalara zemin oluşturacağına inanılmaktadır.

Keywords

• kariyer endişesi
• kariyer dönemleri
• kariyer yönetimi
• insan kaynakları yönetimi
• nitel araştırma yöntemi

References

1. Akgül, O. & Önal, A. (2017). Psiko-sosyal açıdan çalışma ve esneğin rutinleşmesi. ICPESS (International Congress on Politic, Economic And Social Studies), No. 3.
2. Akpinar- Sposito, C. (2013). Women in management research: theoretical perspective. 4eme Franco-Tchèque Trends in International Business. Lyon-France, 11.
3. Alshmemri, M., Shahwan-Akl, L. & Maude, P. (2017). Herzberg’s two-factor theory. Life Science Journal, 14(5), 12-16.
4. Altaf, M. (2011). How job stress effect the career satisfaction of an employee? International Conference on Management, Economics And Social Sciences (ICMESS'2011) Bangkok Dec.
5. Altan, S. (2018). Örgütsel yapıya bağlı stres kaynakları ve örgütsel stresin neden olduğu başlıca sorunlar. Stratejik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2(3), 137-158.
6. Arasli, H., & Tumer, M. (2008). Nepotism, favoritism and cronyism: a study of their effects on job stress and job satisfaction in the banking ındustry of north cyprus. Social Behavior And Personality: An International Journal, 36(9), 1237-1250.
7. Aytaç, S. (2009). İş stresi yönetimi el kitabı iş stresi: oluşumu, nedenleri, başa çıkma yolları, yönetimi. CASGEM, 1-34.
8. Aytaç, S. & Keser, A. (2002). İşsizliğin çalışan birey üzerindeki etkisi: işsizlik kaygısı. The Journal Of Industrial Relations And Human Resources, 4(2), 52-63.

9. Bilgiç, R. (2008). İş özellikleri kuramı: Geniş kapsamlı gözden geçirme. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 11(22), 66-77.
10. Bliese, P. D. & Jex, S. M. (2002). Incorporating a mulitilevel perspective into occupational stress research: theoretical, methodological, and practical ımplications. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(3), 265.
11. Brooks, J.L., & Seers, A. (1991). Predictors of organizational commitment: Variations across career stages. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 38, 53-64.
12. Choi, B. Y., Park, H. R., Nam, S. K., Lee, J., & Lee, S. M. (2011). The development and ınitial psychometric evaluation of the korean career stress ınventory for college students. Career Development Quarterly, 59, 559-572.
13. Coetzee, M., & De Villiers, M. (2010). Sources of job stress, work engagement and career orientations of employees in a south african financial ınstitution. Southern African Business Review, 14(1), 27-57.
14. Creed, P., Patton, W., & Prideaux, L. A. (2006). Causal relationship between career ındecision and career decision-making self-efficacy: a longitudinal cross-lagged analysis. Journal of Career Development, 33(1), 47-65.
15. Creswell, W. John. (2018) Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri; Beş Yaklaşıma Göre Nitel Araştırma ve Araştırma Deseni. Bütün, M. & Demir, S. (Çev.). Siyasal Kitabevi.
16. Çetin, I. & Sevüktekin, M. (2016). Türkiye'de Gelişmişlik Düzeyi Farklılıklarının Analizi. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2(2), 39-61.
17. Dewa, C. S. Thompson, A. H. & Jacobs, P. (2011). Relationships between job stress and worker perceived responsibilities and job characteristics. The IJOEM, 2(1 January).
18. Dündar, G. (2010). Kariyer geliştirme. Uyargil, C., Adal, Z., Atay, İ.D., Acar, A.C., Özçelik, O., Sadullah, Ö., Dündar, G., Tüzüner, V.L. (Ed.). İnsan kaynakları yönetimi. 5. Baskı, Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım. İstanbul.
19. Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350-383.
20. Fiori, M., Bollmann, G. & Rossier, J. (2015). Exploring the path through which career adaptability ıncreases job satisfaction and lowers job stress: the role of affect. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 91, 113-121.
21. Gordon, A. T. (1994). Organizational stress and stress management programs. International Journal of Stress Management, 1(4), 309-322.
22. Gümüştekin, G. E. & Gültekin, F. (2009). Stres kaynaklarının kariyer yönetimine etkileri. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23(2), 147-158.
23. Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1975). Development of the job diagnostic survey. Journal of Applied psychology, 60(2), 159.
24. Hardin, E. E., Varghese, F. P., Tran, U. V. & Carlson, A. Z. (2006). Anxiety and career exploration: gender differences in the role of self-construal. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69(2), 346-358.
25. Hartung, P. J., Porfeli, E. J. & Vondracek, F. W. (2008). Career adaptability in childhood. The Career Development Quarterly, 57(1), 63-74.
26. Herriot, P. & Stickland, R. (1996) Career management: the ıssue of the millennium. European Journal Of Work And Organizational Psychology, 5:4, 465-470.
27. Hirschi, A. (2018). The fourth ındustrial revolution: ıssues and ımplications for career research and practice. The Career Development Quarterly. 66(3), 192-204.
28. Holloway, I., & Wheeler, S. (1996). Qualitative research for nurses. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.
29. Johns, G., & Saks, A. M. (2001). Organizational behaviour: Understanding and managing life at work. Toronto: Addison Wesley Longman.
30. Köktürk, M. & Yalçın, A. (2000). Kariyer planlamasında işletme eğitiminin rolü ve bir uygulama. 8. Ulusal Yönetim Ve Organizasyon Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı. Erciyes Üniversitesi-Nevşehir, 753-768.
31. Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content Analysis: an ıntroduction to ıts methodology. Sage Publications.
32. Meriam, S. B. (2009). Oualitative research: a guide to desing and ımplementation. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass
33. Miles, M. B. & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: an expanded sourcebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
34. Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods. 3rd edition. Sage Publications, Inc.
35. Pazzy, A. (1988). Joint responsibility: the relationships between organizational and individual career management and the effectiveness of careers. Group & Organization Studies. 13(3), 311-331.
36. Pisarik, C. T., Rowell, P. C., & Thompson, L. K. (2017). A phenomenological study of career anxiety among college students. The Career Development Quarterly, 65(4), 339-352.
37. Saka, N., Gati, I., & Kelly, K. R. (2008). Emotional and personality-related aspects of career-decision-making difficulties. Journal of Career Assessment, 16(4), 403-424.
38. Savickas, M. L. (2001). A developmental perspective on vocational behaviour: career patterns, salience, and themes. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 1(1-2), 49-57.
39. Savickas, M. L., Nota, L., Rossier, J., Dauwalder, J. P., Duarte, M. E., Guichard, J. & Van Vianen, A. E. (2009). Life designing: a paradigm for career construction in the 21st century. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 75(3), 239-250. Schein, E. H. (1983). Individuals and careers. Alfred P. Sloan School of Management. Cambridge Ma.
40. Sonnentag, S., & Frese, M. (2003). Stress in organizations. Handbook of Psychology, 453-491.
41. Sullivan, S. E., & Al Ariss, A. (2019). Making sense of different perspectives on career transitions: a review and agenda for future research. Human Resource Management Review, 100: 727.
42. Sullivan, S. E., & Arthur, M. B. (2006). The evolution of the boundaryless career concept: Examining physical and psychological mobility. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69, 19–29.
43. Super, D. E. (1990). A Life-Span, Life-Space approach to career development. Brown D. & Brooks L. (Ed.), Career Choice and Development. 2nd Edition: 197-261. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
44. Şahin, S., Özaydın, S., & Siyez, D. M. (2019). Yetişkin Kariyer Endişeleri Ölçeği Kısa Formu: Türkçeye Uyarlama, Geçerlik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması. Kariyer Psikolojik Danışmanlığı Dergisi, 2(2), 166-193.
45. Tsai, C. T. S., Hsu, H., & Yang, C. C. (2017). Career decision self-efficacy plays a crucial role in hospitality undergraduates’ ınternship efficacy and career preparation. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 21, 61-68.
46. Van Hooft, E. A. J. & Stout, T. (2012). Nepotism and career choice, job search, and job choice. Jones R. G. (Ed.), Nepotism in Organizations (p. 67–91). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
47. Wang, M., & Wanberg, C. R. (2017). 100 years of applied psychology research on individual careers: From career management to retirement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(3), 546-563.
48. Watts, A. G. & Fretwell, D. H. (2004). Public policies for career development; Case studies and emerging issues for designing career ınformation and guidance systems iın developing and transition economies. World Bank Education Advisory Service.
49. White, N. J. & Tracey, T. J. (2011). An examination of career ındecision and application to dispositional authenticity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 78(2), 219-224.
50. Wood, G. J. (2006). Career advancement in Australian middle managers: a follow‐up study. Women in Management Review. 21(4), 277-293.
51. Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2013). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.