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The Young Adults Form of the Attitude toward Women’s Working Scale: Development, Preliminary Validation and Measurement Invariance

Year 2020, , 43 - 61, 01.04.2020
https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.689115

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to develop a scale measuring attitudes toward women’s working. In line with this main purpose, two studies were conducted to develop the tool and investigate its psychometric properties in two different samples. The study 1 started with generating item pool, conducting exploratory factor analysis to identify underlying factor structure of the latent variable. In study 1 after testing the structure of measure, a brief 9-item, tri-factor scale for the assessment of attitudes toward women’s working was emerged. The study 2 utilized a different sample. In study 2, it was aimed to examine model fit, test measurement invariance acroos gender and investigate reliability. Validity and reliability of the scale indicated that the attitude toward women’s working scale (ATWWS) had satisfactory psychometric properties. In study 2, configural and metric invariances of the ATWWS were supported for females and males.

References

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  • Akın, F. (2002). Kadınların işgücüne katılımı ve işteki durum tercihinin Nested Logit Model ile Analizi [Women's labor force participation and job status preference analysis with Nested Logit Model]. METU/ERC International Conference in Economics VI, Ankara, Turkey, September 2002.
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  • Bianchi, S.M., Milkie, M.A., Sayer, L.C., & Robinson, J.P. (2000). Is Anyone Doing the Homework? Trends in the Gender Division of Household Labor. Social Forces, 79(1), 191-228.
  • Bingöl, O. (2014). Toplumsal cinsiyet olgusu ve Türkiye’de kadınlık [The concept of gender and femininity in Turkey]. KMU Journal of Social and Economic Research, 16(1), 108-114.
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  • Bora, A. (2011). Kadınların sınıfı ücretli ev emeği ve kadın öznelliğinin inşası [Women's class paid home labor and the construction of female subjectivity]. İstanbul: İletişim Publications.
  • Bölükoğlu, A. (2018). Yedek işgücü olarak kadın emeği: Türkiye Örneği:1988-2013 [Women's labor as a reserve labor force: The Case of Turkey]. Journal of Economics, Policy & Finance Research, 3(1), 50-67.
  • Brewe, E., Kramer, L., & O’Brien, G. (2009). Modeling instruction: Positive attitudinal shifts in introductory physics measured with CLASS. Physical Review Special Topics-Physics Education Research, 5(1), 013102.
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  • Brown, T. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Browne, M., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods and Research, 21(2), 230-258.
  • Byrne, B.M. (2004). Testing for multigroup invariance using AMOS graphics: A road less traveled. Structural Equation Modeling, 11(2), 272 300. DOI: 10.1207/ s15328007sem1102_8
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  • Costello, A., & Osborne, J. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 10(7), 1-9.
  • Çiçek, B., & Çopur, Z. (2018). Bireylerin kadınların çalışmasına ve toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine ilişkin tutumları [Attitudes of individuals towards women's work and gender roles]. International Journal of Eurasian Education and Culture, 4, 1-21.
  • Dayioglu, M., & Kirdar, M.G. (2010). Determinants of and trends in labor force participation of women in Turkey (English). Welfare and social policy analytical work program; working paper no. 5. Washington DC: World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/466591468316462301/Determinants-of-and-trends-inlabor-force-participation-of-women-in-Turkey.
  • Dex, S. (1988). Women’s attitudes towards work. Springer.
  • Dimitrov, D.M. (2010). Testing for Factorial Invariance in the Context of Construct Validation. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 43(2) 121–149.
  • Dökmen, Z.Y. (2004). Toplumsal Cinsiyet: Sosyal Psikolojik Açıklamalar [Gender: Social Psychological Explanations]. İstanbul: Sistem Publishing.
  • Erkuş, A. (2012). Varolan ölçek geliştirme yöntemleri ve ölçme kuramları psikolojik ölçek geliştirmede ne kadar işlevsel: Yeni bir öneri [Existing scale development methods and measurement theories how functional are psychological scale development: A new proposal]. Journal of Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology, 3(2), 279-290.
  • Ersoy, E. (2009). Cinsiyet kültürü içerisinde kadın ve erkek kimliği: Malatya Örneği [Male and female identity in gender culture: Malatya Case]. Fırat University Journal of Social Sciences,19(2), 209-230.
  • Fabrigar, L.R., MacDonald, T. K., & Wegener, D. T. (2005). The Structure of attitudes from: The Handbook of Attitudes Routledge. Accessed on: 21 May 2019. https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781410612823.ch3
  • Fabrigar, L. R. & Wegener, D. T. (2010). Attitude structure. Em R. F. Baumeister & E. J. Finkel (Orgs.), Advanced social psychology: The state of the science (pp. 177-216). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Ferrao, V. (2010). Paid work. Women in Canada: A Gender-Based Statistical Report. Sixth edition. Statistics Canada. Catalogue 89-503X.
  • Forsythe, N., Korzeniewicz, R.P., & Durrant, V. (2000). Gender inequalities and economic growth: A longitudinal evaluation. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 48(3), 573-617. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/452611.
  • Fredricks, J.A., Blumenfeld, P.C, & Paris, A.H. (2004). School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of the evidence. Review of Educational Research, 74, 59-109.
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The Young Adults Form of the Attitude toward Women’s Working Scale: Development, Preliminary Validation and Measurement Invariance

Year 2020, , 43 - 61, 01.04.2020
https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.689115

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to develop a scale measuring attitudes toward women’s working. In line with this main purpose, two studies were conducted to develop the tool and investigate its psychometric properties in two different samples. The study 1 started with generating item pool, conducting exploratory factor analysis to identify underlying factor structure of the latent variable. In study 1 after testing the structure of measure, a brief 9-item, tri-factor scale for the assessment of attitudes toward women’s working was emerged. The study 2 utilized a different sample. In study 2, it was aimed to examine model fit, test measurement invariance acroos gender and investigate reliability. Validity and reliability of the scale indicated that the attitude toward women’s working scale (ATWWS) had satisfactory psychometric properties. In study 2, configural and metric invariances of the ATWWS were supported for females and males.

References

  • Agapiou, A. (2002). Perceptions of gender roles and attitudes toward work among male and female operatives in the Scottish construction industry. Construction Management & Economics, 20(8), 697-705. DOI: 10.1080/0144619021000024989
  • Ajzen, I. (1989). Attitude Structure and Behavior, In A. R. Pratkanis, S. J. Breckler, and A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Attitude Structure and Function, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 241-274.
  • Akın, F. (2002). Kadınların işgücüne katılımı ve işteki durum tercihinin Nested Logit Model ile Analizi [Women's labor force participation and job status preference analysis with Nested Logit Model]. METU/ERC International Conference in Economics VI, Ankara, Turkey, September 2002.
  • Aktaş, G. (2013). Feminist söylemler bağlamında kadın kimliği: Erkek egemen bir toplumda kadın olmak [Female identity in the context of feminist discourses: Being a woman in a male-dominated society]. Journal of Faculty of Letters, 30(1), 53-72.
  • Allport, G.W. (1935). Attitudes. In C. Murchison (Ed) Handbook of Social Psychology, Worcester, Mass: Clark University Press.
  • Alwin, D.F., Braun, M., & Scott, J. (1992). The separation of work and the family: Attitudes towards women's labour-force participation in Germany, Great Britain, and the United States. European Sociological Review, 8(1), 13-37. https://www.jstor.org/stable/522315
  • Bianchi, S.M., Milkie, M.A., Sayer, L.C., & Robinson, J.P. (2000). Is Anyone Doing the Homework? Trends in the Gender Division of Household Labor. Social Forces, 79(1), 191-228.
  • Bingöl, O. (2014). Toplumsal cinsiyet olgusu ve Türkiye’de kadınlık [The concept of gender and femininity in Turkey]. KMU Journal of Social and Economic Research, 16(1), 108-114.
  • Blackton, R.R. (1986). A study of the correlation between the degree of acculturation and scholastic achievement and English gain of ESL students, grades 2-5, Beach School, Portland, Oregon. Dissertations and Theses. Paper 3560.
  • Bora, A. (2011). Kadınların sınıfı ücretli ev emeği ve kadın öznelliğinin inşası [Women's class paid home labor and the construction of female subjectivity]. İstanbul: İletişim Publications.
  • Bölükoğlu, A. (2018). Yedek işgücü olarak kadın emeği: Türkiye Örneği:1988-2013 [Women's labor as a reserve labor force: The Case of Turkey]. Journal of Economics, Policy & Finance Research, 3(1), 50-67.
  • Brewe, E., Kramer, L., & O’Brien, G. (2009). Modeling instruction: Positive attitudinal shifts in introductory physics measured with CLASS. Physical Review Special Topics-Physics Education Research, 5(1), 013102.
  • Britton, D.M. (2000). The epistemology of the gendered organization. Gender and Society, 14(3), 418-434.
  • Brown, T. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Browne, M., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods and Research, 21(2), 230-258.
  • Byrne, B.M. (2004). Testing for multigroup invariance using AMOS graphics: A road less traveled. Structural Equation Modeling, 11(2), 272 300. DOI: 10.1207/ s15328007sem1102_8
  • Chen, F.F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 464-504.
  • Chen, F.F. (2008). What happens if we compare chopsticks with forks? The impact of making inappropriate comparisons in cross-cultural research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1005-1018.
  • Cheung, G.W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 233-255. DOI: 10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
  • Coltrane, S. (2000). Research on household labor: Modeling and measuring the social embeddedness of routine family work. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62, 1208-1233.
  • Corrigall, E.A., & Konrad, A.M. (2007). Gender role attitudes and careers: A longitudinal study. Sex Roles, 56(11-12), 847-855. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9242-0
  • Costello, A., & Osborne, J. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 10(7), 1-9.
  • Çiçek, B., & Çopur, Z. (2018). Bireylerin kadınların çalışmasına ve toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine ilişkin tutumları [Attitudes of individuals towards women's work and gender roles]. International Journal of Eurasian Education and Culture, 4, 1-21.
  • Dayioglu, M., & Kirdar, M.G. (2010). Determinants of and trends in labor force participation of women in Turkey (English). Welfare and social policy analytical work program; working paper no. 5. Washington DC: World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/466591468316462301/Determinants-of-and-trends-inlabor-force-participation-of-women-in-Turkey.
  • Dex, S. (1988). Women’s attitudes towards work. Springer.
  • Dimitrov, D.M. (2010). Testing for Factorial Invariance in the Context of Construct Validation. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 43(2) 121–149.
  • Dökmen, Z.Y. (2004). Toplumsal Cinsiyet: Sosyal Psikolojik Açıklamalar [Gender: Social Psychological Explanations]. İstanbul: Sistem Publishing.
  • Erkuş, A. (2012). Varolan ölçek geliştirme yöntemleri ve ölçme kuramları psikolojik ölçek geliştirmede ne kadar işlevsel: Yeni bir öneri [Existing scale development methods and measurement theories how functional are psychological scale development: A new proposal]. Journal of Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology, 3(2), 279-290.
  • Ersoy, E. (2009). Cinsiyet kültürü içerisinde kadın ve erkek kimliği: Malatya Örneği [Male and female identity in gender culture: Malatya Case]. Fırat University Journal of Social Sciences,19(2), 209-230.
  • Fabrigar, L.R., MacDonald, T. K., & Wegener, D. T. (2005). The Structure of attitudes from: The Handbook of Attitudes Routledge. Accessed on: 21 May 2019. https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781410612823.ch3
  • Fabrigar, L. R. & Wegener, D. T. (2010). Attitude structure. Em R. F. Baumeister & E. J. Finkel (Orgs.), Advanced social psychology: The state of the science (pp. 177-216). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Ferrao, V. (2010). Paid work. Women in Canada: A Gender-Based Statistical Report. Sixth edition. Statistics Canada. Catalogue 89-503X.
  • Forsythe, N., Korzeniewicz, R.P., & Durrant, V. (2000). Gender inequalities and economic growth: A longitudinal evaluation. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 48(3), 573-617. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/452611.
  • Fredricks, J.A., Blumenfeld, P.C, & Paris, A.H. (2004). School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of the evidence. Review of Educational Research, 74, 59-109.
  • GGGR (2018). https://www.weforum.org
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There are 88 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Studies on Education
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Devrim Erdem This is me 0000-0003-1810-2454

Publication Date April 1, 2020
Submission Date May 8, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020

Cite

APA Erdem, D. (2020). The Young Adults Form of the Attitude toward Women’s Working Scale: Development, Preliminary Validation and Measurement Invariance. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 7(1), 43-61. https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.689115

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