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Development of the Hostility in Pandemic Scale (HPS): A Validity and Reliability Study

Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 475 - 486, 05.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.837616

Abstract

The aim of this research is to develop Hostility in Pandemic Scale (HPS) for Turkey Population to determine the hostility levels of individuals, which is a factor affecting the mental well-being of the society during the pandemic. The study group consists of 855 individuals between the ages of 18-65 from different genders, and have experienced the pandemic process. For the construct validity of the scale results, exploratory factor analysis was conducted and a one-dimensional structure consisting of 22 items was revealed. It was determined that the variance explained by the scale showing a one-dimensional structure was 41.5%. As a result of the confirmatory factor analysis performed through a separate study group, it was revealed that all items have significant t values, and the model established according to model fit indexes has meaningful and acceptable fit values. Buss-Perry Aggression Scale was applied with HPS for the criterion validity. As a result of the criterion validity analysis, a significant relationship was found between the scale scores. The Cronbach Alpha was calculated to analyses internal consistency of the scale and a reliability level of 0.93 was obtained. The test-retest reliability results were found as 0.89. In addition, item statistics revealed that all of the scale items can discriminate well among the respondents. Results of the analysis revealed that, the Hostility Scale in Pandemic Process provides valid and reliable results.

References

  • Bartos, V., Bauer, M., Cahlikova, J., Chytilová, J. (2020). Covid-19 Crisis Fuels Hostility Against Foreigners. CESifo Working Paper No. 8309, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3618833
  • Becerra-García. J.A., Giménez Ballesta, G., Sánchez-Gutiérrez, T., Barbeito Resa, S., Calvo Calvo, A. (2020). Psychopathological symptoms during Covid-19 quarantine in spanish general population: a preliminary analysis based on sociodemographic and occupational-contextual factors. Revista Espanola de Salud Publica, 94:e202006059. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa074
  • Becker, E. W., & Lesiak, W. J. (1977). Feelings of hostility and personal control as related to depression. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33(3), 654 657. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679
  • Buss, A. H., & Durkee, A. (1957). An inventory for assessing different kinds of hostility. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21(4), 343–349. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0046900
  • Buss, A. H., & Perry, M. (1992). The aggression questionnaire. Journal of personality and social psychology, 63(3), 452. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.3.452
  • Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications and programming. Taylor and Francis Group.
  • Contrada, R. J. (1994). Personality and anger in cardiovascular disease: Toward a psychological model. In A. Siegman, & T. Smith (Eds.), Anger, hostility, and the heart (pp. 149-170). Erlbaum.
  • Cook, W. W. & Medley, D. M. (1954) Proposed hosulity and Pharisaic-virtue scales for the MMPI. Journal of Applied Psychology, 38, 414-418.
  • Crocker, L., and Algina, J. (1986). Introduction to classical and modern test theory. Fort Worth: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları [Multivariate statistics for social sciences: SPSS and LISREL applications]. Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Demirtaş-Madran, H. A. (2012). Buss-Perry saldırganlık ölçeği’nin Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Reliability and Validity of the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire-Turkish Version]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 24(2), 1-6.
  • Duan, H., Yan, L., Ding, X., Gan, Y., Kohn, N., & Wu, J. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general Chinese population: Changes, predictors and psychosocial correlates. Psychiatry Research, 293, 113396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113396
  • World Health Organization (2020). Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019 nCoV). https://www.who.int/news/item/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)
  • Eckhardt, C., Norlander, B., & Deffenbacher, J. (2004). The assessment of anger and hostility: A critical review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9(1), 17 43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-1789(02)00116-7
  • Erkuş, A. (2012). Psikolojide ölçme ve ölçek geliştirme [Measurement and scale development in psychology]. Pegem Akademi Yayınları.
  • Faay, M. D., Van Baal, G. C. M., Arango, C., Díaz-Caneja, C. M., Berger, G., Leucht, S., ... & Petter, J. (2020). Hostility and aggressive behaviour in first episode psychosis: Results from the OPTiMiSE trial. Schizophrenia Research, 223, 271 278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2020.08.021Get
  • Fraenkel, J R, Wallend, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education. McGraw Hill.
  • Gambone, G. C. (1998). Cognitive patterns of self- and other-representation as indicators of hostility [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. The State University of New Jersey-New Brunswick.
  • Jakovljevic, M., Bjedov, S., Jaksic, N., & Jakovljevic, I. (2020). COVID-19 pandemia and public and global mental health from the perspective of global health security. Psychiatria Danubina, 32(1), 6-14. https://doi.org/10.24869/psyd.2020.6
  • Jones, N. M., Thompson, R. R., Schetter, C. D., & Silver, R. C. (2017). Distress and rumor exposure on social media during a campus lockdown. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,114(44), 11663-11668. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1708518114
  • Keith, F., Krantz, D. S., Chen, R., Harris, K. M., Ware, C. M., Lee, A. K., ... & Gottlieb, S. S. (2017). Anger, hostility, and hospitalizations in patients with heart failure. Health Psychology, 36(9), 829. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000519
  • Kim, B. (2020). Effects of social grooming on incivility in COVID-19. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23(8), 519 525. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0201
  • Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. The Guilford Press.
  • Lee, S. M., Kang, W. S., Cho, A. R., Kim, T., & Park, J. K. (2018). Psychological impact of the 2015 MERS outbreak on hospital workers and quarantined hemodialysis patients. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 87, 123 127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.10.003
  • Maan Diong, S., Bishop, G. D., Enkelmann, H. C., Tong, E. M., Why, Y. P., Ang, J. C., & Khader, M. (2005). Anger, stress, coping, social support and health: Modelling the relationships. Psychology & Health, 20(4), 467 495. https://doi.org/10.1080/0887044040512331333960
  • Miller, T. Q., Smith, T. W., Turner, C. W., Guijarro, M. L., & Hallet, A. J. (1996). Meta-analytic review of research on hostility and physical health. Psychological Bulletin, 119(2), 322. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.322
  • Özmete, E., Yildirim, H., & Duru, S. (2018). Yabanci düşmanliği (zenofobi) ölçeğinin Türk kültürüne uyarlanmasi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalişmasi [Adaptation of the scale of xenophobia to Turkish culture: Validity and reliability study]. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 18, 191-209. https://doi.org/10.21560/spcd.v18i39974.451063
  • Pérez-Fuentes, M. D. C., Molero Jurado, M. D. M., Martos Martínez, Á. & Gázquez Linares, J. J. (2020). Threat of COVID-19 and emotional state during quarantine: Positive and negative affect as mediators in a cross-sectional study of the Spanish population. Plos one, Public Library of Science 15(6), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235305
  • Pietromonaco, P. R., & Overall, N. C. (2020). Applying relationship science to evaluate how the COVID-19 pandemic may impact couples’ relationships. American Psychologist. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/amp0000714
  • Ranchor, A. V., Sanderman, R., Bauma, J., Buunk, B. P., & van den Heuvel, W. J. (1997). An exploration of the relation between hostility and disease. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 20(3), 223-240. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025538926879
  • Rosenman, R. H. (1991) Type A behavior pattern and coronary heart disease: The hostility factor?. Stress Medicine, 7(4), 245-253. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2460070407
  • Siegman, A. W. & Smith, T. W. (1994). Anger, hostility, and the heart. Lawrence Erlbum Associates, Inc.
  • Spielberger, C. D., Jacobs, G., Russell, S. & Crane, R. S. (1983). Assessment of anger: The state-trait anger scale. Advances in Personality Assessment, 2, 161-189.
  • Suls, J. & Bunde, J. (2005). Anger, anxiety, and depression as risk factors for cardiovascular disease: the problems and implications of overlapping affective dispositions. Psychological bulletin, 131(2), 260.
  • Şencan, H. (2005). Sosyal ve davranışsal ölçümlerde güvenirlik ve geçerlilik [Reliability and validity in social and behavioral measures]. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Şimşek, Ö. F. (2007). Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesine Giriş: Temel İlkeler ve LISREL Uygulamaları [Reliability and validity in social and behavioral measures]. Ekinoks Yayıncılık.
  • Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson Education, Inc.
  • Tan, Ş. (2009). Misuses of KR-20 and Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficients. Eğitim ve Bilim Dergisi, 34, 152, 101-112.
  • Tavşancıl, E. (2009). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi [Measuring attitudes and data analysis with SPSS]. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Trauer, J. M., Laurie, K. L., McDonnell, J., Kelso, A., & Markey, P. G. (2011). Differential effects of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 on remote and indigenous groups, Northern Territory, Australia, 2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17(9), 1615.
  • Van der Veer, K., Ommundsen, R., Yakushko, O., Higler, L., Woelders, S., & Hagen, K. A. (2013). Psychometrically and qualitatively validating a cross-national cumulative measure of fear based xenophobia. Quality & Quantity, 47(3), 1429 1444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-011-9599-6

Development of the Hostility in Pandemic Scale (HPS): A Validity and Reliability Study

Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 475 - 486, 05.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.837616

Abstract

The aim of this research is to develop Hostility in Pandemic Scale (HPS) for Turkey Population to determine the hostility levels of individuals, which is a factor affecting the mental well-being of the society during the pandemic. The study group consists of 855 individuals between the ages of 18-65 from different genders, and have experienced the pandemic process. For the construct validity of the scale results, exploratory factor analysis was conducted and a one-dimensional structure consisting of 22 items was revealed. It was determined that the variance explained by the scale showing a one-dimensional structure was 41.5%. As a result of the confirmatory factor analysis performed through a separate study group, it was revealed that all items have significant t values, and the model established according to model fit indexes has meaningful and acceptable fit values. Buss-Perry Aggression Scale was applied with HPS for the criterion validity. As a result of the criterion validity analysis, a significant relationship was found between the scale scores. The Cronbach Alpha was calculated to analyses internal consistency of the scale and a reliability level of 0.93 was obtained. The test-retest reliability results were found as 0.89. In addition, item statistics revealed that all of the scale items can discriminate well among the respondents. Results of the analysis revealed that, the Hostility Scale in Pandemic Process provides valid and reliable results.

References

  • Bartos, V., Bauer, M., Cahlikova, J., Chytilová, J. (2020). Covid-19 Crisis Fuels Hostility Against Foreigners. CESifo Working Paper No. 8309, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3618833
  • Becerra-García. J.A., Giménez Ballesta, G., Sánchez-Gutiérrez, T., Barbeito Resa, S., Calvo Calvo, A. (2020). Psychopathological symptoms during Covid-19 quarantine in spanish general population: a preliminary analysis based on sociodemographic and occupational-contextual factors. Revista Espanola de Salud Publica, 94:e202006059. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa074
  • Becker, E. W., & Lesiak, W. J. (1977). Feelings of hostility and personal control as related to depression. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33(3), 654 657. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679
  • Buss, A. H., & Durkee, A. (1957). An inventory for assessing different kinds of hostility. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21(4), 343–349. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0046900
  • Buss, A. H., & Perry, M. (1992). The aggression questionnaire. Journal of personality and social psychology, 63(3), 452. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.3.452
  • Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications and programming. Taylor and Francis Group.
  • Contrada, R. J. (1994). Personality and anger in cardiovascular disease: Toward a psychological model. In A. Siegman, & T. Smith (Eds.), Anger, hostility, and the heart (pp. 149-170). Erlbaum.
  • Cook, W. W. & Medley, D. M. (1954) Proposed hosulity and Pharisaic-virtue scales for the MMPI. Journal of Applied Psychology, 38, 414-418.
  • Crocker, L., and Algina, J. (1986). Introduction to classical and modern test theory. Fort Worth: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları [Multivariate statistics for social sciences: SPSS and LISREL applications]. Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Demirtaş-Madran, H. A. (2012). Buss-Perry saldırganlık ölçeği’nin Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Reliability and Validity of the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire-Turkish Version]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 24(2), 1-6.
  • Duan, H., Yan, L., Ding, X., Gan, Y., Kohn, N., & Wu, J. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general Chinese population: Changes, predictors and psychosocial correlates. Psychiatry Research, 293, 113396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113396
  • World Health Organization (2020). Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019 nCoV). https://www.who.int/news/item/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)
  • Eckhardt, C., Norlander, B., & Deffenbacher, J. (2004). The assessment of anger and hostility: A critical review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9(1), 17 43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-1789(02)00116-7
  • Erkuş, A. (2012). Psikolojide ölçme ve ölçek geliştirme [Measurement and scale development in psychology]. Pegem Akademi Yayınları.
  • Faay, M. D., Van Baal, G. C. M., Arango, C., Díaz-Caneja, C. M., Berger, G., Leucht, S., ... & Petter, J. (2020). Hostility and aggressive behaviour in first episode psychosis: Results from the OPTiMiSE trial. Schizophrenia Research, 223, 271 278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2020.08.021Get
  • Fraenkel, J R, Wallend, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education. McGraw Hill.
  • Gambone, G. C. (1998). Cognitive patterns of self- and other-representation as indicators of hostility [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. The State University of New Jersey-New Brunswick.
  • Jakovljevic, M., Bjedov, S., Jaksic, N., & Jakovljevic, I. (2020). COVID-19 pandemia and public and global mental health from the perspective of global health security. Psychiatria Danubina, 32(1), 6-14. https://doi.org/10.24869/psyd.2020.6
  • Jones, N. M., Thompson, R. R., Schetter, C. D., & Silver, R. C. (2017). Distress and rumor exposure on social media during a campus lockdown. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,114(44), 11663-11668. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1708518114
  • Keith, F., Krantz, D. S., Chen, R., Harris, K. M., Ware, C. M., Lee, A. K., ... & Gottlieb, S. S. (2017). Anger, hostility, and hospitalizations in patients with heart failure. Health Psychology, 36(9), 829. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000519
  • Kim, B. (2020). Effects of social grooming on incivility in COVID-19. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23(8), 519 525. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0201
  • Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. The Guilford Press.
  • Lee, S. M., Kang, W. S., Cho, A. R., Kim, T., & Park, J. K. (2018). Psychological impact of the 2015 MERS outbreak on hospital workers and quarantined hemodialysis patients. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 87, 123 127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.10.003
  • Maan Diong, S., Bishop, G. D., Enkelmann, H. C., Tong, E. M., Why, Y. P., Ang, J. C., & Khader, M. (2005). Anger, stress, coping, social support and health: Modelling the relationships. Psychology & Health, 20(4), 467 495. https://doi.org/10.1080/0887044040512331333960
  • Miller, T. Q., Smith, T. W., Turner, C. W., Guijarro, M. L., & Hallet, A. J. (1996). Meta-analytic review of research on hostility and physical health. Psychological Bulletin, 119(2), 322. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.322
  • Özmete, E., Yildirim, H., & Duru, S. (2018). Yabanci düşmanliği (zenofobi) ölçeğinin Türk kültürüne uyarlanmasi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalişmasi [Adaptation of the scale of xenophobia to Turkish culture: Validity and reliability study]. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 18, 191-209. https://doi.org/10.21560/spcd.v18i39974.451063
  • Pérez-Fuentes, M. D. C., Molero Jurado, M. D. M., Martos Martínez, Á. & Gázquez Linares, J. J. (2020). Threat of COVID-19 and emotional state during quarantine: Positive and negative affect as mediators in a cross-sectional study of the Spanish population. Plos one, Public Library of Science 15(6), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235305
  • Pietromonaco, P. R., & Overall, N. C. (2020). Applying relationship science to evaluate how the COVID-19 pandemic may impact couples’ relationships. American Psychologist. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/amp0000714
  • Ranchor, A. V., Sanderman, R., Bauma, J., Buunk, B. P., & van den Heuvel, W. J. (1997). An exploration of the relation between hostility and disease. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 20(3), 223-240. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025538926879
  • Rosenman, R. H. (1991) Type A behavior pattern and coronary heart disease: The hostility factor?. Stress Medicine, 7(4), 245-253. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2460070407
  • Siegman, A. W. & Smith, T. W. (1994). Anger, hostility, and the heart. Lawrence Erlbum Associates, Inc.
  • Spielberger, C. D., Jacobs, G., Russell, S. & Crane, R. S. (1983). Assessment of anger: The state-trait anger scale. Advances in Personality Assessment, 2, 161-189.
  • Suls, J. & Bunde, J. (2005). Anger, anxiety, and depression as risk factors for cardiovascular disease: the problems and implications of overlapping affective dispositions. Psychological bulletin, 131(2), 260.
  • Şencan, H. (2005). Sosyal ve davranışsal ölçümlerde güvenirlik ve geçerlilik [Reliability and validity in social and behavioral measures]. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Şimşek, Ö. F. (2007). Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesine Giriş: Temel İlkeler ve LISREL Uygulamaları [Reliability and validity in social and behavioral measures]. Ekinoks Yayıncılık.
  • Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson Education, Inc.
  • Tan, Ş. (2009). Misuses of KR-20 and Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficients. Eğitim ve Bilim Dergisi, 34, 152, 101-112.
  • Tavşancıl, E. (2009). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi [Measuring attitudes and data analysis with SPSS]. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Trauer, J. M., Laurie, K. L., McDonnell, J., Kelso, A., & Markey, P. G. (2011). Differential effects of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 on remote and indigenous groups, Northern Territory, Australia, 2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17(9), 1615.
  • Van der Veer, K., Ommundsen, R., Yakushko, O., Higler, L., Woelders, S., & Hagen, K. A. (2013). Psychometrically and qualitatively validating a cross-national cumulative measure of fear based xenophobia. Quality & Quantity, 47(3), 1429 1444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-011-9599-6
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Studies on Education
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Emine Burcu Tunç 0000-0002-8225-9299

Simel Parlak 0000-0002-8651-2693

Müge Uluman 0000-0003-4155-3114

Derya Eryigit 0000-0002-3708-7176

Publication Date September 5, 2021
Submission Date December 8, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 8 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Tunç, E. B., Parlak, S., Uluman, M., Eryigit, D. (2021). Development of the Hostility in Pandemic Scale (HPS): A Validity and Reliability Study. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 8(3), 475-486. https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.837616

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