Gölköy-Yumrukaya Sulak Alanının Kuş Çeşitliliği ve Koruma Değeri: Şehir Sınırlarında Biyoçeşitlilik Sıcak Noktası Olarak Bir Üniversite Kampüsü

Öz

Küresel ölçekte şehirleşme ve habitat parçalanması, kuş biyoçeşitliliğini tehdit ederek biyotik homojenizasyona ve komünite heterojenliğinde azalmaya neden olmaktadır. Özellikle sulak alan ekosistemine sahip üniversite kampüsleri, kuş türleri için önemli sığınaklar haline gelmektedir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'deki Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi kampüsünde ve yakın çevresinde yer alan Gölköy-Yumrukaya (GY) sulak alanının kuş çeşitliliğini, baskın tür desenlerini ve komünite yapısını incelemektedir. 2017-2023 yılları arasında yapılan sistematik arazi çalışmaları sonucunda 45 familyaya ait toplam 173 kuş türü tespit edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, GY sulak alanının özellikle göçmen ve transit göçmen türler için tamamlayıcı bir habitat olarak önemli bir ekolojik role sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Mevsimsel analizler, tür zenginliğinin ve çeşitliliğinin üreme ve göç dönemlerinde zirve yaptığını, kış aylarında ise çeşitliliğin düştüğünü ve özellikle şehirleşmeye uyum sağlayan türlerin baskın hale geldiğini ortaya koymuştur. Çalışma, yapay sulak alanların doğal sulak alan sistemleriyle ekolojik bağlantılar kurduğunda, parçalanmış peyzajlarda kritik ikincil habitatlar olarak hizmet edebileceğini vurgulamaktadır. Ayrıca, bu araştırmada geleneksel çeşitlilik indislerine kıyasla topluluk yapısındaki değişimleri daha yüksek çözünürlükle değerlendiren Heterojenite Oranı (Hr) adlı yeni bir ekolojik metrik önerilmektedir. Tür bolluğu ve eşitliğindeki zamansal dalgalanmalara duyarlılığı nedeniyle Hr’nin, gelecekteki biyoçeşitlilik değerlendirmelerinde önemli bir araç olarak kullanılabileceği önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kuş çeşitliliği
• Habitat Parçalanması
• Yapay Sulak Alanlar
• Heterojenite Oranı
• Biyotik Homojenizasyon

Avian Diversity and Conservation Value of the Gölköy-Yumrukaya Wetland: A University Campus as a Biodiversity Hotspot on the Urban Fringe

Abstract

Urbanization and habitat fragmentation increasingly threaten global avian biodiversity, leading to biotic homogenization and declining community heterogeneity. University campuses, particularly those with wetland ecosystems, are emerging as important refugia for bird species. This study examines avian diversity, dominance patterns, and community structure across the Gölköy-Yumrukaya (GY) wetland and surrounding campus habitats of Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Türkiye. Between 2017 and 2023, systematic field surveys recorded 173 bird species from 45 families. The results underscore the ecological significance of the GY wetland as a complementary habitat, particularly for summer visitor and passage migrant species. Seasonal analyses reveal peak species richness and diversity during the breeding and migration periods, while winter exhibits lower diversity and increased dominance concentration, especially among urban-adaptive species. The study highlights the importance of artificial wetlands in fragmented landscapes, provided they maintain ecological connectivity with natural wetland systems. Additionally, a newly proposed ecological metric, the Heterogeneity Ratio (Hr), is introduced, offering a higher-resolution assessment of community structure dynamics compared to traditional diversity indices. Due to its sensitivity to temporal fluctuations in species abundance and evenness, Hr is recommended as a valuable tool for future biodiversity assessments.

Keywords

• Avian diversity
• Habitat Fragmentation
• Artificial Wetlands
• Heterogeneity Ratio
• Biotic Homogenization

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