Gölköy-Yumrukaya Sulak Alanının Kuş Çeşitliliği ve Koruma Değeri: Şehir Sınırlarında Biyoçeşitlilik Sıcak Noktası Olarak Bir Üniversite Kampüsü

Öz

Küresel ölçekte şehirleşme ve habitat parçalanması, kuş biyoçeşitliliğini tehdit ederek biyotik homojenizasyona ve komünite heterojenliğinde azalmaya neden olmaktadır. Özellikle sulak alan ekosistemine sahip üniversite kampüsleri, kuş türleri için önemli sığınaklar haline gelmektedir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'deki Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi kampüsünde ve yakın çevresinde yer alan Gölköy-Yumrukaya (GY) sulak alanının kuş çeşitliliğini, baskın tür desenlerini ve komünite yapısını incelemektedir. 2017-2023 yılları arasında yapılan sistematik arazi çalışmaları sonucunda 45 familyaya ait toplam 173 kuş türü tespit edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, GY sulak alanının özellikle göçmen ve transit göçmen türler için tamamlayıcı bir habitat olarak önemli bir ekolojik role sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Mevsimsel analizler, tür zenginliğinin ve çeşitliliğinin üreme ve göç dönemlerinde zirve yaptığını, kış aylarında ise çeşitliliğin düştüğünü ve özellikle şehirleşmeye uyum sağlayan türlerin baskın hale geldiğini ortaya koymuştur. Çalışma, yapay sulak alanların doğal sulak alan sistemleriyle ekolojik bağlantılar kurduğunda, parçalanmış peyzajlarda kritik ikincil habitatlar olarak hizmet edebileceğini vurgulamaktadır. Ayrıca, bu araştırmada geleneksel çeşitlilik indislerine kıyasla topluluk yapısındaki değişimleri daha yüksek çözünürlükle değerlendiren Heterojenite Oranı (Hr) adlı yeni bir ekolojik metrik önerilmektedir. Tür bolluğu ve eşitliğindeki zamansal dalgalanmalara duyarlılığı nedeniyle Hr’nin, gelecekteki biyoçeşitlilik değerlendirmelerinde önemli bir araç olarak kullanılabileceği önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kuş çeşitliliği
• Habitat Parçalanması
• Yapay Sulak Alanlar
• Heterojenite Oranı
• Biyotik Homojenizasyon

Avian Diversity and Conservation Value of the Gölköy-Yumrukaya Wetland: A University Campus as a Biodiversity Hotspot on the Urban Fringe

Abstract

Urbanization and habitat fragmentation increasingly threaten global avian biodiversity, leading to biotic homogenization and declining community heterogeneity. University campuses, particularly those with wetland ecosystems, are emerging as important refugia for bird species. This study examines avian diversity, dominance patterns, and community structure across the Gölköy-Yumrukaya (GY) wetland and surrounding campus habitats of Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Türkiye. Between 2017 and 2023, systematic field surveys recorded 173 bird species from 45 families. The results underscore the ecological significance of the GY wetland as a complementary habitat, particularly for summer visitor and passage migrant species. Seasonal analyses reveal peak species richness and diversity during the breeding and migration periods, while winter exhibits lower diversity and increased dominance concentration, especially among urban-adaptive species. The study highlights the importance of artificial wetlands in fragmented landscapes, provided they maintain ecological connectivity with natural wetland systems. Additionally, a newly proposed ecological metric, the Heterogeneity Ratio (Hr), is introduced, offering a higher-resolution assessment of community structure dynamics compared to traditional diversity indices. Due to its sensitivity to temporal fluctuations in species abundance and evenness, Hr is recommended as a valuable tool for future biodiversity assessments.

Keywords

• Avian diversity
• Habitat Fragmentation
• Artificial Wetlands
• Heterogeneity Ratio
• Biotic Homogenization

Kaynakça

1. Arslan, Ş., & Kirazli, C. (2022). Turkey's largest Cinereous vulture population in a recently discovered breeding area in North-west Anatolia. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 46(1), 144-152. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-2103-17
2. Arslan, Ş., Kaya, A., Akyol, A., Kaya, M., & Yaylalı, Ö. (2023). Current status of breeding bird species in the Gediz Delta, Türkiye. OSME Sandgrouse, 45:205–212.
3. Aslan, A., Kaska, Y., & Erdoğan, A. (2011). The ornithological importance of Dalaman (Muğla, Turkey) wetlands and threats to the bird population. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 35(4), 481-489. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-0812-2
4. Aydın, T. (2021). Bazı Ekolojik ve Orografik Değişkenlere Göre Köroğlu Dağları Avifaunası Üzerine Araştırmalar [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
5. Bengil, F., & Uzilday, B. (2010). The avifauna of Küçük Menderes Delta (Turkey): An evaluation on seasonal pattern of birds. Biharean Biologist, 4(1), 57-65.
6. BirdLife International. (2025). IUCN Red List for birds. http://datazone.birdlife.org. [Access Date: January 15, 2025].
7. BirdLife International. (2023). Important Bird and Biodiversity Area (IBA) criteria. https://www.birdlife.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/IBA-Criteria-2023.pdf. [Access Date: April 03, 2025].
8. Chao, A. (2005). Species estimation and applications. In S. Kotz, N. Balakrishnan, C. B. Read, and B. Vidakovic (eds.), Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, 2nd edn, (pp. 7907–7916). Wiley, New York.

9. Chao, A., & Chiu, C. H. (2012). Estimation of species richness and shared species richness. In N. Balakrishnan (ed), Methods and Applications of Statistics in the Atmospheric and Earth Sciences (pp.76–111). Wiley, New York.
10. Chao, A., & Jost, L. (2015). Estimating diversity and entropy profiles via discovery rates of new species. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 6(8), 873-882. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12349
11. Chao, A., Ma, K. H., Hsieh, T. C., & Chiu, C. H. (2016). Online Program SpadeR (Species-richness Prediction And Diversity Estimation in R) (version September 2016). Program and User’s Guide published at http://chao.stat.nthu.edu.tw/wordpress/software_download/.
12. Cook, W. M., Lane, K. T., Foster, B. L., & Holt, R. D. (2002). Island theory, matrix effects and species richness patterns in habitat fragments. Ecology letters, 5(5), 619-623. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00366.x
13. Çelekli, A., Albay, M., & Dügel, M. (2007). Phytoplankton (except Bacillariophyceae) flora of lake Gölköy (Bolu). Turkish Journal of Botany, 31(1), 49-65.
14. DKMP. (2023). Kış Ortası Su Kuşu Sayımları (Kosks) 2023 Raporu. https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/DKMP/Duyuru/564/Kis-Ortasi-Su-Kusu-Sayimlari-_kosks_-2023-Raporu [Erişim Tarihi: 15 Ocak 2025].
15. Davros II, N. J. (2020). Habitat Modification on an Urban High School Campus [Master of Science, Winthrop University]. https://digitalcommons.winthrop.edu/graduatetheses/112/
16. Dhyani, S. (2024). Impact of drivers of biodiversity loss on mountain ecosystems: assessing the need for ecosystem health assessments in Indian Himalayan Region. In K. Singh, M. C. Ribeiro, and Ö. Calicioglu (eds), Biodiversity and Bioeconomy (pp. 25-46). Elsevier.
17. Ferenc, M., Sedláček, O., Fuchs, R., Dinetti, M., Fraissinet, M., & Storch, D. (2014). Are cities different? Patterns of species richness and beta diversity of urban bird communities and regional species assemblages in Europe. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 23(4), 479-489. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12130
18. Gotelli, N. J., & Chao, A. (2013). Measuring and estimating species richness, species diversity, and biotic similarity from sampling data. In S. A. Levin (ed), Encyclopedia of biodiversity (pp.195-211). Academic Press.
19. Guthula, V. B., Shrotriya, S., Nigam, P., Goyal, S. P., Mohan, D., & Habib, B. (2022). Biodiversity significance of small habitat patches: More than half of Indian bird species are in academic campuses. Landscape and Urban Planning, 228, 104552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104552
20. Gümüş, A., Aişeoğlu, B., & Parmaksız, A. (2024). Bird Observation and Avifauna Studies in Harran University Osmanbey Campus. International Journal of Nature and Life Sciences, 8(2), 156-171. https://doi.org/10.47947/ijnls.1548740
21. Hamza, F., Abdi, A. M., Chokri, M. A., Yacoubi, L., Dlensi, H., Hammouda, N., Ghlis, A., Jemaa, B., Elghoul, M., Hedhili, A., & Hanane, S. (2024). Landscape context and wetland attributes influence wintering waterbirds in important bird and biodiversity areas: implications for conservation and management. Landscape Ecology, 39(8), 151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-024-01942-9
22. Hill, M. O. (1973). Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology, 54(2), 427-432. Hubálek, Z. (2000). Measures of species diversity in ecology: an evaluation. Folia Zoologica-Praha, 49(4), 241-260.
23. Inbit, M. J. O., Kazem, A. A. A., Hussein, H. H., & Abd AL-kadum mageed Brism, R. (2024). The Impact of Human Activities on Environmental Sustainability. Journal of Medical Genetics and Clinical Biology, 1(8), 119-141.
24. Jumilawaty, E., Saragih, J. E., & Nasution, A. L. A. (2024). Avian species and diversity on the campus of Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan City. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1352, 1, 012074. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1352/1/012074
25. Karaardıç, H., Yavuz, M., Erdogan, A., Pruente, W., & Vohwinkel, R. (2006). Results of bird banding in spring at Titreyengol, Manavgat, Turkey, since 2002. Journal of Ornithology, 147(5), 192.
26. Karaardıç, H., & Özkan, L. (2017). Breeding and migratory distribution of Collared pratincole (Glareola pratincola) at Boğazkent southern Turkey. Acta Biologica Turcica, 30(3):74-78.
27. Keten, A., Beskardes, V., & Arslangundogdu, Z. (2010). Observation on ornithofauna of Kocaeli-Yuvacik dam watershed in Turkey. Journal of Environmental Biology, 31(1), 189.
28. Kirazlı, C. Yeniçağa gölü sulak alanı uzun dönem kış ortası su kuşu sayımlarının değerlendirilmesi. Yeniçağa Halk Kültürü Sempozyumu Bildiri Kitabı. (in press).
29. Kirazlı, C., & Gözütok, S. (2017, October 4-7). An Ornithological Assessment of Yeniçağa Wetland [Oral presentation]. VIII. Internatıonal Symposıum On Ecology And Envıronmental Problems. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University.
30. Kirazlı, C. (2019). Yeniçağa Kuş Cenneti Avifaunası. Sage Yayıncılık, 519 page, Bolu (in Turkish).
31. Krebs, C. J. (2014). Ecological methodology, 3rd ed. https://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~krebs/books.htm [Access date:: January 05, 2021].
32. Kupfer, J. A., Malanson, G. P., & Franklin, S. B. (2006). Not seeing the ocean for the islands: the mediating influence of matrix‐based processes on forest fragmentation effects. Global ecology and biogeography, 15(1), 8-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-822X.2006.00204.x
33. Külköylüoğlu, O. (2005). Factors affecting the occurrence of ostracoda (crustacea) in the Yumrukaya reedbeds (Bolu, Turkey). Wetlands, 25(1), 224-227.
34. Lepczyk, C. A., Aronson, M. F., Evans, K. L., Goddard, M. A., Lerman, S. B., & MacIvor, J. S. (2017). Biodiversity in the city: fundamental questions for understanding the ecology of urban green spaces for biodiversity conservation. BioScience, 67(9), 799-807. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix079
35. Liu, J., Yu, M., Tomlinson, K., & Slik, J. F. (2017). Patterns and drivers of plant biodiversity in Chinese university campuses. Landscape and Urban Planning, 164, 64-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.04.008
36. Liu, J., Zhao, Y., Si, X., Feng, G., Slik, F., & Zhang, J. (2021). University campuses as valuable resources for urban biodiversity research and conservation. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 64, 127255.
37. Matthews, T. J. (2021). On the biogeography of habitat islands: the importance of matrix effects, noncore species, and source-sink dynamics. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 96(2), 73-104. https://doi.org/10.1086/714482
38. McKinney, M. L. (2006). Urbanization as a major cause of biotic homogenization. Biological Conservation, 27, 247–260.
39. Nuh’un Gemisi. (2025). Ulusal Biyolojik Çeşitlilik Veritabanı. https://nuhungemisi.tarimorman.gov.tr/public/istatistik [Erişim Tarihi: 15 Ocak 2025].
40. Ogidi, O. I., & Akpan, U. M. (2022). Aquatic Biodiversity Loss: Impacts of Pollution and Anthropogenic Activities and Strategies for Conservation. In: S. C. Izah (eds), Biodiversity in Africa: Potentials, Threats and Conservation. Sustainable Development and Biodiversity, vol 29. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3326-4_16
41. Ogwu, M. C., Izah, S. C., & Iyiola, A. O. (2022). An overview of the potentials, threats and conservation of biodiversity in Africa. In S. C. Izah (eds), Biodiversity in Africa: potentials, threats and conservation (pp. 3-20). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
42. Oruç, A., & Kırlangıç, Ş. (2014). ODTÜ'nün kuşları [Birds of METU]. ODTÜ Yayıncılık.
43. Özkan, L., & Keten, A. (2020). Düzce Üniversitesi Konuralp Yerleşkesi Kuşları ve Diğer Yaban Hayatı Elemanları. Düzce Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Ormancılık Dergisi, 16(1), 62-72.
44. Peet, R. K. (1974). The measurement of species diversity. Annual Review Of Ecology and Systematics, 5(1), 285-307.
45. Perillo, A., Mazzoni, L. G., Passos, L. F., Goulart, V. D., Duca, C., & Young, R. J. (2017). Anthropogenic noise reduces bird species richness and diversity in urban parks. Ibis, 159(3), 638-646. https://doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12481
46. Rajashekara, S., & Venkatesha, M. G. (2017). Seasonal incidence and diversity pattern of avian communities in the Bangalore University Campus, India. Proceedings of the Zoological Society 70(2), 178–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12595-016-0175-x
47. Reis, E., López-Iborra, G. M., & Pinheiro, R. T. (2012). Changes in bird species richness through different levels of urbanization: Implications for biodiversity conservation and garden design in Central Brazil. Landscape and Urban Planning, 107(1), 31-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.04.009
48. Rodrigues, P., Dorresteijn, I., Guilherme, J. L., Hanspach, J., De Beenhouwer, M., Hylander, K., Bekele, B., Senbeta, F., Fischer, J., & Nimmo, D. (2021). Predicting the impacts of human population growth on forest mammals in the highlands of southwestern Ethiopia. Biological Conservation, 256, 109046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109046
49. Sanllorente, O., Ríos-Guisado, R., Izquierdo, L., Molina, J. L., Mourocq, E., & Ibáñez-Álamo, J. D. (2023). The importance of university campuses for the avian diversity of cities. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 86, 128038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2023.128038
50. Sillén, B., & Solbreck, C. (1977). Effects of area and habitat diversity on bird species richness in lakes. Ornis Scandinavica, 185-192.
51. Simkin, R. D., Seto, K. C., McDonald, R. I., & Jetz, W. (2022). Biodiversity impacts and conservation implications of urban land expansion projected to 2050. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(12), e2117297119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2117297119
52. Stewart, P. S., Voskamp, A., Santini, L., Biber, M. F., Devenish, A. J., Hof, C., Willis, S. G., & Tobias, J. A. (2022). Global impacts of climate change on avian functional diversity. Ecology Letters, 25(3), 673-685. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13830
53. Svensson, L., Mullarney, K., & Zetterström, D. (Eds.) (2010). Collins bird guide (2nd edition).
54. Şahin, M. K., Akbaba, B., Bulut, Ş., & Ayaş, Z. (2021). Terrestrial Vertebrate Fauna of Beytepe Campus, Hacettepe University. Hacettepe Journal of Biology and Chemistry, 49(1), 43-55. https://doi.org/10.15671/hjbc.722876
55. Tulloch, A. I., Barnes, M. D., Ringma, J., Fuller, R. A., & Watson, J. E. (2016). Understanding the importance of small patches of habitat for conservation. Journal of applied Ecology, 53(2), 418-429. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12547
56. Türker, H. (2006). The feeding habits and assimilation efficiencies of three Cyprinid species in Lake Gölköy (Bolu-Turkey). Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(1), 37-45.
57. Ünlü, M., Karaardiç, H., Sungur, S., & Cicek, E. (2024). Checklist of avifauna diversity from Hürmetçi Marsh Natural Protected Area, Kayseri, Türkiye. International Journal of Aquatic Biology, 12(2), 171-187. https://doi.org/10.22034/ijab.v12i2.2233
58. Vallejo Jr, B., Aloyab, A., Ong, P., Tamino, A., & Villasper, J. (2008). Spatial patterns of bird diversity and abundance in an urban tropical landscape: The University of the Philippines (UP) Diliman Campus. Science Diliman, 20(1).
59. Wang, N., Du, Y., Liang, F., Yi, J., Qian, J., Tu, W., Huıang, S., & Luo, P. (2023). Protected areas effectively resisted 33.8% of urban development pressures in China during 2000–2018. Applied Geography, 159, 103079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2023.103079
60. Wetlands International. (2012). Waterbird Population Estimates. Summary Report. Fifth Edition. Wetlands International, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
61. Wetlands International. (2018). Report On The Conservatıon Status Of Mıgratory Waterbırds In The Agreement Area, Seventh Edition. AEWA/MOP 7.14 Corr.1
62. Yadav, H., Pansari, S., & Phartyal, S. S. (2024). Bird Diversity on an Under-Constructed Educational Campus: A Case Study of Nalanda University, Rajgir, India. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 50(6), 909-920. https://doi.org/10.55863/ijees.2024.0334
63. Zhang, W., Liang, C., Liu, J., Si, X., & Feng, G. (2018). Species richness, phylogenetic and functional structure of bird communities in Chinese university campuses are associated with divergent variables. Urban ecosystems, 21, 1213-1225.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-018-0803-5.