Hakkâri İlinde Tarla Sarmaşığı (Convolvulus arvensis L.) Üzerinde Tespit Edilen Doğal Ajanlar ve Dağılımları

Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 272 - 283, 29.12.2025

Mesut Sırrı , Neslihan Bal , Cumali Özaslan

https://doi.org/10.24180/ijaws.1686022

https://izlik.org/JA48XS62HR

Abstract

Artan çevresel ve insan kaynaklı baskılara yanıt olarak, entegre ve sürdürülebilir yabancı ot kontrol stratejilerinde biyolojik yaklaşımların benimsenmesi, önemli bir eğilim haline gelmiştir. Türkiye dâhil, Avrupa’nın en önemli tarımsal yabancı otlarından biri olan tarla sarmaşığı (Convolvulus arvensis L.) için biyolojik mücadelede etkili olabilecek doğal ajanların (böcek ve patojen) araştırılması, gelecekte daha sürdürülebilir ve umut verici yaklaşımların ortaya çıkmasını öngörmektedir. Bu amaçla, biyoçeşitlilik açısından eşsiz bir coğrafyaya sahip Hakkâri ve ilçelerinde, tarla sarmaşığı üzerinde beslenen doğal ajanların belirlenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Çalışma alanında 2022 ve 2023 yıllarında farklı dönemlerde yapılan sürvey çalışmaları sonucunda, tarla sarmaşığın çiçek, yaprak, gövde ve tohumları üzerinde beslenen 3’ü böcek, 6’sı patojen olmak üzere toplam 9 biyolojik ajan tespit edilmiştir. Bu türler arasında tarla sarmaşığının biyolojik mücadelesinde en umut verici türler; Alcidodes karelinii (Boheman, 1844) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Hypocassida subferruginea Schrank, 1776 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Erysiphe convolvuli DC. ve Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. olarak belirlenmiştir. Doğal ajanların bölgedeki dağılımlarına göre A. alternata ve E. convolvuli en yaygın türler olarak tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, tarla sarmaşığının biyolojik mücadelesinde potansiyeli yüksek olan monofag veya uygun polifag türlerin tespiti, gelecekte tarla sarmaşığın biyolojik kontrolüne yönelik çalışmalara ışık tutacaktır.

Keywords

Convolvulus arvensis L. , Biyolojik mücadele , Böcekler , Funguslar , Hakkari/Türkiye

Project Number

2022-SİÜKMYO-040

Natural Agents Detected on Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) in Hakkâri Province and Their Distribution

https://izlik.org/JA48XS62HR

Abstract

In response to increasing environmental and anthropogenic pressures, adopting integrated and sustainable weed control strategies, including biological approaches, has become an important trend. For field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.), one of the most significant agricultural weeds in Europe, including Türkiye, the investigation of natural agents (insects and pathogens) that could be effective in biological control is anticipated to lead to more sustainable approaches in the future. For this purpose, the aim was to identify the natural agents from field bindweed in Hakkâri and its districts, a region with unique biodiversity. As a result of surveys conducted at different times during 2022 and 2023, 9 natural agents, including 3 insect and 6 pathogens, were identified feeding on the flowers, leaves, stems, and seeds of field bindweed. Among these species, the most promising for the biological control of field bindweed were identified as Alcidodes karelinii (Boheman, 1844) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Hypocassida subferruginea Schrank, 1776 (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae), Erysiphe convolvuli DC. and Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. Based on the distribution of natural agents in the region, A. alternata and E. convolvuli were found to be the most widespread species. In conclusion, the identification of potential monophagous or suitable polyphagous species for the biological control of field bindweed will shed light on future studies aimed at the biological control of field bindweed.

Keywords

Convolvulus arvensis L. , Biological control , Insects , Fungi , Hakkâri/Türkiye

Supporting Institution

Siirt University Scientific Research Projects Coordination (SÜBAP)

Project Number

2022-SİÜKMYO-040

Thanks

We would like to thank Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Hadi AYDIN from Siirt University Faculty of Agriculture Plant Protection Department for their support in laboratory studies and Hatay MKÜ Plant Health Clinic Application and Research Center (BİSAK) for the diagnosis of fungal pathogens detected in the study. This study was supported by Siirt University Scientific Research Projects Coordination (SÜBAP) with the project number “2022-SİÜKMYO-040”.

References

• Abdessemed, N., Kerroum, A., Bahet, Y. A., Talbi, N., & Zermane, N. (2019). First report of Alternaria leaf spot caused by Alternaria alternata (Fries.) Kiessler on Sonchus oleraceus L. and Convolvulus arvensis L. in Algeria. Journal of Phytopathology, 167(6), 321-325. https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.12777
• Abdessemed, N., Staropoli, A., Zermane, N., & Vinale, F. (2021). Metabolic profile and mycoherbicidal activity of three Alternaria alternata isolates for the control of Convolvulus arvensis, Sonchus oleraceus, and Xanthium strumarium. Pathogens, 10(11), 1448. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10111448
• Ahmed, S. O., & Yaseen, A. N. (2021). New Record Genus and Species Alcidodes karelinii Boheman, 1844 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) in Iraq. Review of International Geographical Education Online, 11(12), 592-596
• Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A. (2013). Molytinae. In: Löbl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 8. Brill, Leiden, pp. 475–496.
• Baloch, G. M. (1977). Insects as biological control agents of field bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis. PANS, 23(1), 58-64.
• Baloch, G. M., Khan, A. G., Habib, R., & Zaffar, T. (1976) Laboratory testing and evaluation of insect enemies of halogeton and Russian thistle and research on biological control of weeds common to Pakistan and the United States. Sept. 1970–Sept. 1975. Pakistan Station, Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Rawalpindi, reports (1976) 66 pp.
• Cullen, J. M., Sheppard, A. W., & Raghu, S. (2022). Effectiveness of classical weed biological control agents released in Australia. Biological Control, 166, 104835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2022.104835
• Davis, S., Mangold, J., Menalled, F., Orloff, N., Miller, Z., & Lehnhoff, E. (2018). A meta-analysis of field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) management in annual and perennial systems. Weed Science, 66(4), 540-547. https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2018.30
• Decelle, J. E. (1983). Le genre Spermophagus Schönherr en Europe occidentale [Col. Bruchidae Amblycerinae]. Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, 88(3), 235-241.
• Dorrance, Michael J. & Alberta. (1994). Practical crop protection. Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.102812
• El-Sayed, W., Kang, Z., & Hurle, K. (2002). Infection process of Phomopsis convolvulus as a mycoherbicide for Convolvulus arvensis L. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 109, 180-192.
• Erper, İ., Mennan, H., & Hatat, G. (1997). September 1-4). Investigation of fungal agents that can be used in biological control of some important weed species in Samsun province. II. Herbology Congress, Türkiye.
• Ertuğrul, T., Erdoğdu, M., Suludere, Z., & Aytaç, Z. (2019). Plant microfungi of Kıbrıs Village Valley (Mamak-Ankara). Bağbahçe Bilim Dergisi, 6(1), 4-18.
• Gaskin, J. F., Cortat, G., & West, N. M. (2023) Vegetative versus sexual reproduction varies widely in Convolvulus arvensis across western North America. Biological Invasions, 25(7), 2219-2229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-023-03006-8.
• GBIF, (2025). GBIF.org. GBIF Occurrence Download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.d3rwp5 (Erişim: 7 April 2025)
• Gogoberidze, L., Cholokava, A. (2006). Transcaspian snout beetle Mecysolobus karelini (Boheman, 1844) = Alcides (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from inner (Shida) Kartli. Bulletin of the Georgian national Academy of Sciences, 173(3), 594-595.
• Gorenshtein, B. M. (1982). A promising weed eater. Zashchita Rastenii, 7, 1–30.
• Gültekin, L., Korotyaev, B. A., Gültekin, N., Davidian, G. E., & Güdek, M. (2019). Diagnosis and distribution of Alcidodes karelinii (Boheman, 1844): a new record for Turkey (Curculionidae: Molytinae: Mecysolobini). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 145(1), 91-100. https://doi.org/10.3157/061.145.0108
• Güncan, A., & Karaca, M. (2018). Weed Control (Updated and Supplemented Fourth Edition), Selçuk Universitesi Faculty of Agriculture Publications. (ISBN:975-448-178-4).
• Güner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M., & Babaç, M. T. (edlr.), (2012). List of Plants of Turkey (Vascular Plants). Publication of Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanical Garden and Flora Research Association. Istanbul.
• Holm, L. G., Plucknett, D. L., Pancho, J. V., Herberger, J. P. (1977). The World’s worst weeds: distribution and biology. University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu.
• Ishikawa, S. I, Toquenaga, Y., & Matsubayashi, T. (1994). Occurrence of Spermophagus rufiventris Boheman (Coleoptera, Bruchidae) in Calystegia japonica Choisy (Convolvulaceae) seeds. Japanese Journal of Entomology, 62, 431–432.
• Julien, M., & Griffith, M. (1998). Biological control of weeds: a world catalogue of agents and their target weeds, 4th edn. CABI International, Wallingford.
• Kadıoğlu, İ., Karamanlı, N., & Yanar, Y. (2008). Possible use of Erysiphe convolvuli DC. For biological control of Convonvulus arvensis L. (Field bindweed). The Journal of Turkish Weed Seience, 11(2), 1-10.
• Kaur, R., Kumar, S., Ali, S. A., Kumar, S., Ezing, U. M., Bana, R., Arya, P., Rafiq, M., Shehzad, A., & Singh, T. (2024). Impacts of climate change on crop-weed dynamics: Challenges and strategies for weed management in a changing climate. Open Journal of Environmental Biology, 9(1), 015-021. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojeb.2024.91002
• Kısmalı, S., & Sassi, D. (1994). Preliminary list of Chrysomelidae with notes on distribution and importance of species in Turkey. II. Subfamily Cassidinae Spaeth. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 18(3), 141-156.
• Klein, H. (2011). A catalogue of the insects, mites and pathogens that have been used or rejected, or are under consideration, for the biological control of invasive alien plants in South Africa. African Entomology, 19(2), 515-549. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.019.0210
• Korotyaev, B. A. (2015.) On the distribution Dynamics of some beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae, Bruchidae, Curculionidae) in the plains of the northwestern Caucasus, Russia. Entomological Review, 95(1), 137-140. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873815010187
• Kuleci, E. (2009). Investigation of using biological control agents fungi collected on field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) from Central Black Sea Region, [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Samsun]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
• Meena, M., & Samal, S. (2019). Alternaria host-specific (HSTs) toxins: An overview of chemical characterization, target sites, regulation and their toxic effects. Toxicology Reports, 6, 745-758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.09.005.
• Meena, B. L., & Sharma, K. (2024). Biological Control of Weeds. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology, 9(4), 91-100. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijeab.94.10
• Orloff, N., Mangold, J., Miller, Z., & Menalled, F. (2018). A meta-analysis of field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) and Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense L.) management in organic agricultural systems. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 254, 264–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.11.024
• Önen, H. (Ed). (2021). Yabancı Otların Yayılma Stratejileri, 6. Bölüm - Herboloji (Yabancı Ot Bilimi): İlkeler, Kavramlar ve Uygulamalar / Weed Science: Theory and Practice, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350789562 (Erişim: 25.06.2024).
• Önen, H., & Özcan, S. (2010). İklim değişikliğine bağlı olarak yabancı ot mücadelesi. İklim değişikliğinin tarıma etkileri ve alınabilecek önlemler, (s. 336-357), Kayseri: Kayseri Valiliği İl Tarım Müdürlüğü Yayın No: 2.
• Özaslan, C., Hüseyin, E., & Erdoğdu, M. (2013). Microfungi species on the weeds of agro-ecosystem (wheat ecosystem) in Adıyaman city. Mantar Dergisi, 4(2), 10-18.
• Özer, Z., Kadıoğlu, İ., Önen, H., & Tursun, N. (2001). Herboloji (Yabancı Ot Bilimi). Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, No: 20 Kitap Seri No: 10, Tokat.
• Panta, S. (2022). Retrospective analysis of worldwide biocontrol project success and study of specialized soil types effects on biocontrol agent host specificity. Thesis, University of Idaho, USA
• Panta, S., Schwarzländer, M., Weyl, P.S., Hinz, H.L., Winston, R.L., Eigenbrode, S.D., ... & Paynter, Q. (2024). Traits of insect herbivores and target weeds associated with greater biological weed control establishment and impact. BioControl, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-024-10149-6
• Preston, R. E. (2012). Convolvulaceae. Jepson Flora Project.http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=105. (Erişim: 18.04.2025).
• Rosenthal, S., & Buckingham, G. (1982). Natural enemies of Convolvulus arvensis in western Mediterranean Europe. Hilgardia, 50(2), 1-19.
• Salehi, B., Krochmal‐Marczak, B., Skiba, D., Patra, J. K., Das, S. K., Das, G., ... & Martorell, M. (2020). Convolvulus plant—A comprehensive review from phytochemical composition to pharmacy. Phytotherapy Research, 34(2), 315-328. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6533
• Sanodiya, B. S, Thakur G. S, Baghel, R. K, Pandey, A. K, Prasad, G. B. K. S., & Bisen, P. S. (2010). Isolation and characterization of tenuazonic acid produced by Alternaria alternata, a potential bioherbicidal agent for control of Lantana camara. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 50(2), 133-139. DOI: 10.2478/v10045-010-0023-3. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10045-010-0023-3
• Sırrı, M., ve Bal, N. (2023). Chrysomelidae Species with Potential to Use in Biological Control of Field Ivy (Convolvulus arvensis L.). Turkish Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology, 4(2), 68-81. 10.5281/zenodo.10117664. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10117664
• Sırrı, M., & Özaslan, C. (2022). Convolvulus L. Species Distributed in the Gever Plain and Their Potential Biological Agents agrestis Naudin). Turkish Journal of Weed Science, 25(1), 69-84.
• Sırrı, M., & Özaslan, C. (2024) Coleoptera Species Detected on Weeds in Hakkari/Yüksekova Basin. Journal Of Agriculture and Nature, 27 (3), 610-622. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1317489
• Smith, L., de Lillo, E., & Amrine, J. W. (2010). Effectiveness of eriophyid mites for biological control of weedy plants and challenges for future research. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 51(1), 115-149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-009-9298-0
• Sosnoskie L. M., Hanson, B. D. & Steckel, L. E. (2020). Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis):“all tied up”. Weed technology, 34(6), 916-921. https://doi.org/10.1017/wet.2020.69
• Szénási, V., & Vári, G. (2019). Alcidodes karelinii, new to Hungary (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Molytinae). Folia entomologica hungarica, 80, 83-87. https://doi.org/10.17112/FoliaEntHung.2019.80.83
• Thomma, B. P. (2003). Alternaria spp.: from general saprophyte to specific parasite. Molecular Plant Pathology, 4(4), 225-236. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1364-3703.2003.00182.x
• Tóth, P., & Cagáň, L. (2005). Organisms associated with the family Convolvulaceae and their potential for biological control of Convolvulus arvensis. Biocontrol News and Information, 26(1), 17N – 40N. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095375620500244X
• Tóth, P., Tothova, M., & Cagan, L. (2008, April 26-27). Potential biological control agents of field bindweed, common teasel and field dodder from Slovakia. Proceedings of the XII International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. CABI, 216–220. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845935061.0216
• Tunali, B., Kansu, B., & Berner, D. K. (2009). Biological control studies on Convolvulus arvensis L. with fungal pathogens. Journal of Turkish Phytopathology, 38, 1-8.
• Uludağ, A., Uremis, I., & Arslan, M. (2018). Biological weed control. In Non-chemical weed control. Academic Press. 115-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809881-3.00007-3
• Vurro, M., Evidente, A., Andolfi, A., Zonno, M. C., Giordano, F., & Motta, A. (1998). Brefeldin A and α, β-dehydrocurvularin, two phytotoxins from Alternaria zinniae, a biocontrol agent of Xanthium occidentale. Plant Science, 138(1), 67-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(98)00131-9
• Weaver, S. E., & Riley, W. R. (1982) The biology of Canadian weeds. Convolvulus arvensis L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 62, 461–472. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps82 066
• Winston, R. L., Schwarzländer, M., Hinz, H. L., Day, M. D., Cock, M. J.W., & Julien, M. H. (2014). Biological Control of Weeds: AWorld Catalogue of Agents and Their Target Weeds, fifth ed. USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise team, Morgantown, WV. FHTET-2014-04, 838 pp.
• Winston, R. L., Schwarzländer, M., Hinz, H. L., Day, M. D., Cock, M. J. W., & Julien, M. H. (2019). Biological control of weeds: a world catalogue of agents and their target weeds. Based on FHTET-2014 04, USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team. https://doi.org/10.5555/20153151446
• Zeid, A. A., Ghorbani, R., Kochaki, A., Azadbakht, N., Jahanbakhsh, V., & Aghel, H. (2010). Bıologıcal control of fıeld bındweed (Convolvulus arvensis) by usıng plant antagonıstıc fungı. Iranıan Plant Protectıon Research (Journal of Plant Protectıon), 24(1), 8-15. https://doi.org/10.22067/jpp.v1389i24.3841