Kurak Monokültür Alanlarından Alınan Killi Aridisol Topraklarda Mutlak ve Spesifik Enzim Aktivitelerinin Tepkisi

Abstract

Toprak enzim aktiviteleri; besin döngüsü, organik maddenin ayrışması ve toprak sağlığının sürdürülmesinde temel rol oynayarak toprak organik karbonu (SOC) ve mikrobiyal biyokütle karbonu (Cmic) ile yakından ilişkilidir. Ancak mutlak enzim aktiviteleri (AEA) ile spesifik enzim aktivitelerinin (SEA) alkali toprak koşullarına tepkisini inceleyen çalışmalar sınırlıdır. Bu araştırmada AEA ve SEA’nin yanı sıra CO₂-C, qCO₂, Cmic, Nmic, toplam C ve N ile çeşitli toprak özellikleri değerlendirilmiştir. Katalaz (CAT) aktivitesi yaz mevsiminde Kocapınar’da (87.0 mL O₂ g⁻¹ kuru toprak 5 dk⁻¹), dehidrogenaz (DHG) aktivitesi ilkbaharda Yalıntepe’de (30 µg TPF g⁻¹) ve üreaz aktivitesi yazın Kocapınar’da (37 µg N g⁻¹) en yüksek düzeylere ulaşmıştır. Cmic ilkbaharda Yalıntepe’de (1224 mg C kg⁻¹) maksimum bulunurken, Cmic:Corg oranı sonbaharda (0.15) ve Cmic:Nmic oranı yazın (69.54) en yüksek değerleri göstermiştir. Nmic ve Nmic:NT oranı ilkbaharda Kocapınar’da sırasıyla 40 mg N kg⁻¹ ve 0.51 olarak belirlenmiştir. NH₄ ilkbaharda Katran’da (101.29 mg kg⁻¹), NO₃ ise sonbaharda (193.03 mg kg⁻¹) en yüksek seviyededir. Mikrobiyal solunum (3.03 mg C kg⁻¹ saat⁻¹) ve qCO₂ (1.83 mg CO₂-C g⁻¹ Cmic saat⁻¹) ilkbaharda Yalıntepe’de maksimumdur. SEA sonuçları, CAT/C oranının yazın Kocapınar’da (110), üreaz/C oranının yazın Yalıntepe’de (46) ve DHG/C oranının kışın Yalıntepe’de (38) en yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir. Bulgular, AEA ve SEA’nin mikrobiyal aktivite ve çevresel faktörlerle bağlantılı olarak toprak kalitesinin değerlendirilmesinde güvenilir göstergeler olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

Keywords

• Spesifik enzim aktivitesi
• Mutlak enzim aktivitesi
• Besin döngüsü
• Mikrobiyal biyokütle karbonu
• Mikrobiyal biyokütle azotu

Response of Absolute and Specific Enzyme Activities in Clay Aridisol from Arid Monoculture Areas

Abstract

Soil enzyme activities play a key role in nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, and soil health, and are closely related to soil organic carbon (SOC) and microbial biomass carbon (Cmic). However, limited information is available on how absolute enzyme activities (AEA) and specific enzyme activities (SEA) respond to alkaline soil conditions. This study evaluated AEA and SEA together with CO₂-C, qCO₂, Cmic, Nmic, total C and N, and selected soil properties. Catalase (CAT) activity was highest in summer at Kocapınar (87.0 mL O₂ g⁻¹ dry soil 5 min⁻¹), dehydrogenase (DHG) activity in spring at Yalıntepe (30 µg TPF g⁻¹), and urease activity in summer at Kocapınar (37 µg N g⁻¹). Cmic reached its maximum in spring at Yalıntepe (1224 mg C kg⁻¹). The Cmic:Corg ratio peaked in autumn (0.15), while the Cmic:Nmic ratio was highest in summer (69.54). Nmic (40 mg N kg⁻¹) and the Nmic:NT ratio (0.51) were highest in spring at Kocapınar. NH₄ content was highest in spring at Katran (101.29 mg kg⁻¹), whereas NO₃ content peaked in autumn (193.03 mg kg⁻¹). Microbial respiration (3.03 mg C kg⁻¹ h⁻¹) and qCO₂ (1.83 mg CO₂-C g⁻¹ Cmic h⁻¹) were highest in spring at Yalıntepe. Among SEA indices, CAT/C was highest in summer at Kocapınar (110), urease/C in summer at Yalıntepe (46), and DHG/C in winter at Yalıntepe (38). Overall, AEA and SEA proved effective indicators of soil quality in relation to microbial activity and environmental conditions.

Keywords

• Specific enzyme activity
• Absolute enzyme activity
• Nutrient cycling
• Microbial biomass carbon
• Microbial biomass nitrogen

References

1. Allison, L., & Moodie, C. (1965). Carbonate. Methods of soil analysis: part 2 chemical and microbiological properties, 9, 1379-1396. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.c40.
2. Amato, M., & Ladd, J. (1988). Assay for microbial biomass based on ninhydrin-reactive nitrogen in extracts of fumigated soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 20(1), 107-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(88)90134-4.
3. Anderson, T.H., & Domsch, K. H. (1989). Ratios of microbial biomass carbon to total organic carbon in arable soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 21(4), 471–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(89)90117-X
4. Anderson, T.H., & Domsch, K. H. (1990). Application of eco-physiological quotients (qCO2 and qD) on microbial biomasses from soils of different cropping histories. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 22(2), 251-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(90)90094-G
5. Baethgen, W., & Alley, M. (1989). A manual colorimetric procedure for measuring ammonium nitrogen in soil and plant Kjeldahl digests. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 20(9-10), 961-969. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103628909368129
6. Bastida, F., Zsolnay, A., Hernández, T., & García, C. (2008). Past, present and future of soil quality indices: a biological perspective. Geoderma, 147(3-4), 159-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2008.08.007 Beck, T. (1971). Die messung der katalaseaktivitaet von Böden. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde, 130(1), 68-81. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.19711300108
7. Beese, F. (1986). Nitrogen cycling in temperate forest ecosystems. Göttinger Bodenkundliche Berichte, 85, 194-211. Bremner, J. M., & Mulvaney, C. (1982). Nitrogen—total. Methods of soil analysis: part 2 chemical and microbiological properties, 9, 595-624. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c31
8. Cameron, K. C., Di, H. J., & Moir, J. L. (2013). Nitrogen losses from the soil/plant system: a review. Annals of Applied Biology, 162(2), 145-173. https://doi.org/10.1111/aab.12014

9. Chen, Y. P., Huang, H. Y., Tsai, C. F., & Young, C. C. (2024). Impact of Fertilization and Seasonal Changes on Paddy Soil: Unveiling the Interplay between Agricultural Practices, Enzyme Activity, and Gene Diversity. Agriculture, 14(8), 1424. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081424
10. Davidson, E. A., & Janssens, I. A. (2006). Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change. Nature, 440(7081), 165-173. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04514
11. de Medeiros, E. V., de Alcantara Notaro, K., de Barros, J. A., da Silva Moraes, W., Silva, A. O., & Moreira, K. A. (2015). Absolute and specific enzymatic activities of sandy entisol from tropical dry forest, monoculture and intercropping areas. Soil and Tillage Research, 145, 208-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2014.09.013
12. Doran, J. W., & Safley, M. (1997). Defining and assessing soil health and sustainable productivity. Biological Indicators of Soil Health, pp. 1–28.
13. Evangelou, E., & Giourga, C. (2024). Identification of Soil Quality Factors and Indicators in Mediterranean Agro-Ecosystems. Sustainability, 16(23), 10717. https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310717
14. Evers, C. R., Wardropper, C. B., Branoff, B., Granek, E. F., Hirsch, S. L., Link, T. E., Olivero-Lora, S., & Wilson, C. (2018). The ecosystem services and biodiversity of novel ecosystems: A literature review. Global Ecology and Conservation, 13, e00362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2017.e00362
15. García Ruiz, R., Ochoa, V., Hinojosa, M. B., & Carreira, J. A. (2008). Suitability of enzyme activities for the monitoring of soil quality improvement in organic agricultural systems. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 40(9), 2137-2145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.03.023
16. Gee, G. W., & Bauder, J. W. (1986). Particle‐size analysis. Methods of soil analysis: Part 1 Physical and mineralogical methods, 5, 383-411. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.1.2ed.c15
17. Hoffmann, G., & Teicher, K. (1961). Colorimetric method for determining the activity of the soil urease. Journal of Plant Nutrition, Fertilization, Soil Sciences, 95, 55-63.
18. Insam, H., & Domsch, K. (1988). Relationship between soil organic carbon and microbial biomass on chronosequences of reclamation sites. Microbial Ecology, 15, 177-188. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02011711
19. Joergensen, R., & Brookes, P. (1990). Ninhydrin-reactive nitrogen measurements of microbial biomass in 0.5 M K2SO4 soil extracts. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 22(8), 1023-1027. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(90)90027-W
20. Just, C., Armbruster, M., Barkusky, D., Baumecker, M., Diepolder, M., Döring, T. F., Heigl, L., Honermeier, B., Jate, M., & Merbach, I. (2023). Soil organic carbon sequestration in agricultural long-term field experiments as derived from particulate and mineral-associated organic matter. Geoderma, 434, 116472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116472
21. Khan, K. S., & Joergensen, R. G. (2006). Microbial C, N, and P relationships in moisture‐stressed soils of Potohar, Pakistan. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 169(4), 494-500. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200521904
22. Kobierski, M., Lemanowicz, J., Wojewódzki, P., & Kondratowicz-Maciejewska, K. (2020). The effect of organic and conventional farming systems with different tillage on soil properties and enzymatic activity. Agronomy, 10(11), 1809. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111809
23. Kong, Y., Qu, A., Feng, E., Chen, R., Yang, X., & Lai, Y. (2023). Seasonal dynamics of soil enzymatic activity under different land-use types in rocky mountainous region of north China. Forests, 14(3), 536. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14030536
24. Lê, S., Josse, J., & Husson, F. (2008). FactoMineR: an R package for multivariate analysis. Journal of Statistical Software, 25, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v025.i01
25. Li, B., Shen, X., Zhao, Y., Cong, P., Wang, H., Wang, A., & Chang, S. (2022). Sloping farmlands conversion to mixed forest improves soil carbon pool on the loess plateau. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(9), 5157. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095157
26. Li, J., Huang, X., Li, S., Tang, R., & Su, J. (2023). Microbial network complexity and diversity together drive the soil ecosystem multifunctionality of forests during different woodland use intensity in dry and wet season. Forest Ecology and Management, 542, 121086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2023.121086
27. Liu, L., Zheng, N., Yu, Y., Zheng, Z., & Yao, H. (2024). Soil carbon and nitrogen cycles driven by iron redox: A review. Science of the Total Environment, 918, 170660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170660
28. Maini, A., Sharma, V., & Sharma, S. (2020). Assessment of soil carbon and biochemical indicators of soil quality under rainfed land use systems in North Eastern region of Punjab, India. Carbon Management, 11(2), 169-182. https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2020.1721976
29. Nannipieri, P., Kandeler, E., & Ruggiero, P. (2002). Enzyme activities and microbiological and biochemical processes in soil. Enzymes in the Environment, 30, 1-33.
30. Nelson, D. W., & Sommers, L. E. (1982). Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. Methods of soil analysis: part 2 chemical and microbiological properties, 9, 539-579. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c29
31. Nieder, R., & Benbi, D. K. (2008). Carbon and nitrogen in the terrestrial environment. Springer Science & Business Media. pp 235–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8433-1_8
32. Nielsen, M. N., Winding, A., Binnerup, S., & Hansen, B. M. (2002). Microorganisms as Indicators of Soil Health. National Environmental Research Institute, Ministry of the Environment, Denmark. NERI Technical Report No. 388. 84 pp.
33. Ning, D., Han, Q., Zhang, Y., Qin, A., Liu, Z., Zhang, J., & Gao, Y. (2024). Responses of soil microbial community characteristics and enzyme activities to different irrigation modes over four wheat-maize rotation seasons. Agricultural Water Management, 306, 109166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109166
34. Panikov, N. (1999). Understanding and prediction of soil microbial community dynamics under global change. Applied Soil Ecology, 11(2-3), 161-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-1393(98)00143-7
35. Piotrowska Długosz, A., & Wilczewski, E. (2024). Effects of catch crops cultivated for green manure on soil C and N content and associated enzyme activities. Agriculture, 14(6), 898. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14060898 Powlson, D. (1993). Understanding the soil nitrogen cycle. Soil Use and Management, 9(3), 86-93. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1993.tb00935.x
36. Raiesi, F., & Beheshti, A. (2014). Soil specific enzyme activity shows more clearly soil responses to paddy rice cultivation than absolute enzyme activity in primary forests of northwest Iran. Applied Soil Ecology, 75, 63-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2013.10.012
37. Sakin, E. (2016). Seasonal variations of carbon emissions in uncultivated soils. Oxidation Communications, 39(2). Schimel, J. P., & Bennett, J. (2004). Nitrogen mineralization: challenges of a changing paradigm. Ecology, 85(3), 591-602. https://doi.org/10.1890/03-8002
38. Siebielec, S., Siebielec, G., Klimkowicz-Pawlas, A., Gałązka, A., Grządziel, J., & Stuczyński, T. (2020). Impact of water stress on microbial community and activity in sandy and loamy soils. Agronomy, 10(9), 1429. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091429
39. Simfukwe, P., Hill, P. W., Emmett, B. A., & Jones, D. L. (2021). Identification and predictability of soil quality indicators from conventional soil and vegetation classifications. PLoS One, 16(10), e0248665. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248665
40. Skujinš, J. (1973). Dehydrogenase: an indicator of biological activities in arid soils. Bulletins from the Ecological Research Committee(17), 235-241. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20111567
41. Sparling, G. (1997). Soil microbial biomass, activity and nutrient cycling as indicators of soil health. Biological Indicators of Soil Health, pp. 97–119. CAB International, Wallingford.
42. Swift, M. J., Heal, O. W., Anderson, J. M., & Anderson, J. (1979). Decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems (Vol. 5). Univ of California Press.
43. Thijs, S., Sillen, W., Rineau, F., Weyens, N., & Vangronsveld, J. (2016). Towards an enhanced understanding of plant–microbiome interactions to improve phytoremediation: engineering the metaorganism. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, 341. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00341
44. Tinsley, J., & Nowakowski, T. (1957). The determination of uric acid, particularly in avian excreta. Analyst, 82(971), 110-116.
45. Vance, E. D., Brookes, P. C., & Jenkinson, D. S. (1987). An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 19(6), 703-707. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(87)90052-6
46. Viscarra Rossel, R. A., Lee, J., Behrens, T., Luo, Z., Baldock, J., & Richards, A. (2019). Continental-scale soil carbon composition and vulnerability modulated by regional environmental controls. Nature Geoscience, 12(7), 547-552. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0373-z von Wirén, N., Gojon, A., Chaillou, S., & Raper, D. (2001). Mechanisms and regulation of ammonium uptake in higher plants. Plant Nitrogen, 61-77. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04064-5_3
47. Waldrop, M., Balser, T., & Firestone, M. (2000). Linking microbial community composition to function in a tropical soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 32(13), 1837-1846. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00157-7
48. Winding, A., Hund-Rinke, K., & Rutgers, M. (2005). The use of microorganisms in ecological soil classification and assessment concepts. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 62(2), 230-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.03.026
49. Yan, S., Song, J., Fan, J., Yan, C., Dong, S., Ma, C., & Gong, Z. (2020). Changes in soil organic carbon fractions and microbial community under rice straw return in Northeast China. Global Ecology and Conservation, 22, e00962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00962
50. Yang, C. Y., Cheng, M. F., Tsai, S. S., & Hsieh, Y. L. (1998). Calcium, magnesium, and nitrate in drinking water and gastric cancer mortality. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research, 89(2), 124-130. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.1998.tb00539.x
51. Yu, L., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Sun, S., & Liu, L. (2015). Quantifying components of soil respiration and their response to abiotic factors in two typical subtropical forest stands, southwest China. PLoS One, 10(2), e0117490. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117490
52. Zhang, X., Dong, W., Dai, X., Schaeffer, S., Yang, F., Radosevich, M., Xu, L., Liu, X., & Sun, X. (2015). Responses of absolute and specific soil enzyme activities to long term additions of organic and mineral fertilizer. Science of the Total Environment, 536, 59-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.043
53. Zhao, Y., Wang, X., Jiang, S., Xiao, J., Li, J., Zhou, X., Liu, H., Hao, Z., & Wang, K. (2022). Soil development mediates precipitation control on plant productivity and diversity in alpine grasslands. Geoderma, 412, 115721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2022.115721
54. Zhong, Y., Yan, W., Canisares, L. P., Wang, S., & Brodie, E. L. (2023). Alterations in soil pH emerge as a key driver of the impact of global change on soil microbial nitrogen cycling: Evidence from a global meta‐analysis. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 32(1), 145-165. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13616