Türkiye’de Düzensiz Göç ve Sınır Güvenliği

Abstract

Türkiye’de karmaşık ve acil sorun olan düzensiz göçün, 2005/2024 tarihleri arasında ülkenin sınır güvenliğini nasıl etkilediği incelenmiştir. Nitel içerik analizi içeren bu çalışmanın dayanağı, Ulusal Göç Genel Müdürlüğü / Göç İdaresi Başkanlığı raporları ve Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliği tarafından sunulan verilere dayanmaktadır. Çalışma düzensiz göç ve sınır güvenliği arasında varolan ilişkiyi nicel tahminlere dayanarak, dengeli bir bakış açısı sunmayı amaç edinmiştir. Bulgular, Türkiye’ye gelen yabancı ziyaretçilerde 2015’ten bu yana %73,5’lik şaşırtıcı bir artış olduğunu ve 2023’te bu sayının yaklaşık 48 milyon kişiye ulaştığını göstermektedir. Ziyaret edenlerin Rusya Federasyonu’ndan (%12,9), Almanya’dan (%12,7) ve Birleşik Krallık’tan (%7,6) oranında düzenli gelişlerin olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Buna karşın endişe verici olanın 2015 ile 2019 yılları arasında düzensiz göçmenlerin sayısındaki artıştır. Bu artış 2019’da yakalanan 454.662 kişiyle zirveye çıkmıştır. 2024 yılında düzensiz göç ile gelenlerin ve yakalananların yarıdan fazlası Afganistan (%25,4) ve Suriye (%20,1) uyruklulardan oluşmaktadır. Çalışma, sınır güvenliği için yapısal bir tehdit haline gelen göçmen kaçakçılığının kritik tehdidini ele almaktadır. Kaçakçılık vakaları, 2011 ile 2024 yılları arasında yıllık ortalama %21,3’lük büyüme ile önemli sorun haline gelmiştir. Sınır güvenliğini iyileştirmek için ısı sensörleri ve yapay zeka destekli gözetleme sistemleri gibi modern teknolojik önlemlerin uygulanmasına yönelik acil ihtiyacı vurgulanmaktadır. Ayrıca, göçmen haklarını koruyan yasal çerçevelerin revize edilmesini ve Avrupa Birliği ve Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliği gibi kuruluşlarla daha sıkı koordinasyon sağlanmasını savunmaktadır. Çalışma, bölgesel kalkınma eylemi ve insan hakları temelli bir yaklaşımla uluslararası koruma rejimlerinin güçlendirilmesi yoluyla göçün temel nedenlerinin ele alınması ihtiyacını belirtmektedir.

Keywords

• Düzensiz göç
• sınır güvenliği
• göçmen kaçakçılığı
• kamu politikası

Irregular Migration and Border Security in Türkiye

Abstract

This study examines how irregular migration, a complex and pressing issue in Türkiye, impacted the country’s border security between 2005/2024. This study, which includes a qualitative content analysis, is based on reports from the National Directorate General of Migration and data provided by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. The study aims to provide a balanced perspective on the relationship between irregular migration and border security by considering quantitative estimates. The findings indicate a staggering 73.5% increase in foreign visitors to Türkiye since 2015, reaching approximately 48 million people by 2023. The findings reveal that regular visitors come from the Russian Federation (12.9%), Germany (12.7%), and the United Kingdom (7.6%). However, what is alarming is the increase in the number of irregular migrants between 2015 and 2019. This increase peaked in 2019 with 454,662 apprehended. More than half of those arriving and apprehended through irregular migration in 2024 were Afghan (25.4%) and Syrian (20.1%) nationals. The study addresses the critical threat of migrant smuggling, which has become a structural threat to border security. Smuggling cases have become a significant problem, with an average annual growth rate of 21.3% between 2011 and 2024. The study highlights the urgent need to implement modern technological measures, such as heat sensors and AI-enabled surveillance systems, to improve border security. It also advocates for revising legal frameworks protecting migrant rights and for closer coordination with organizations such as the European Union and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. The study emphasizes the importance of addressing the root causes of migration, , through regional development initiatives and the strengthening of international protection regimes with a human rights-based approach.

Keywords

• Irregular migration
• border security
• migrant smuggling
• public policy

References

1. Abbondanza, G. (2023). The criminalisation of ırregular migration in Europe: Globalisation, deterrence, and vicious cycles Ed. Matilde Rosina. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2022. XXIII, 333 pp. Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica, 53(3), 399-401.
2. Açar, D. A., ve Yalçınkaya, H. (2023). Conflicts, ırregular migration and Türkiye’s security in the context of Türkiye-European Union relations. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 23(2), 211-218. doi: 10.25294/auiibfd.1359607
3. Akgul, P. (2022). The dilemma between respectıing human rights and security ın the EU border management policies. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(1), 306-325. doi: 10.18074/ckuiibfd.1079600
4. Akkerman, M. (2017). Militarization of European border security. the emergence of EU defense research policy: From ınnovation to militarization içinde (ss. 337-355). Cham: Springer International Publishing. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-68807-7_18
5. Alaca, İ., ve Yolci, M. (2020). TOKİ konut uygulamalarındaki fiyat politikalarının değerlendirilmesi (Ağrı Suçatağı II. etap 3+1, 280 daire üzerinden fayda maliyet analizi). Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(1), 355-375. doi: 10.31463/aicusbed.682351
6. Alam, S. M. Z. (2024). The impact of integrated border security system on human trafficking in Bangladesh: The mediating effect of the use of advanced technology. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 9(7), 255-266. doi: 10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUL111
7. Altunbaş, Ç., ve Memisoglu, F. (2024). Evaluating the securitized migration policy of the European Union in the context of border security. Lectio Socialis, 8(1), 35-56. doi: 10.47478/lectio.1412017
8. Amnesty International. (2024, Nisan 24). EU migration and asylum pact: A plan to entrench suffering and human rights violations. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/04/eu-migration-and-asylum-pact-a-plan-to-entrench-suffering-and-human-rights-violations/

9. Anadolu Ajansı. (2023, Ocak 10). Türkiye’nin göçle mücadelesi 2022’de de devam etti. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/turkiyenin-gocle-mucadelesi-2022de-de-devam-etti/2785705
10. Anadolu Ajansı. (2025, Ocak 15). Sahil Güvenlik Komutanlığı’ndan 2024’te 142 bin 504 düzensiz göçmene müdahale. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/sahil-guvenlik-komutanligindan-2024te-142-bin-504-duzensiz-gocmene-mudahale/3109315
11. Anderson, B. (2017). Towards a new politics of migration?. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40, 1527-1537. doi: 10.1080/01419870.2017.1300297
12. Aniche, E. T., Moyo, I., ve Nshimbi, C. C. (2021). Interrogating the nexus between irregular migration and insecurity along ‘ungoverned’ border spaces in West Africa. African Security Review, 30(3), 304-318. doi: 10.1080/10246029.2021.1901753
13. Anyanwu, S. E. (2023). Trans-Sahara and Mediterranean ırregular migration: A cause of global security threat and a consequence of human ınsecurity. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 7(9), 1434-1444. doi: 10.47772/ijriss.2023.71019
14. Aras, N., ve Mencütek, Z. (2018). Evaluation of irregular migration governance in Türkiye from a foreign policy perspective. New Perspectives on Türkiye, 59, 63-88. doi: 10.1017/npt.2018.25
15. Aras, N. E. G. (2020). Migration emergencies and multi-level governance at the EU–Türkiye Border. Civil Society Knowledge Centre, Lebanon Support. doi: 10.28943/CSR.004.010
16. Asderaki, F., ve Markozani, E. (2021). The securitization of migration and the 2015 refugee crisis: From words to actions. In The New Eastern Mediterranean Transformed: Emerging Issues and New Actors (pp. 179-198). Cham: Springer International Publishing. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-70554-1_9
17. Aygün, E. (2021). Recent trends in transit migration routes through Türkiye to Europe. AARMS–Academic and Applied Research in Military and Public Management Science, 20(2), 15-25. doi: 10.32565/aarms.2021.2.2
18. Badalič, V. (2019). Tunisia’s role in the EU external migration policy: crimmigration law, illegal practices, and their impact on human rights. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 20(1), 85-100. doi: 10.1007/S12134-018-0596-7
19. Baker-Beall, C. (2019). The threat of the ‘returning foreign fighter’: The securitization of EU migration and border control policy. Security Dialogue, 50(5), 437-453.doi: 10.1177/0967010619857048
20. BBC News. (2015). Migrant crisis: Aylan Kurdi’s death shows ‘failure of humanity’. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34141940
21. Bleich, E., Maxwell, R., ve Givens, T. (2015). Media portrayals of immigrants and immigration: Interdisciplinary perspectives. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 41(7), 1041-1052.
22. Chouliaraki, L., ve Zaborowski, R. (2017). The symbolic power of the image: The case of Aylan Kurdi and the European refugee crisis. Media, Culture ve Society, 39(10), 1436-1453.
23. Cornelius, W. A. (2001). Death at the border: Efficacy and unintended consequences of US immigration control policy. Population and Development Review, 27(4), 661-685.
24. Crépeau, F., Nakache, D., ve Atak, I. (2007). International migration: Security concerns and human rights standards. Transcultural Psychiatry, 44(3), 311-337. doi: 10.1177/1363461507081634
25. Cvajner, M., ve Sciortino, G. (2010). Theorizing irregular migration: The control of spatial mobility in differentiated societies. European Journal of Social Theory, 13(3), 389-404. doi: 10.1177/1368431010371764
26. Çıtak, E. (2020). Migration and securitization: An assessment in the context of human security. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 18(3), 1-24. doi: 10.11611/yead.745781
27. Danış, D., ve Dikmen, H. (2022). Türkiye’de göçmen ve mülteci entegrasyonu: Politikalar, uygulamalar ve zorluklar. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(Özel Sayı), 24-45. doi: 10.46928/iticusbe.1106715
28. Demirkol, A. (2023). A perspective on critical security concept and international migration nexus through Copenhagen school: the quest for societal security. Lectio Socialis, 7(1), 23-32. doi: 10.47478/lectio.1146768
29. Deniz, O. (2022). Türkiye İran sınırında düzensiz göç ve göçmenlerin sınır geçme pratikleri. istanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(Özel Sayı), 254-273. doi: 10.46928/iticusbe.1148196
30. Doğan, M., ve Doğan, Ö. S. (2022). Türkiye’nin jeopolitiği. Uluslararası Yönetim Akademisi Dergisi, 5(2), 320-339. doi: 10.33712/mana.1159064
31. Eder, M. (2015). Türkiye’s neoliberal transformation and changing migration regime: The case of female migrant workers. Social transformation and migration: national and local experiencesin South Korea, Türkiye, Mexico and Australia içinde (ss. 133-150). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. doi: 10.1057/9781137474957_9
32. Ekmekcioğlu, A., ve Yildiz, M. (2024). How street-level bureaucrats perceive and deal with ırregular migration from borders: The Case of Van, Türkiye. Journal of Borderlands Studies, 39(4), 715-735. doi: 10.1080/08865655.2023.2202209
33. Eschbach, K. (2011). Death at the border: Trends and policy implications. International Journal of Population Research, 2011, 1-10.
34. Fontana, I. (2022). The human (in)security trap: how European border (ing) practices condemn migrants to vulnerability. International Politics, 59(3), 465-484. doi: 10.1057/s41311-020-00268-y
35. Frontex. (2024a, Ocak 16). Irregular border crossings into the EU at highest level since 2016. https://frontex.europa.eu/media-press/news/irregular-border-crossings-into-the-eu-at-highest-level-since-2016-z19965
36. Frontex. (2024b, Mayıs 14). Preliminary data: Irregular border crossings in April 2024. https://frontex.europa.eu/media-press/news/preliminary-data-irregular-border-crossings-in-april-2024-r9mU3M
37. Genç, F., Heck, G., ve Hess, S. (2019). The multilayered migration regime in Türkiye: Contested regionalization, deceleration and legal precarization. Journal of Borderlands Studies, 34(4), 489-508. doi: 10.1080/08865655.2017.1344562
38. Göç İdaresi Başkanlığı. (2024). 2024-2028 Stratejik Planı. T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı.
39. Göç İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü. (2018). Uyum Strateji Belgesi ve Ulusal Eylem Planı 2018-2023. T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı.
40. Gustafsson, Å. (2024). The ‘Border Security’Concept in EU Law. European Journal of Migration and Law, 26(3), 341-355. doi: 10.1163/15718166-12340183
41. Gülay, İ. (2018). Managing migration: Turkish perspective. Business ve Management Studies: An International Journal, 6(1), 281-290. doi: 10.15295/BMIJ.V6I1.224
42. Gümüş, S., ve Yılmaz, H. (2016). Aylan Kurdi’s photograph and the European refugee crisis: A case study of agenda-setting and framing. Global Media Journal: Turkish Edition, 7(13), 1-20.
43. Human Rights Watch. (2024, Nisan 10). EU: New asylum, migration pact heightens risk of rights abuses. https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/04/10/eu-new-asylum-migration-pact-heightens-risk-rights-abuses
44. Ilgit, A., ve Klotz, A. (2014). How far does ‘societal security’travel? Securitization in South African immigration policies. Security Dialogue, 45(2), 137-155. doi: 10.1177/0967010613519161
45. Indraswari, F. (2024). Rethinking border management: A human security approach to combating human trafficking in the mekong subregion. JAS (Journal of ASEAN Studies), 12(2), 353-382. doi: 10.21512/jas.v12i2.11591
46. International Organization for Migration. (2015, Ekim 6). Mediterranean Migrant Arrivals to Europe Tops 600,000 in 2015; Deaths Over 3,000. https://www.iom.int/news/mediterranean-migrant-arrivals-europe-tops-600000-2015-deaths-over-3000
47. International Organization for Migration. (2018, Aralık). Türkiye Sitrep 2018 December: Overview of Migrant Situation in Türkiye.
48. International Organization for Migration. (2019). Migrant Presence Monitoring Annual Report 2019.
49. International Organization for Migration. (2020, Aralık). MPM Türkiye Migrants’ Presence Monitoring Quarterly Report Q4 2020.
50. International Organization for Migration. (2021, Ocak 7). Mixed migration flows in the Mediterranean and beyond flow monitoring compilation 7 January 2022.
51. International Organization for Migration. (2023). IOM Türkiye 2023 Genel Bakış.
52. International Organization for Migration. (2024a, Mart 6). Migrant Deaths and Disappearances Continue to Rise on Global Migration Routes. https://www.iom.int/news/migrant-deaths-and-disappearances-continue-rise-global-migration-routes
53. International Organization for Migration. (2024b, Ocak 17). Türkiye: Disaggregated Data Snapshot - Irregular Migrant Apprehensions (01-16 January 2024). https://turkiye.iom.int/news/turkiye-disaggregated-data-snapshot-irregular-migrant-apprehensions-01-16-january-2024
54. İçduygu, A. (2003). Irregular migration in Türkiye (No. 12). Geneva: International Organization for Migration. doi: 10.18356/113240E5-EN
55. İçduygu, A., ve Üstübici, A. (2014). Negotiating mobility, debating borders: Migration diplomacy in Türkiye-EU relations. New border and citizenship politics içinde (ss. 44-59). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. doi: 10.1057/9781137326638_4
56. Jeandesboz, J. (2016). Smartening border security in the European Union: An associational inquiry. Security Dialogue, 47(4), 292-309. doi: 10.1177/0967010616650226
57. Jurat, A. Y. (2023). The tragedy of irregular migration: the case of Afghans in Türkiye. Central Asian Survey, 42(2), 274-292. doi: 10.1080/02634937.2022.2144806
58. Kennedy, E. (2022). Technology and human trafficking. Human Trafficking içinde (ss. 299-327). Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9781003124672-18
59. Kesgin, S. S. (2017). Türk kamu yönetiminde göçmen çocuklara yönelik politikalar. Göç Dergisi (GD), 4(1), 62-81. doi: 10.33182/gd.v4i1.572
60. Kim, D., ve Tajima, Y. (2022). Smuggling and border enforcement. International Organization, 76(4), 830-867. doi: 10.1017/S002081832200011X
61. Koslowski, R., ve Schulzke, M. (2018). Drones along borders: Border security UAVs in the United States and the European Union. International Studies Perspectives, 19(4), 305-324. doi: 10.1093/ISP/EKY002
62. Kraly, E. P., Menjívar, C., ve Reed, H. E. (2024). International migration review at 60: Evolving and emerging models of ınternational migration research. International Migration Review, 58(4), 1619-1644. doi: 10.1177/01979183241274751
63. Léonard, S., ve Kaunert, C. (2020). The securitisation of migration in the European Union: Frontex and its evolving security practices. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 48(6), 1417-1429. doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2020.1851469
64. Lopez-Lucia, E. (2015). Early warning models for irregular migration (GSDRC Research Report No. 1241). http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/267403
65. Manjarrez, V. M., Jr., ve Rojek, J. (2020). The border ecosystem: Viewing border security as part of a complex system. Current Politics and Economics of the United States, 22(2-3), 85-103.
66. Menjívar, C. (2014). Immigration law beyond borders: Externalizing and internalizing border controls in an era of securitization. Annual review of law and social science, 10(1), 353-369. doi: 10.1146/ANNUREV-LAWSOCSCI-110413-030842
67. Mengüaslan, H., ve Fidan, Y. (2022). Pandemi ve düzensiz göç: Avrupa Birliği düzensiz göç politikasının türkiye ve libya mutabakatları bağlamında eleştirel bir analizi. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, 21(1), 195-223. doi: 10.32450/aacd.1148626
68. Miholjcic, N. (2017). The securitization of migration issue: Hungarian case. Jurnalul Practicilor Comunitare Pozitive, 17(3), 58-66.
69. MiReKoc. (2012). Migration in Türkiye: A country profile. Migration Research Center at Koç University.
70. Miller, D. S., ve Chtouris, S. (2017). Borderland security and migration: Balancing humanitarian response with crisis preparedness ve emergency management—The social and cultural challenges to homeland security. Journal of Applied Security Research, 12(1), 1-6. doi: 10.1080/19361610.2017.1227620
71. Miller, R., ve Baumeister, S. (2013). Managing Migration: Is border control fundamental to anti-trafficking and anti-smuggling interventions?. Anti-Trafficking Review, (2), 15-32. doi: 10.14197/ATR.20121321
72. Montagna, N. (2024). Quarantine ships as spaces of bordering: The securitization of migration policy in Italy during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Migration Review, 58(2), 499-521. doi: 10.1177/01979183231154560
73. Mountz, A. (2015). In/visibility and the securitization of migration: Shaping publics through border enforcement on islands. Cultural politics, 11(2), 184-200. doi: 10.1215/17432197-2895747
74. Mustika, A. C., ve Indrady, A. (2024). Implementation of ımmigration functions in border areas based on human security perspective. Asian Journal of Engineering, Social and Health, 3(5), 1110-1117. doi: 10.46799/ajesh.v3i5.327
75. Nikiforenko, V., ve Vihtiuk, A. (2022). Strengthening security and protection of the state border in conditions of a mass influx of migrants. Migration ve Law, 2(1–2), 57–70. doi: 10.32752/2786-5185-2022-2-1-2-57-70
76. Office for National Statistics. (2024, Mayıs 23). Long-term international migration, provisional: year ending December 2023. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/bulletins/longterminternationalmigrationprovisional/yearendingdecember2023
77. Olejárová, B. (2018). The Great Wall of Türkiye: From, The Open-Door Policy” to building fortress?. Border and Regional Studies, 6(2), 117-133. doi: 10.25167/PPBS55
78. Onebunne, J., ve Ojiakor-Umenze, I. (2024). Dynamics of irregular migration: The Psycho-Philosophical irony in the global perception of equality. COMMICAST, 5(2), 259-271. doi: 10.12928/commicast.v5i2.10154
79. Ott, A. (2017). EU-Türkiye Cooperation in Migration Matters: A Game Changer in a Multi Layered Relationship?. CLEER Paper Series, 4. doi: 10.4337/9781786432254.00020
80. Ozcurumez, S., ve Yetkin, D. (2014). Limits to regulating irregular migration in Türkiye: What constrains public policy and why?. Turkish Studies, 15(3), 442-457. doi: 10.1080/14683849.2014.954746
81. Özbey, K. (2022). Açık kapı politikasından sınır duvarı projesine: Türkiye’nin sınır politikasının dönüşümü. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23(43), 709-741. doi: 10.21550/sosbilder.1060160
82. Öztürk, T., ve Erkan, S. (2023). The refugee crisis ın the Aegean Sea: An analysis ın the context of the regional security Complex. Journal of Balkan Research Institute, 529-559. doi: 10.30903/balkan.1411762
83. Ronchi, A. (2017). Improving border check point security. The International Journal On Cyberlaw, Cybercrime ve Cybersecurity içinde (ss. 1-13). ICCC. https://hdl.handle.net/11311/1063861
84. Sa’ad, S., ve Huda, M. I. M. (2023). Border security cooperation framework: analysis from the perspective of boundary making theory. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(9), 226-239. doi: 10.6007/ijarbss/v13-i9/17843
85. Sirkeci, I., ve Martin, P. L. (2014). Sources of irregularity and managing migration: the case of Türkiye. Border Crossing, 4(1-2), 1-16. doi: 10.33182/BC.V4I1-2.513
86. Song, J., ve Cook, A. D. (Eds.). (2015). Irregular migration and human security in East Asia (711). Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge.
87. Subotić, M. R. (2024). Irregular migrations as a challenge to regional and national security. Politika Nacionalne Bezbednosti, 26(1), 45-68. doi: 10.5937/pnb26-49872
88. Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. (2025). Ulusal Göç Strateji Belgesi ve Eylem Planı (2025-2029) Taslağı. T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı.
89. Tarai, S. (2024). National security and migration: A human security centric analysis. International Journal of Applied Research(IJAR), 10(4), 79-85. doi: 10.22271/allresearch.2024.v10.i4b.11655
90. Turhan, E., ve Yıldız, A. (2022). Türkiye’s external differentiated integration with the EU in the field of migration governance: The case of border management. The Routledge handbook of differentiation in the European Union. Taylor ve Francis. Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780429054136-34
91. Ulusoy, O., Yigit-Aksu, Ö., Ineli-Ciger, M., ve Ovacik, G. (2024). Cooperation for containment: An analysis of the eu-türkiye arrangements in the field of migration. Global asylum governance and the European Union’s role: Rights and responsibility in the ımplementation of the united nations global compact on refugees içinde (ss. 233-255). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-74866-0_14
92. U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2015). U.S. border patrol southwest border apprehensions by sector and nationality, fiscal years 1999-2015. https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2019-Apr/bp-sw-border-apprehensions-by-sector-and-nationality-fy1999-fy2015.pdf
93. U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2023, Ekim 26). Nationwide Encounters. https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/nationwide-encounters
94. UNHCR. (2021). Mixed Migration Flows in the Mediterranean and Beyond Flow Monitoring Compilation 7 January 2022.
95. UNHCR. (2024, Mart). Türkiye ülke operasyon özeti: Mart 2024. https://reporting.unhcr.org/document/Türkiye-country-operations-update-march-2024
96. Ünsal, A., ve Doğan, Ö. S. (2024). Migration and ıntegration policies in Türkiye. Kent Akademisi, 17(2), 529-550. doi: 10.35674/kent.1418275
97. Vella, M. G. (2024). Bad Deals and Tragic Pacts: The impact of the EU’s management of migration through the externalisation of its borders on ‘Women on the Move’. Open Research Europe, 4, 187. doi: 10.12688/openreseurope.18388.1
98. Yukaruç, U. (2024). The securitization of migration in Hungary through conspiracy theories. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 24(2), 76-85. doi: 10.25294/auiibfd.1476663
99. Yüksel, S. (2014). Securitization of migration: the case of Türkiye-EU relations. Marmara Üniversitesi Avrupa Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi, 22(1), 169-187.