Türkiye’de Düzensiz Göç ve Sınır Güvenliği

Öz

Türkiye’de karmaşık ve acil sorun olan düzensiz göçün, 2005/2024 tarihleri arasında ülkenin sınır güvenliğini nasıl etkilediği incelenmiştir. Nitel içerik analizi içeren bu çalışmanın dayanağı, Ulusal Göç Genel Müdürlüğü / Göç İdaresi Başkanlığı raporları ve Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliği tarafından sunulan verilere dayanmaktadır. Çalışma düzensiz göç ve sınır güvenliği arasında varolan ilişkiyi nicel tahminlere dayanarak, dengeli bir bakış açısı sunmayı amaç edinmiştir. Bulgular, Türkiye’ye gelen yabancı ziyaretçilerde 2015’ten bu yana %73,5’lik şaşırtıcı bir artış olduğunu ve 2023’te bu sayının yaklaşık 48 milyon kişiye ulaştığını göstermektedir. Ziyaret edenlerin Rusya Federasyonu’ndan (%12,9), Almanya’dan (%12,7) ve Birleşik Krallık’tan (%7,6) oranında düzenli gelişlerin olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Buna karşın endişe verici olanın 2015 ile 2019 yılları arasında düzensiz göçmenlerin sayısındaki artıştır. Bu artış 2019’da yakalanan 454.662 kişiyle zirveye çıkmıştır. 2024 yılında düzensiz göç ile gelenlerin ve yakalananların yarıdan fazlası Afganistan (%25,4) ve Suriye (%20,1) uyruklulardan oluşmaktadır. Çalışma, sınır güvenliği için yapısal bir tehdit haline gelen göçmen kaçakçılığının kritik tehdidini ele almaktadır. Kaçakçılık vakaları, 2011 ile 2024 yılları arasında yıllık ortalama %21,3’lük büyüme ile önemli sorun haline gelmiştir. Sınır güvenliğini iyileştirmek için ısı sensörleri ve yapay zeka destekli gözetleme sistemleri gibi modern teknolojik önlemlerin uygulanmasına yönelik acil ihtiyacı vurgulanmaktadır. Ayrıca, göçmen haklarını koruyan yasal çerçevelerin revize edilmesini ve Avrupa Birliği ve Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliği gibi kuruluşlarla daha sıkı koordinasyon sağlanmasını savunmaktadır. Çalışma, bölgesel kalkınma eylemi ve insan hakları temelli bir yaklaşımla uluslararası koruma rejimlerinin güçlendirilmesi yoluyla göçün temel nedenlerinin ele alınması ihtiyacını belirtmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Düzensiz göç
• sınır güvenliği
• göçmen kaçakçılığı
• kamu politikası

Irregular Migration and Border Security in Türkiye

Öz

This study examines how irregular migration, a complex and pressing issue in Türkiye, impacted the country’s border security between 2005/2024. This study, which includes a qualitative content analysis, is based on reports from the National Directorate General of Migration and data provided by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. The study aims to provide a balanced perspective on the relationship between irregular migration and border security by considering quantitative estimates. The findings indicate a staggering 73.5% increase in foreign visitors to Türkiye since 2015, reaching approximately 48 million people by 2023. The findings reveal that regular visitors come from the Russian Federation (12.9%), Germany (12.7%), and the United Kingdom (7.6%). However, what is alarming is the increase in the number of irregular migrants between 2015 and 2019. This increase peaked in 2019 with 454,662 apprehended. More than half of those arriving and apprehended through irregular migration in 2024 were Afghan (25.4%) and Syrian (20.1%) nationals. The study addresses the critical threat of migrant smuggling, which has become a structural threat to border security. Smuggling cases have become a significant problem, with an average annual growth rate of 21.3% between 2011 and 2024. The study highlights the urgent need to implement modern technological measures, such as heat sensors and AI-enabled surveillance systems, to improve border security. It also advocates for revising legal frameworks protecting migrant rights and for closer coordination with organizations such as the European Union and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. The study emphasizes the importance of addressing the root causes of migration, , through regional development initiatives and the strengthening of international protection regimes with a human rights-based approach.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Irregular migration
• border security
• migrant smuggling
• public policy

Kaynakça

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