Genetically Modified Natural Plants: Horizontal Gene Transformation

Abstract

Current achievements on genome sequencing and bioinformatics revealed that horizontal gene transformation (HGT) is not limited to single cellular organisms and is very common in several developed organisms as well, including plants which brought a new perspective on debate about genetically modified organisms (GMOs). There is a big curiosity whether or not agricultural products of new methodological approaches such as genome editing and nanobiotechnology will be classified as natural products or as GMOs. Transduction of genetic materials such as DNA, RNA or organelle genomes among various organisms brings its own potential to develop resistant/tolerant mechanisms under the light of new knowledges when it is considered with plant breeding perspectives. However, including products of new methodological approaches into GMO discussions will limit both development of related technologies and the potential use of their products. Therefore, concepts of genetic modifications and GMOs need to be reevaluated with a new perspective. The aims of this study are to evaluate the concepts of HGT and GMOs with plant perspective and to provide a more descriptive terminology for GMOs which are currently insufficient to reveal all type of genetic modifications. To be parser and more descriptive GMOs term can be classified as “Evolutionary GMOs, eGMOs”, “Agricultural GMOs, aGMOs” and “Biotechnological GMOs, bGMOs”. This new classification can make a significant contribution to GMOs dilemma.

Keywords

• GMO
• genetic modification
• plant
• terminology

Genetiği Değiştirilmiş Doğal Bitkiler: Yatay Gen Transferi

Abstract

Günümüzde genom sekanslaması ve biyoinformatik alanında elde edilen başarılar daha önce tek hücreli organizmalar ile sınırlı olduğu düşünlen yatay gen transferlerinin (YGT) bitkiler dahil çok sayıda gelişmiş organizmada da yaygın bir şekilde var olduğunun anlaşılması genetiği değiştirilmiş organizmalar (GDOs) kapsamında yapılan tartışmalara farklı bir bakış açısı sunmaktadır. Özellikle biyoteknoloji alanında ortaya konan genom yazılımı ve nanobiyoteknoloji gibi yeni metodolojik yaklaşımlar ve yakın gelecekte bunlara ait tarımsal ürünlerin GDOs özelinde yapılan tartışmalardaki yeri ve bunlara ait ürünlerin doğal ürün katogorisinde değerlendirilip değerlendirilmiyeceği büyük bir merak konusudur. Alglerden yüksek bitkilere kadar çok farklı organizma arasında DNA, RNA, organel genomu gibi değişik boyutlarda ortaya çıkan genetik materyal transferlerinin bitki ıslahı açısından ele alınması ve ortaya çıkan yeni bilgiler ışığında bitkilerde dayanıklıllık/tolerantlık mekanizmalarının geliştirilmesi kendi içerisinde önemli bir potansiyel barındırmaktadır. Ancak güncel metodolojik yaklaşımlar kullanılarak yakın gelecekte ortaya çıkacak ürünlerin de GDOs kapsamındaki tartışmalara dahil edilmesi hem ilgili teknolojilerin gelişmesine hem de ürünlerinin potansiyel kullanımlarının sınırlandırılmasına neden olabilecektir. Bu nedenle genetik modifikasyonlar ile GDOs kavramlarının farklı bir bakış açısı ile ele alınarak yeniden değerlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı genetik modifikasyon kavramını bitkilerde meydana gelen YGT ve GDOs bakış açıları ile ele almak ve ilgili alanda yetersizliği ve eksikliği düşünülen tanımlayıcı bir GDOs terminolojisini ortaya koymaktır. Bu nedenle ayrıştırıcı ve daha tanımlayıcı olması için GDOs teriminin “Evrimsel GDOs, eGDOs”, “Tarımsal GDOs, tGDOs” ve “Biyoteknolojik GDOs, bGDOs” şeklinde sınıflandırılması ilgili alanda yapılan tartışmalara önemli katkılar sunacaktır.

Keywords

• GDO
• genetik modifikasyon
• bitki
• terminoloji

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