Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Characterization of Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acid Accumulation in Chlorococcum novae-angliae Microalgae Grown under Various Culture Conditions

Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 346 - 369, 15.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.38001/ijlsb.1082112

Abstract

Chlorococcum novae-angliae is a terrestrial green microalgae species with remarkable potential to synthesize omega-3 (ω-3) and omega-6 (ω-6) fatty acids. In this study, Chlorococcum novae-angliae has been subjected to varying growth conditions (light, nitrogen, salinity, and temperature) to investigate the accumulation of ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids. Among tested growth conditions, eicosapentaenoic acid, α-linoleic acid, γ-linoleic acid, and arachidonic acid were enhanced by nitrogen limitation. Significant increases were observed in concentration of linoleic acid, an essential precursor molecule for the production ω-6 fatty acids under decreased nitrogen concentrations. Despite the lowest biomass growth, monounsaturated fatty acids and docosahexaenoic acid were increased by 14.4% and 8.7% under low light intensities, respectively. Meanwhile, the highest concentrations of palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), and oleic acid (18:1cis-9) were also detected under nitrogen limitation. Total lowest fatty acid concentrations were obtained under increased salinity while low temperature conditions heavily inhibited cellular growth.

Supporting Institution

TÜBİTAK

Project Number

2180589

Thanks

This work was financially supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) 1512 Program (Award No: 2180589). Infrastructure used in this study was supported through Turkish Ministry of Industry and Technology & Directorate General for EU and Foreign Affairs Department of EU Financial Programmes, Competitiveness and Innovation Sector Operational Programme (Award No: EuropeAid/140111/IH/SUP/TR). E.C. was supported by Istanbul Development Agency (Award No: TR10/15/YNK/0062), B.Z.H. was supported by Royal Society Newton Fellowship (Award No: NA140481). We also would like to acknowledge Asst. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Firat Ilker (Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University) for providing access to GC instrument.

References

  • 1. Abedi, E. and M.A. Sahari, Long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid sources and evaluation of their nutritional and functional properties. Food science & nutrition, 2014. 2(5): p. 443-463.
  • 2. Wiktorowska-Owczarek, A., M. Berezinska, and J.Z. Nowak, PUFAs: structures, metabolism and functions. Adv Clin Exp Med, 2015. 24(6): p. 931-941.
  • 3. Robertson, R., et al., Algae-derived polyunsaturated fatty acids: implications for human health. 2013, Nova Sciences Publishers, Inc.: Hauppauge, NY, USA. p. 45-99.
  • 4. Zhou, W., Potential applications of microalgae in wastewater treatments. Recent advances in microalgal biotechnology, 2014: p. 1-9.
  • 5. Nichols, P.D., et al., Recent advances in omega-3: Health benefits, Sources, Products and bioavailability. Nutrients, 2014. 6(9): p. 3727-3733.
  • 6. Dyall, S.C., Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and the brain: a review of the independent and shared effects of EPA, DPA and DHA. Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 2015. 7: p. 52.
  • 7. Collinius, I., Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid production by microalgae. 2016.
  • 8. Russo, G.L., Dietary n− 6 and n− 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: from biochemistry to clinical implications in cardiovascular prevention. Biochemical pharmacology, 2009. 77(6): p. 937-946.
  • 9. Araujo, P., et al., The effect of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the production of Cyclooxygenase and Lipoxygenase metabolites by human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Nutrients, 2019. 11(5): p. 966.
  • 10. Swanson, D., R. Block, and S.A. Mousa, Omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA: health benefits throughout life. Advances in nutrition, 2012. 3(1): p. 1-7.
  • 11. Shindou, H., et al., Docosahexaenoic acid preserves visual function by maintaining correct disc morphology in retinal photoreceptor cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2017. 292(29): p. 12054-12064.
  • 12. Calder, P.C., Omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory processes: nutrition or pharmacology? British journal of clinical pharmacology, 2013. 75(3): p. 645-662.
  • 13. Winwood, R.J., Recent developments in the commercial production of DHA and EPA rich oils from micro-algae. Ocl, 2013. 20(6): p. D604.
  • 14. Adarme-Vega, T.C., et al., Microalgal biofactories: a promising approach towards sustainable omega-3 fatty acid production. Microbial cell factories, 2012. 11(1): p. 1-10.
  • 15. Fan, Y.-Y. and R.S. Chapkin, Importance of dietary γ-linolenic acid in human health and nutrition. The Journal of nutrition, 1998. 128(9): p. 1411-1414.
  • 16. Simon, D., et al., Gamma-linolenic acid levels correlate with clinical efficacy of evening primrose oil in patients with atopic dermatitis. Advances in therapy, 2014. 31(2): p. 180-188.
  • 17. Das, U.N., Essential fatty acids and their metabolites could function as endogenous HMG-CoA reductase and ACE enzyme inhibitors, anti-arrhythmic, anti-hypertensive, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, and cardioprotective molecules. Lipids in health and disease, 2008. 7(1): p. 1-18.
  • 18. Van Hoorn, R., R. Kapoor, and J. Kamphuis, A short review on sources and health benefits of GLA, The GOOD omega-6. Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides, 2008. 15(4): p. 262-264.
  • 19. Simopoulos, A.P., An increase in the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio increases the risk for obesity. Nutrients, 2016. 8(3): p. 128.
  • 20. Siahbalaei, R., G. Kavoosi, and M. Noroozi, Manipulation of Chlorella vulgaris polyunsaturated ω‐3 fatty acid profile by supplementation with vegetable amino acids and fatty acids. Phycological Research, 2021. 69(2): p. 116-123.
  • 21. Akan, J.C., et al., Bioaccumulation of some heavy metals in fish samples from River Benue in Vinikilang, Adamawa State, Nigeria. 2012.
  • 22. Nichols, P.D., J. Petrie, and S. Singh, Long-chain omega-3 oils–an update on sustainable sources. Nutrients, 2010. 2(6): p. 572-585.
  • 23. Xie, D., E.N. Jackson, and Q. Zhu, Sustainable source of omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid from metabolically engineered Yarrowia lipolytica: from fundamental research to commercial production. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 2015. 99(4): p. 1599-1610.
  • 24. Lang, I., et al., Fatty acid profiles and their distribution patterns in microalgae: a comprehensive analysis of more than 2000 strains from the SAG culture collection. BMC plant biology, 2011. 11(1): p. 1-16.
  • 25. Ghafari, M., B. Rashidi, and B.Z. Haznedaroglu, Effects of macro and micronutrients on neutral lipid accumulation in oleaginous microalgae. Biofuels, 2018. 9(2): p. 147-156.
  • 26. Breuer, G., et al., The impact of nitrogen starvation on the dynamics of triacylglycerol accumulation in nine microalgae strains. Bioresource Technology, 2012. 124: p. 217-226.
  • 27. Bligh, E.G. and W.J. Dyer, A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Canadian journal of biochemistry and physiology, 1959. 37(8): p. 911-917.
  • 28. Hasan, C.M.M., et al., Triacylglycerol Profile of a Microalga Chlorococcum Sp. as a Potential Biofuel Feedstock. Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, 2016. 40(2): p. 147-153.
  • 29. Mahapatra, D.M. and T. Ramachandra, Algal biofuel: bountiful lipid from Chlorococcum sp. proliferating in municipal wastewater. Current Science, 2013: p. 47-55.
  • 30. Ota, M., et al., Effects of light intensity and temperature on photoautotrophic growth of a green microalga, Chlorococcum littorale. Biotechnology Reports, 2015. 7: p. 24-29.
  • 31. Rehman, Z.U. and A.K. Anal, Enhanced lipid and starch productivity of microalga (Chlorococcum sp. TISTR 8583) with nitrogen limitation following effective pretreatments for biofuel production. Biotechnology Reports, 2019. 21: p. e00298.
  • 32. Seyfabadi, J., Z. Ramezanpour, and Z.A. Khoeyi, Protein, fatty acid, and pigment content of Chlorella vulgaris under different light regimes. Journal of Applied Phycology, 2011. 23(4): p. 721-726.
  • 33. Sukenik, A., Y. Carmeli, and T. Berner, Regulation of fatty acid composition by irradiance level in the eustigmatophyte Nannochloropsis sp. 1. Journal of Phycology, 1989. 25(4): p. 686-692.
  • 34. Chen, M., et al., Effect of nutrients on growth and lipid accumulation in the green algae Dunaliella tertiolecta. Bioresource technology, 2011. 102(2): p. 1649-1655.
  • 35. Dean, A.P., et al., Using FTIR spectroscopy for rapid determination of lipid accumulation in response to nitrogen limitation in freshwater microalgae. Bioresource technology, 2010. 101(12): p. 4499-4507.
  • 36. Illman, A., A. Scragg, and S. Shales, Increase in Chlorella strains calorific values when grown in low nitrogen medium. Enzyme and microbial technology, 2000. 27(8): p. 631-635.
  • 37. Li, Y., et al., Effects of nitrogen sources on cell growth and lipid accumulation of green alga Neochloris oleoabundans. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 2008. 81(4): p. 629-636.
  • 38. Bona, F., et al., Semicontinuous nitrogen limitation as convenient operation strategy to maximize fatty acid production in Neochloris oleoabundans. Algal Research, 2014. 5: p. 1-6.
  • 39. Kiran, B., et al., Influence of varying nitrogen levels on lipid accumulation in Chlorella sp. International journal of environmental science and technology, 2016. 13(7): p. 1823-1832.
  • 40. Tornabene, T., et al., Lipid composition of the nitrogen starved green alga Neochloris oleoabundans. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 1983. 5(6): p. 435-440.
  • 41. Hulatt, C.J., et al., Production of fatty acids and protein by Nannochloropsis in flat-plate photobioreactors. PloS one, 2017. 12(1): p. e0170440.
  • 42. Juneja, A., R.M. Ceballos, and G.S. Murthy, Effects of environmental factors and nutrient availability on the biochemical composition of algae for biofuels production: a review. Energies, 2013. 6(9): p. 4607-4638.
  • 43. Fabregas, J., et al., Growth of the marine microalga Tetraselmis suecica in batch cultures with different salinities and nutrient concentrations. Aquaculture, 1984. 42(3-4): p. 207-215.
  • 44. Zhila, N.O., G.S. Kalacheva, and T.G. Volova, Effect of salinity on the biochemical composition of the alga Botryococcus braunii Kütz IPPAS H-252. Journal of Applied Phycology, 2011. 23(1): p. 47-52.
  • 45. Rismani, S. and M. Shariati, Changes of the total lipid and omega-3 fatty acid contents in two microalgae Dunaliella salina and Chlorella vulgaris under salt stress. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 2017. 60.
  • 46. Takagi, M. and T. Yoshida, Effect of salt concentration on intracellular accumulation of lipids and triacylglyceride in marine microalgae Dunaliella cells. Journal of bioscience and bioengineering, 2006. 101(3): p. 223-226.
  • 47. Rao, A.R., et al., Effect of salinity on growth of green alga Botryococcus braunii and its constituents. Bioresource technology, 2007. 98(3): p. 560-564.
  • 48. Ben‐Amotz, A., T.G. Tornabene, and W.H. Thomas, Chemical profile of selected species of microalgae with emphasis on lipids 1. Journal of Phycology, 1985. 21(1): p. 72-81.
  • 49. Xu, X.-Q. and J. Beardall, Effect of salinity on fatty acid composition of a green microalga from an antarctic hypersaline lake. Phytochemistry, 1997. 45(4): p. 655-658.
  • 50. Sharma, K.K., H. Schuhmann, and P.M. Schenk, High lipid induction in microalgae for biodiesel production. Energies, 2012. 5(5): p. 1532-1553.
  • 51. Thompson Jr, G.A., Lipids and membrane function in green algae. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Lipids and Lipid Metabolism, 1996. 1302(1): p. 17-45.
  • 52. Sushchik, N., et al., A temperature dependence of the intra-and extracellular fatty-acid composition of green algae and cyanobacterium. Russian journal of plant physiology, 2003. 50(3): p. 374-380.
  • 53. Thompson, P.A., et al., Effects of variation in temperature. II. On the fatty acid composition of eight species of marine phytoplankton 1. Journal of Phycology, 1992. 28(4): p. 488-497.
  • 54. Aussant, J., F. Guihéneuf, and D.B. Stengel, Impact of temperature on fatty acid composition and nutritional value in eight species of microalgae. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 2018. 102(12): p. 5279-5297.
Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 346 - 369, 15.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.38001/ijlsb.1082112

Abstract

Project Number

2180589

References

  • 1. Abedi, E. and M.A. Sahari, Long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid sources and evaluation of their nutritional and functional properties. Food science & nutrition, 2014. 2(5): p. 443-463.
  • 2. Wiktorowska-Owczarek, A., M. Berezinska, and J.Z. Nowak, PUFAs: structures, metabolism and functions. Adv Clin Exp Med, 2015. 24(6): p. 931-941.
  • 3. Robertson, R., et al., Algae-derived polyunsaturated fatty acids: implications for human health. 2013, Nova Sciences Publishers, Inc.: Hauppauge, NY, USA. p. 45-99.
  • 4. Zhou, W., Potential applications of microalgae in wastewater treatments. Recent advances in microalgal biotechnology, 2014: p. 1-9.
  • 5. Nichols, P.D., et al., Recent advances in omega-3: Health benefits, Sources, Products and bioavailability. Nutrients, 2014. 6(9): p. 3727-3733.
  • 6. Dyall, S.C., Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and the brain: a review of the independent and shared effects of EPA, DPA and DHA. Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 2015. 7: p. 52.
  • 7. Collinius, I., Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid production by microalgae. 2016.
  • 8. Russo, G.L., Dietary n− 6 and n− 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: from biochemistry to clinical implications in cardiovascular prevention. Biochemical pharmacology, 2009. 77(6): p. 937-946.
  • 9. Araujo, P., et al., The effect of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the production of Cyclooxygenase and Lipoxygenase metabolites by human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Nutrients, 2019. 11(5): p. 966.
  • 10. Swanson, D., R. Block, and S.A. Mousa, Omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA: health benefits throughout life. Advances in nutrition, 2012. 3(1): p. 1-7.
  • 11. Shindou, H., et al., Docosahexaenoic acid preserves visual function by maintaining correct disc morphology in retinal photoreceptor cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2017. 292(29): p. 12054-12064.
  • 12. Calder, P.C., Omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory processes: nutrition or pharmacology? British journal of clinical pharmacology, 2013. 75(3): p. 645-662.
  • 13. Winwood, R.J., Recent developments in the commercial production of DHA and EPA rich oils from micro-algae. Ocl, 2013. 20(6): p. D604.
  • 14. Adarme-Vega, T.C., et al., Microalgal biofactories: a promising approach towards sustainable omega-3 fatty acid production. Microbial cell factories, 2012. 11(1): p. 1-10.
  • 15. Fan, Y.-Y. and R.S. Chapkin, Importance of dietary γ-linolenic acid in human health and nutrition. The Journal of nutrition, 1998. 128(9): p. 1411-1414.
  • 16. Simon, D., et al., Gamma-linolenic acid levels correlate with clinical efficacy of evening primrose oil in patients with atopic dermatitis. Advances in therapy, 2014. 31(2): p. 180-188.
  • 17. Das, U.N., Essential fatty acids and their metabolites could function as endogenous HMG-CoA reductase and ACE enzyme inhibitors, anti-arrhythmic, anti-hypertensive, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, and cardioprotective molecules. Lipids in health and disease, 2008. 7(1): p. 1-18.
  • 18. Van Hoorn, R., R. Kapoor, and J. Kamphuis, A short review on sources and health benefits of GLA, The GOOD omega-6. Oléagineux, Corps gras, Lipides, 2008. 15(4): p. 262-264.
  • 19. Simopoulos, A.P., An increase in the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio increases the risk for obesity. Nutrients, 2016. 8(3): p. 128.
  • 20. Siahbalaei, R., G. Kavoosi, and M. Noroozi, Manipulation of Chlorella vulgaris polyunsaturated ω‐3 fatty acid profile by supplementation with vegetable amino acids and fatty acids. Phycological Research, 2021. 69(2): p. 116-123.
  • 21. Akan, J.C., et al., Bioaccumulation of some heavy metals in fish samples from River Benue in Vinikilang, Adamawa State, Nigeria. 2012.
  • 22. Nichols, P.D., J. Petrie, and S. Singh, Long-chain omega-3 oils–an update on sustainable sources. Nutrients, 2010. 2(6): p. 572-585.
  • 23. Xie, D., E.N. Jackson, and Q. Zhu, Sustainable source of omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid from metabolically engineered Yarrowia lipolytica: from fundamental research to commercial production. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 2015. 99(4): p. 1599-1610.
  • 24. Lang, I., et al., Fatty acid profiles and their distribution patterns in microalgae: a comprehensive analysis of more than 2000 strains from the SAG culture collection. BMC plant biology, 2011. 11(1): p. 1-16.
  • 25. Ghafari, M., B. Rashidi, and B.Z. Haznedaroglu, Effects of macro and micronutrients on neutral lipid accumulation in oleaginous microalgae. Biofuels, 2018. 9(2): p. 147-156.
  • 26. Breuer, G., et al., The impact of nitrogen starvation on the dynamics of triacylglycerol accumulation in nine microalgae strains. Bioresource Technology, 2012. 124: p. 217-226.
  • 27. Bligh, E.G. and W.J. Dyer, A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Canadian journal of biochemistry and physiology, 1959. 37(8): p. 911-917.
  • 28. Hasan, C.M.M., et al., Triacylglycerol Profile of a Microalga Chlorococcum Sp. as a Potential Biofuel Feedstock. Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, 2016. 40(2): p. 147-153.
  • 29. Mahapatra, D.M. and T. Ramachandra, Algal biofuel: bountiful lipid from Chlorococcum sp. proliferating in municipal wastewater. Current Science, 2013: p. 47-55.
  • 30. Ota, M., et al., Effects of light intensity and temperature on photoautotrophic growth of a green microalga, Chlorococcum littorale. Biotechnology Reports, 2015. 7: p. 24-29.
  • 31. Rehman, Z.U. and A.K. Anal, Enhanced lipid and starch productivity of microalga (Chlorococcum sp. TISTR 8583) with nitrogen limitation following effective pretreatments for biofuel production. Biotechnology Reports, 2019. 21: p. e00298.
  • 32. Seyfabadi, J., Z. Ramezanpour, and Z.A. Khoeyi, Protein, fatty acid, and pigment content of Chlorella vulgaris under different light regimes. Journal of Applied Phycology, 2011. 23(4): p. 721-726.
  • 33. Sukenik, A., Y. Carmeli, and T. Berner, Regulation of fatty acid composition by irradiance level in the eustigmatophyte Nannochloropsis sp. 1. Journal of Phycology, 1989. 25(4): p. 686-692.
  • 34. Chen, M., et al., Effect of nutrients on growth and lipid accumulation in the green algae Dunaliella tertiolecta. Bioresource technology, 2011. 102(2): p. 1649-1655.
  • 35. Dean, A.P., et al., Using FTIR spectroscopy for rapid determination of lipid accumulation in response to nitrogen limitation in freshwater microalgae. Bioresource technology, 2010. 101(12): p. 4499-4507.
  • 36. Illman, A., A. Scragg, and S. Shales, Increase in Chlorella strains calorific values when grown in low nitrogen medium. Enzyme and microbial technology, 2000. 27(8): p. 631-635.
  • 37. Li, Y., et al., Effects of nitrogen sources on cell growth and lipid accumulation of green alga Neochloris oleoabundans. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 2008. 81(4): p. 629-636.
  • 38. Bona, F., et al., Semicontinuous nitrogen limitation as convenient operation strategy to maximize fatty acid production in Neochloris oleoabundans. Algal Research, 2014. 5: p. 1-6.
  • 39. Kiran, B., et al., Influence of varying nitrogen levels on lipid accumulation in Chlorella sp. International journal of environmental science and technology, 2016. 13(7): p. 1823-1832.
  • 40. Tornabene, T., et al., Lipid composition of the nitrogen starved green alga Neochloris oleoabundans. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 1983. 5(6): p. 435-440.
  • 41. Hulatt, C.J., et al., Production of fatty acids and protein by Nannochloropsis in flat-plate photobioreactors. PloS one, 2017. 12(1): p. e0170440.
  • 42. Juneja, A., R.M. Ceballos, and G.S. Murthy, Effects of environmental factors and nutrient availability on the biochemical composition of algae for biofuels production: a review. Energies, 2013. 6(9): p. 4607-4638.
  • 43. Fabregas, J., et al., Growth of the marine microalga Tetraselmis suecica in batch cultures with different salinities and nutrient concentrations. Aquaculture, 1984. 42(3-4): p. 207-215.
  • 44. Zhila, N.O., G.S. Kalacheva, and T.G. Volova, Effect of salinity on the biochemical composition of the alga Botryococcus braunii Kütz IPPAS H-252. Journal of Applied Phycology, 2011. 23(1): p. 47-52.
  • 45. Rismani, S. and M. Shariati, Changes of the total lipid and omega-3 fatty acid contents in two microalgae Dunaliella salina and Chlorella vulgaris under salt stress. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 2017. 60.
  • 46. Takagi, M. and T. Yoshida, Effect of salt concentration on intracellular accumulation of lipids and triacylglyceride in marine microalgae Dunaliella cells. Journal of bioscience and bioengineering, 2006. 101(3): p. 223-226.
  • 47. Rao, A.R., et al., Effect of salinity on growth of green alga Botryococcus braunii and its constituents. Bioresource technology, 2007. 98(3): p. 560-564.
  • 48. Ben‐Amotz, A., T.G. Tornabene, and W.H. Thomas, Chemical profile of selected species of microalgae with emphasis on lipids 1. Journal of Phycology, 1985. 21(1): p. 72-81.
  • 49. Xu, X.-Q. and J. Beardall, Effect of salinity on fatty acid composition of a green microalga from an antarctic hypersaline lake. Phytochemistry, 1997. 45(4): p. 655-658.
  • 50. Sharma, K.K., H. Schuhmann, and P.M. Schenk, High lipid induction in microalgae for biodiesel production. Energies, 2012. 5(5): p. 1532-1553.
  • 51. Thompson Jr, G.A., Lipids and membrane function in green algae. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Lipids and Lipid Metabolism, 1996. 1302(1): p. 17-45.
  • 52. Sushchik, N., et al., A temperature dependence of the intra-and extracellular fatty-acid composition of green algae and cyanobacterium. Russian journal of plant physiology, 2003. 50(3): p. 374-380.
  • 53. Thompson, P.A., et al., Effects of variation in temperature. II. On the fatty acid composition of eight species of marine phytoplankton 1. Journal of Phycology, 1992. 28(4): p. 488-497.
  • 54. Aussant, J., F. Guihéneuf, and D.B. Stengel, Impact of temperature on fatty acid composition and nutritional value in eight species of microalgae. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 2018. 102(12): p. 5279-5297.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Structural Biology, Microbiology, Medical Microbiology, Food Engineering
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Elifcan Çalışkan This is me 0000-0001-5490-8418

Berat Zeki Haznedaroğlu 0000-0002-0081-8801

Project Number 2180589
Early Pub Date May 14, 2022
Publication Date December 15, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 5 Issue: 3

Cite

EndNote Çalışkan E, Haznedaroğlu BZ (December 1, 2022) Characterization of Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acid Accumulation in Chlorococcum novae-angliae Microalgae Grown under Various Culture Conditions. International Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology 5 3 346–369.



Follow us on social networks  19277 19276 20153  22366