Research Article
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PROMOTING RESILIENCE THROUGH POSITIVE LEADERSHIP DURING TURMOIL

Year 2018, , 34 - 48, 30.03.2018
https://doi.org/10.29064/ijma.396199

Abstract




















Ability to stand up to
adversities, having the flexibility to solve problems in the most meaningful
way and coming to a better situation compared to the starting point is regarded
as resilience by organization researchers. Conditions that shapes
organizational capacities in a flexible, storable and convertible way give rise
to resilience in organizations and make them powerful in coping with problems,
turmoils and crises. Without doubt, resilient individiuals effect overall
resilience of groups, especially in group level a resilient leadership is a
prerequisite of resilient organizations. By resilient organizations we mean
flexible and adaptive organizations that can positively cope with the
unexpected or unwanted. Therefore, in this study positive psychology and
positive organizational behavior literature are regarded as good guides for
presenting a suitable leadership style for adaptive and resilient organizations.
In this study, specifically, authentic leadership style, most prominent
leadership type was under spotlight as one of the main sources of
organizational resilience.

References

  • Acquaah, M., Amoako-Gyampah, K. and Jayaram, J. (2011). Resilience in Family and Nonfamily Firms: An Examination of the Relationships Between Manufacturing Strategy, Competitive Strategy and Firm Performance. International Journal of Production Research 49 (18): 5527–5544.
  • Avey, J. B., Luthans, F., and Jensen, S. M. (2009). Psychological capital: A positive resource for combating employee stress and turnover. Human resource management, 48(5), 677-693.
  • Avolio, B. J., Gardner, W. L., Walumbwa, F. O., Luthans, F., and May, D. R. (2004). Unlocking the mask: A look at the process by which authentic leaders impact follower attitudes and behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(6), 801-823.
  • Bandura, A. (2006). Guide for constructing self-efficacy scales. Self-efficacy beliefs of adolescents, 5(307-337).
  • Bandura, A. (2008). Toward an agentic theory of the self. Advances in self research, 3, 15-49.
  • Bonanno, G. A., Galea, S., Bucciarelli, A., and Vlahov, D. (2007). What predicts psychological resilience after disaster? The role of demographics, resources, and life stress. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 75(5), 671.
  • Cabral, I., A. A. Grilo, and Cruz-Machado, V. (2012). A Decision-making Model for Lean, Agile, Resilient and Green Supply Chain Management. International Journal of Production Research 50 (17): 4830–4845.
  • Cameron, K. S. (2008). Paradox in positive organizational change. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 44: 7–24.
  • Cameron, K. S., Bright, D., & Caza, A. (2004). Exploring the relationships between organizational virtuousness and performance. American Behavioral Scientist, 47(6), 766-790.
  • Cameron, K., and Dutton, J. (Eds.). (2003). Positive organizational scholarship: Foundations of a new discipline. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
  • Carroll, J. S., J. W. Rudolph, and Hatakenaka, S. (2002). Learning from Experience in High-hazard Organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior 24 (1): 87–137.
  • Davis, M. C., Zautra, A. J., and Smith, B. W. (2004). Chronic pain, stress, and the dynamics of affective differentiation. Journal of personality, 72(6), 1133-1160.
  • Dutton, J. E., and Jackson, S. E. (1987). Categorizing strategic issues: Links to organizational action. Academy of management review, 12(1), 76-90.
  • Finn, J. D., and Rock, D. A. (1997). Academic success among students at risk for school failure. Journal of applied psychology, 82(2), 221.
  • Fredrickson, B. L. (2003). The value of positive emotions: The emerging science of positive psychology is coming to understand why it’s good to feel good. American scientist, 91(4), 330-335.
  • Fredrickson, B. L., and Branigan, C. (2005). Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought‐action repertoires. Cognition and emotion, 19(3), 313-332.
  • Fredrickson, B. L., and Joiner, T. (2002). Positive emotions trigger upward spirals toward emotional well-being. Psychological science, 13(2), 172-175.
  • Fredrickson, B. L., Tugade, M. M., Waugh, C. E., and Larkin, G. R. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crisis? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of personality and social psychology, 84(2), 365.
  • French, S. L., and Holden, T. Q. (2012). Positive organizational behavior: A buffer for bad news. Business Communication Quarterly, 1080569912441823.
  • Gardner, W. L., and Schermerhorn, J. R. (2004). Unleashing Individual Potential:: Performance Gains Through Positive Organizational Behavior and Authentic Leadership. Organizational Dynamics, 33(3), 270-281.
  • Gardner, W. L., Avolio, B. J., and Walumbwa, F. O. (2005). Authentic leadership development: Emergent trends and future directions. Authentic leadership theory and practice: Origins, effects, and development, 387-406.
  • Gardner, W. L., Avolio, B. J., and Walumbwa, F. O. (2005). Authentic leadership development: Emergent trends and future directions. Authentic leadership theory and practice: Origins, effects, and development, 387-406.
  • Garmezy, N. (1993). Children in poverty: Resilience despite risk. Psychiatry, 56, 127-136.
  • Gittell, J. H., Cameron, K., Lim, S., and Rivas, V. (2006). Relationships, layoffs, and organizational resilience airline industry responses to September 11. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 42(3), 300-329.
  • Groopman, J. (2004). The anatomy of hope. The Permanente Journal, 8(2), 43.
  • Hamel, G., and Valikangas, L. (2003). The Quest for Resilience. Harvard Business Review 8 (9): 52–63.
  • Kahn, W. A., Barton, M. A., and Fellows, S. (2013). Organizational crises and the disturbance of relational systems. Academy of Management Review, 38(3), 377-396. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amr.2011.0363
  • Lengnick-Hall, C. A., and Beck, T. E. (2003, August). Beyond bouncing back: The concept of organizational resilience. In National Academy of Management meetings, Seattle, WA.
  • Lengnick-Hall, C. A., and Beck, T. E. (2005). Adaptive fit versus robust transformation: How organizations respond to environmental change. Journal of Management, 31(5), 738-757.
  • Lengnick-Hall, C. A., Beck, T. E., and Lengnick-Hall, M. L. (2011). Developing a capacity for organizational resilience through strategic human resource management. Human Resource Management Review, 21(3), 243-255.Lengnick-Hall, M. L., and Lengnick-Hall, C. A. (2006). 25 International human resource management and social network/social capital theory. Handbook of research in international human resource management, 475.Linnenluecke, M., and Griffiths, A. (2010). Beyond Adaptation: Resilience for Business in Light of Climate Change and Weather Extremes. Business Society 49 (3): 477–511.
  • Lucero, M., Tan Teng Kwang, A., and Pang, A. (2009). Crisis leadership: when should the CEO step up?. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 14(3), 234-248.
  • Luthans, F. (2002). Positive organizational behavior: Developing and managing psychological strengths. The Academy of Management Executive, 16(1), 57-72.
  • Luthans, F., and Avolio, B. J. (2003). Authentic leadership: A positive developmental approach. In K. S. Cameron, J. E. Dutton, and R. E. Quinn (Eds.), Positive organizational scholarship (pp. 241–261). San Francisco7 Barrett-Koehler.
  • Luthans, F., G. R. Vogelgesang, and Lester, P. B. (2006). Developing the Psychological Capital of Resiliency. Human Resource Development Review 5 (1): 25–44.
  • Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., and Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child development, 71(3), 543-562.
  • Mallak, L. (1998). Putting Organizational Resilience to Work. Industrial Management 40 (6): 8–13.
  • Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American psychologist, 56(3), 227.
  • Masten, A. S., and Reed, M. G. J. (2002). Handbook of positive psychology. Handbook of positive psychology.
  • McDaniels, T., S. Chang, D. Cole, J. Mikawoz, and Longstaff, H. (2008). Fostering Resilience to Extreme Events within Infrastructure Systems: Characterizing Decision Contexts for Mitigation and Adaptation. Global Environmental Change 18 (2): 310–318.
  • Ong, A. D., Bergeman, C. S., Bisconti, T. L., and Wallace, K. A. (2006). Psychological resilience, positive emotions, and successful adaptation to stress in later life. Journal of personality and social psychology, 91(4), 730.
  • Peterson, C. (2000). The future of optimism. American Psychologist, 55, 44–55.
  • Riolli, L., and Savicki, V. (2003). Information System Organizational Resilience. Omega 31 (3): 227–233.
  • Ross, A., and Buffa, F. P. (2009). Supplier Post Performance Evaluation: The Effects of Buyer Preference Weight Variance. International Journal of Production Research 47 (16): 4351–4371.
  • Schulman, P. R. (1993). The negotiated order of organizational reliability. Administration and Society, 25(3), 353-372.
  • Sheffi, Y. (2006a). Manage risk through resilience. Chief Executive,214, 28–29.
  • Snyder, C. R., Irving, L. M., and Anderson, J. R. (1991). Hope and health. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Handbook of social and clinical psychology (pp. 295–305). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Sparrowe, R. T. (2005). Authentic leadership and the narrative self. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(3), 419-439.
  • Stajkovic, A. D., and Luthans, F. (1998). Self-efficacy and work-related performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin, 124(2), 240.
  • Sullivan-Taylor, B., and Branicki, L. (2011). Creating Resilient SMEs: Why One Size Might Not Fit All. International Journal of Production Research 49 (18): 5565–5579.
  • Sutcliffe, K. M., and Vogus, T. J. (2003). Organizing for resilience. Positive organizational scholarship: Foundations of a new discipline, 94, 110.
  • Tugade, M. M., and Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of personality and social psychology, 86(2), 320.
  • Vogus, T. J., and Sutcliffe, K. M. (2007, October). Organizational resilience: towards a theory and research agenda. In Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 2007. ISIC. IEEE International Conference on (pp. 3418-3422). IEEE.
  • Vogus, T. J., and Sutcliffe, K. M. (2007, October). Organizational resilience: towards a theory and research agenda. In Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 2007. ISIC. IEEE International Conference on (pp. 3418-3422). IEEE.
  • Vogus, T. J., and Sutcliffe, K. M. (2012). Organizational mindfulness and mindful organizing: A reconciliation and path forward. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 11(4), 722-735.
  • Weick, K. E., Sutcliffe, K. M., and Obstfeld, D. (2005). Organizing and the process of sensemaking. Organization science, 16(4), 409-421.
  • Weick, K.E. Sutcliffe, K.M. Obstfeld, D. (1999). Organizing for high reliability: processes of collective mindfulness, in Research in Organizational Behavior, vol. 21, R. Sutton, B.M. Staw, Eds. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, pp: 81-124.
  • Windle, M. (2002). Critical conceptual and measurement issues in the study of resilience. In Resilience and Development (pp. 161-176). Springer US.
  • Youssef, C. M., and Luthans, F. (2005). Resiliency development of organizations, leaders and employees: Multi-level theory building for sustained performance. Authentic leadership theory and practice: Origins, effects and development, 3, 303-343.
  • Zautra, A. J., Johnson, L. M., and Davis, M. C. (2005). Positive affect as a source of resilience for women in chronic pain. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 73(2), 212.” The American Behavioral Scientist 47 (6): 766–790.

PROMOTING RESILIENCE THROUGH POSITIVE LEADERSHIP DURING TURMOIL

Year 2018, , 34 - 48, 30.03.2018
https://doi.org/10.29064/ijma.396199

Abstract




















Ability to stand up to
adversities, having the flexibility to solve problems in the most meaningful
way and coming to a better situation compared to the starting point is regarded
as resilience by organization researchers. Conditions that shapes
organizational capacities in a flexible, storable and convertible way give rise
to resilience in organizations and make them powerful in coping with problems,
turmoils and crises. Without doubt, resilient individiuals effect overall
resilience of groups, especially in group level a resilient leadership is a
prerequisite of resilient organizations. By resilient organizations we mean
flexible and adaptive organizations that can positively cope with the
unexpected or unwanted. Therefore, in this study positive psychology and
positive organizational behavior literature are regarded as good guides for
presenting a suitable leadership style for adaptive and resilient organizations.
In this study, specifically, authentic leadership style, most prominent
leadership type was under spotlight as one of the main sources of
organizational resilience.

References

  • Acquaah, M., Amoako-Gyampah, K. and Jayaram, J. (2011). Resilience in Family and Nonfamily Firms: An Examination of the Relationships Between Manufacturing Strategy, Competitive Strategy and Firm Performance. International Journal of Production Research 49 (18): 5527–5544.
  • Avey, J. B., Luthans, F., and Jensen, S. M. (2009). Psychological capital: A positive resource for combating employee stress and turnover. Human resource management, 48(5), 677-693.
  • Avolio, B. J., Gardner, W. L., Walumbwa, F. O., Luthans, F., and May, D. R. (2004). Unlocking the mask: A look at the process by which authentic leaders impact follower attitudes and behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(6), 801-823.
  • Bandura, A. (2006). Guide for constructing self-efficacy scales. Self-efficacy beliefs of adolescents, 5(307-337).
  • Bandura, A. (2008). Toward an agentic theory of the self. Advances in self research, 3, 15-49.
  • Bonanno, G. A., Galea, S., Bucciarelli, A., and Vlahov, D. (2007). What predicts psychological resilience after disaster? The role of demographics, resources, and life stress. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 75(5), 671.
  • Cabral, I., A. A. Grilo, and Cruz-Machado, V. (2012). A Decision-making Model for Lean, Agile, Resilient and Green Supply Chain Management. International Journal of Production Research 50 (17): 4830–4845.
  • Cameron, K. S. (2008). Paradox in positive organizational change. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 44: 7–24.
  • Cameron, K. S., Bright, D., & Caza, A. (2004). Exploring the relationships between organizational virtuousness and performance. American Behavioral Scientist, 47(6), 766-790.
  • Cameron, K., and Dutton, J. (Eds.). (2003). Positive organizational scholarship: Foundations of a new discipline. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
  • Carroll, J. S., J. W. Rudolph, and Hatakenaka, S. (2002). Learning from Experience in High-hazard Organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior 24 (1): 87–137.
  • Davis, M. C., Zautra, A. J., and Smith, B. W. (2004). Chronic pain, stress, and the dynamics of affective differentiation. Journal of personality, 72(6), 1133-1160.
  • Dutton, J. E., and Jackson, S. E. (1987). Categorizing strategic issues: Links to organizational action. Academy of management review, 12(1), 76-90.
  • Finn, J. D., and Rock, D. A. (1997). Academic success among students at risk for school failure. Journal of applied psychology, 82(2), 221.
  • Fredrickson, B. L. (2003). The value of positive emotions: The emerging science of positive psychology is coming to understand why it’s good to feel good. American scientist, 91(4), 330-335.
  • Fredrickson, B. L., and Branigan, C. (2005). Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought‐action repertoires. Cognition and emotion, 19(3), 313-332.
  • Fredrickson, B. L., and Joiner, T. (2002). Positive emotions trigger upward spirals toward emotional well-being. Psychological science, 13(2), 172-175.
  • Fredrickson, B. L., Tugade, M. M., Waugh, C. E., and Larkin, G. R. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crisis? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of personality and social psychology, 84(2), 365.
  • French, S. L., and Holden, T. Q. (2012). Positive organizational behavior: A buffer for bad news. Business Communication Quarterly, 1080569912441823.
  • Gardner, W. L., and Schermerhorn, J. R. (2004). Unleashing Individual Potential:: Performance Gains Through Positive Organizational Behavior and Authentic Leadership. Organizational Dynamics, 33(3), 270-281.
  • Gardner, W. L., Avolio, B. J., and Walumbwa, F. O. (2005). Authentic leadership development: Emergent trends and future directions. Authentic leadership theory and practice: Origins, effects, and development, 387-406.
  • Gardner, W. L., Avolio, B. J., and Walumbwa, F. O. (2005). Authentic leadership development: Emergent trends and future directions. Authentic leadership theory and practice: Origins, effects, and development, 387-406.
  • Garmezy, N. (1993). Children in poverty: Resilience despite risk. Psychiatry, 56, 127-136.
  • Gittell, J. H., Cameron, K., Lim, S., and Rivas, V. (2006). Relationships, layoffs, and organizational resilience airline industry responses to September 11. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 42(3), 300-329.
  • Groopman, J. (2004). The anatomy of hope. The Permanente Journal, 8(2), 43.
  • Hamel, G., and Valikangas, L. (2003). The Quest for Resilience. Harvard Business Review 8 (9): 52–63.
  • Kahn, W. A., Barton, M. A., and Fellows, S. (2013). Organizational crises and the disturbance of relational systems. Academy of Management Review, 38(3), 377-396. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amr.2011.0363
  • Lengnick-Hall, C. A., and Beck, T. E. (2003, August). Beyond bouncing back: The concept of organizational resilience. In National Academy of Management meetings, Seattle, WA.
  • Lengnick-Hall, C. A., and Beck, T. E. (2005). Adaptive fit versus robust transformation: How organizations respond to environmental change. Journal of Management, 31(5), 738-757.
  • Lengnick-Hall, C. A., Beck, T. E., and Lengnick-Hall, M. L. (2011). Developing a capacity for organizational resilience through strategic human resource management. Human Resource Management Review, 21(3), 243-255.Lengnick-Hall, M. L., and Lengnick-Hall, C. A. (2006). 25 International human resource management and social network/social capital theory. Handbook of research in international human resource management, 475.Linnenluecke, M., and Griffiths, A. (2010). Beyond Adaptation: Resilience for Business in Light of Climate Change and Weather Extremes. Business Society 49 (3): 477–511.
  • Lucero, M., Tan Teng Kwang, A., and Pang, A. (2009). Crisis leadership: when should the CEO step up?. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 14(3), 234-248.
  • Luthans, F. (2002). Positive organizational behavior: Developing and managing psychological strengths. The Academy of Management Executive, 16(1), 57-72.
  • Luthans, F., and Avolio, B. J. (2003). Authentic leadership: A positive developmental approach. In K. S. Cameron, J. E. Dutton, and R. E. Quinn (Eds.), Positive organizational scholarship (pp. 241–261). San Francisco7 Barrett-Koehler.
  • Luthans, F., G. R. Vogelgesang, and Lester, P. B. (2006). Developing the Psychological Capital of Resiliency. Human Resource Development Review 5 (1): 25–44.
  • Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., and Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child development, 71(3), 543-562.
  • Mallak, L. (1998). Putting Organizational Resilience to Work. Industrial Management 40 (6): 8–13.
  • Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American psychologist, 56(3), 227.
  • Masten, A. S., and Reed, M. G. J. (2002). Handbook of positive psychology. Handbook of positive psychology.
  • McDaniels, T., S. Chang, D. Cole, J. Mikawoz, and Longstaff, H. (2008). Fostering Resilience to Extreme Events within Infrastructure Systems: Characterizing Decision Contexts for Mitigation and Adaptation. Global Environmental Change 18 (2): 310–318.
  • Ong, A. D., Bergeman, C. S., Bisconti, T. L., and Wallace, K. A. (2006). Psychological resilience, positive emotions, and successful adaptation to stress in later life. Journal of personality and social psychology, 91(4), 730.
  • Peterson, C. (2000). The future of optimism. American Psychologist, 55, 44–55.
  • Riolli, L., and Savicki, V. (2003). Information System Organizational Resilience. Omega 31 (3): 227–233.
  • Ross, A., and Buffa, F. P. (2009). Supplier Post Performance Evaluation: The Effects of Buyer Preference Weight Variance. International Journal of Production Research 47 (16): 4351–4371.
  • Schulman, P. R. (1993). The negotiated order of organizational reliability. Administration and Society, 25(3), 353-372.
  • Sheffi, Y. (2006a). Manage risk through resilience. Chief Executive,214, 28–29.
  • Snyder, C. R., Irving, L. M., and Anderson, J. R. (1991). Hope and health. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Handbook of social and clinical psychology (pp. 295–305). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Sparrowe, R. T. (2005). Authentic leadership and the narrative self. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(3), 419-439.
  • Stajkovic, A. D., and Luthans, F. (1998). Self-efficacy and work-related performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin, 124(2), 240.
  • Sullivan-Taylor, B., and Branicki, L. (2011). Creating Resilient SMEs: Why One Size Might Not Fit All. International Journal of Production Research 49 (18): 5565–5579.
  • Sutcliffe, K. M., and Vogus, T. J. (2003). Organizing for resilience. Positive organizational scholarship: Foundations of a new discipline, 94, 110.
  • Tugade, M. M., and Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of personality and social psychology, 86(2), 320.
  • Vogus, T. J., and Sutcliffe, K. M. (2007, October). Organizational resilience: towards a theory and research agenda. In Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 2007. ISIC. IEEE International Conference on (pp. 3418-3422). IEEE.
  • Vogus, T. J., and Sutcliffe, K. M. (2007, October). Organizational resilience: towards a theory and research agenda. In Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 2007. ISIC. IEEE International Conference on (pp. 3418-3422). IEEE.
  • Vogus, T. J., and Sutcliffe, K. M. (2012). Organizational mindfulness and mindful organizing: A reconciliation and path forward. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 11(4), 722-735.
  • Weick, K. E., Sutcliffe, K. M., and Obstfeld, D. (2005). Organizing and the process of sensemaking. Organization science, 16(4), 409-421.
  • Weick, K.E. Sutcliffe, K.M. Obstfeld, D. (1999). Organizing for high reliability: processes of collective mindfulness, in Research in Organizational Behavior, vol. 21, R. Sutton, B.M. Staw, Eds. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, pp: 81-124.
  • Windle, M. (2002). Critical conceptual and measurement issues in the study of resilience. In Resilience and Development (pp. 161-176). Springer US.
  • Youssef, C. M., and Luthans, F. (2005). Resiliency development of organizations, leaders and employees: Multi-level theory building for sustained performance. Authentic leadership theory and practice: Origins, effects and development, 3, 303-343.
  • Zautra, A. J., Johnson, L. M., and Davis, M. C. (2005). Positive affect as a source of resilience for women in chronic pain. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 73(2), 212.” The American Behavioral Scientist 47 (6): 766–790.
There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Business Administration
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Elif Baykal

Publication Date March 30, 2018
Submission Date February 16, 2018
Acceptance Date March 24, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018

Cite

APA Baykal, E. (2018). PROMOTING RESILIENCE THROUGH POSITIVE LEADERSHIP DURING TURMOIL. International Journal of Management and Administration, 2(3), 34-48. https://doi.org/10.29064/ijma.396199

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İşletme, İktisat, Çalışma Ekonomisi ve Endüstri İlişkileri, Maliye, Kamu Yönetimi ve Siyaset Bilimi, Ekonometri, Yönetim Bilişim Sistemleri, Eğitim Yönetimi, Sağlık Yönetimi, Turizm Yönetimi, Havacılık Yönetimi, Denizcilik İşletmeleri Yönetimi, Mühendislik ve Teknoloji Yönetimi, Enerji Yönetimi, Lojistik Yönetimi, Çevre Yönetimi, Medya ve İletişim Yönetimi, Afet Yönetimi, Multidisipliner Yönetim ve Ekonomi Çalışmaları.

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