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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN R&D PERSONNEL AND EXPORT IN TURKEY'S MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY: AN APPLICATION WITH TODA YAMAMOTO CAUSALITY ANALYSIS

Year 2024, , 282 - 289, 30.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.1487530

Abstract

Technological innovation is considered a key element of industrialization and determines the efficiency of
a country's pattern of opening up. The role of innovation in building a strong export system is related to various
channels of domestic innovation and international technology spillovers. The impact of innovation on exports
can be associated with domestic R&D efforts and technological spillovers of foreign R&D. The strongest
consensus in the theoretical literature is that exports are often a by-product of the innovative activities of
domestic firms. This study investigates the causality relationship between the number of R&D personnel working
in the manufacturing industry and exports in Turkey. The study covers the period 2009-2022. Toda Yamamoto
causality analysis was used to test causality and a bidirectional causality relationship was found both from
exports to R&D personnel and from R&D personnel to exports. In order to further increase the export
competitiveness of Turkey's manufacturing industry, some suggestions can be made, such as paying attention to
the development of digital infrastructure, optimizing the integration of the manufacturing sector and the digital
economy, and increasing international cooperation in digital technology innovation.

References

  • Akar, T., & Topoğlu, E. (2022). The effects of R&D expenditures and patent applications on exports of high technology products and information communication technologies, Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(1), 20-35.
  • Benfratello, L., Bottasso, A., & Piccardo, C. (2022). R&D and export performance: Exploring heterogeneity along the export intensity distribution, Journal of Industrial and Business Economics, 49, 189-232.
  • Carboni, O., & Medda, G. (2020). Linkages between R&D, innovation, investment and export performance: evidence from European manufacturing firms, Technology Analysis& Strategic Management, 32(12), 1379-1392.
  • Çalışkan, Ş., Karabacak, M., & Meçik, O. (2017). Türkiye ekonomisinde eğitim harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Bootstrap Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik testi yaklaşımı, KOSBED, 33, 45-56.
  • Çelik, A, (2020). Türkiye’de teknoloji yatırımların ekonomik büyüme ve ihracat üzerindeki etkisi: Sanayi 4.0 bağlamında bir uygulama, Sakarya İktisat Dergisi, 9(1), 1-22.
  • Çınar, H., Yıldırım, K., & Karataş, H. (2021). Türkiye mobilya sektörüne ilişkin ithalat ve ihracat değerleri ile tasarım, patent ve marka tescil sayılarının analizi, International Design and Art Journal (Online), 3(2), 246-257.
  • Gan, S., & Cheng, D. (2020). Exchange rate appreciation, R&D, and exportsophistication: Evidence from China, The Journal of International Trade&Economic Development, 29(2), 237-246.
  • Girma, S., Görg, H., & Hanley, A. (2008). R&D and exporting: a comparison of British and Irish firms, Review of World Economics, 144, 750-773.
  • Grossman, G. M., & Helpman, E. (2015). Globalization and growth, American Economic Review, 105(5), 100– 104.
  • Haddoud, M. Y., Kock, N., Onjewu, A. E., Jafari-Sadeghi, V., & Jones, P. (2023). Technology, innovation and SMEs' export intensity: Evidence from Morocco, Technological Forecasting&Social Change, 191, 1-13.
  • Harris, R., & Moffat, J. (2011). R&D, innovation and exporting, SERC Discussion Paper 73.
  • Hirsch, S., & Bijaoui, I. (1985). R&D intensity and export performance: A micro view, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 121, 238-251.
  • Jitsutthiphakorn, U. (2021). Innovation, frm productivity, and export survival: Frm-level evidence from ASEAN developing countries, Journal of Economic Structures, 10(22), 1-17.
  • Karakuş, M., & Özen Atabey, A. (2021). Impact of the technological transformation in employment and export on economic growth in Turkey and the EU Countries in an information economy projection: dynamic panel data analysis, Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(3), 579-591.
  • Lefebvre, E., Lefebvre, L. A., & Bourgault, M. (1998). R&D-related capabilities as determinants of export performance, Small Business Economics, 10, 365-377.
  • Mariev, O., Davidson, N., Nagieva, K., &Pushkarev, A. (2023). Innovations and their complementarities: which types of innovations drive export performance?, Post-Communist Economies, 35(7), 708-743.
  • Neves, A., Teixeira, A. A.C, & Silva, S.T. (2016). Exports-R&D investment complementarity and economic performance of firms located in Portugal, Invest Econ, 75, 125-156.
  • Peters, B., Roberts, M. J., &, Vuong, V. A. (2022). Firm R&D investment and export market exposure. Research Policy, 51,1-13.
  • Rau, A., & Bao, Y. (2023). Assessing the effect of domestic and foreign R&D on export: Empirical evidence from China, International Journal of Emerging Markets, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print.
  • Sey, N., & Aydın, B. (2021). Türkiye’de yüksek teknoloji ürün ihracatı ve inovasyon ilişkisi üzerine ekonometrik bir inceleme, Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(1), 238-252.
  • Toda, H. Y., & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes, Journal of Econometrics, 66, 225–250.
  • Vlčková, J., & Stuchlíková, Z. (2021). Patents, exports and technological specialization at the state level in Germany, AUC Geographica, 56(2), 131-143.
  • Yaman, H., Çetin, D., & Dulupçu, M. A. (2020). OECD ülkelerinde ar-ge harcamaları ve ileri teknoloji ihracatı: bir panel veri analizi, Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(3), 193-208.
  • Yaşar, M. (2020). The relationship between high-tech product exports, r&d expenditures and patent applications: dynamic panel data analysis for selected countries, BİLTÜRK Ekonomi ve İlişkili Çalışmalar Dergisi, 2(4), 557-571.
  • Zhao, H., & Li, H. (1997). R&D and export: An empirical analysis of Chinese manufacturing firms, The Journal of High Technology Management Research, 8(1), 89-105.

TÜRKİYE İMALAT SANAYİNDE AR-GE PERSONELİ ve İHRACAT İLİŞKİSİ: TODA YAMAMOTO NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ İLE BİR UYGULAMA

Year 2024, , 282 - 289, 30.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.1487530

Abstract

Teknolojik inovasyon, sanayileşmenin kilit bir unsuru olarak kabul edilmekte ve bir ülkenin dışa açılma
modelinin verimliliğini belirlemektedir. Güçlü bir ihracat sisteminin oluşturulmasında inovasyonun rolü, çeşitli
yerli inovasyon kanalları ve uluslararası teknoloji yayılımları ile ilişkilidir. İnovasyonun ihracat üzerindeki
etkisi, yurtiçi Ar-Ge çalışmaları ve yurtdışı Ar-Ge'nin teknolojik yayılımları ile ilişkilendirilebilir. Teorik
literatürdeki en güçlü fikir birliği, ihracatın genellikle yerli firmaların yenilikçi faaliyetlerinin bir yan ürünü
olduğu yönündedir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de imalat sanayinde çalışan Ar-Ge personeli sayısı ile ihracatları
arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi araştırılmıştır. Çalışma 2009-2022 dönemini kapsamaktadır. Nedenselliği test
etmek için Toda Yamamoto nedensellik analizi kullanılmış olup hem ihracattan Ar-Ge personeline hem de Ar-Ge
personelinden ihracata doğru iki yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi bulunmuştur. Türkiye’nin imalat sanayisinin ihracat
rekabet gücünü daha da artırmak için dijital altyapının geliştirilmesine dikkat edilmesi, imalat sektörü ile dijital
ekonominin entegrasyonunun optimize edilmesi ve dijital teknoloji inovasyonunda uluslararası işbirliğinin
artırılması gibi bazı önerilerde bulunulabilir.

References

  • Akar, T., & Topoğlu, E. (2022). The effects of R&D expenditures and patent applications on exports of high technology products and information communication technologies, Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(1), 20-35.
  • Benfratello, L., Bottasso, A., & Piccardo, C. (2022). R&D and export performance: Exploring heterogeneity along the export intensity distribution, Journal of Industrial and Business Economics, 49, 189-232.
  • Carboni, O., & Medda, G. (2020). Linkages between R&D, innovation, investment and export performance: evidence from European manufacturing firms, Technology Analysis& Strategic Management, 32(12), 1379-1392.
  • Çalışkan, Ş., Karabacak, M., & Meçik, O. (2017). Türkiye ekonomisinde eğitim harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Bootstrap Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik testi yaklaşımı, KOSBED, 33, 45-56.
  • Çelik, A, (2020). Türkiye’de teknoloji yatırımların ekonomik büyüme ve ihracat üzerindeki etkisi: Sanayi 4.0 bağlamında bir uygulama, Sakarya İktisat Dergisi, 9(1), 1-22.
  • Çınar, H., Yıldırım, K., & Karataş, H. (2021). Türkiye mobilya sektörüne ilişkin ithalat ve ihracat değerleri ile tasarım, patent ve marka tescil sayılarının analizi, International Design and Art Journal (Online), 3(2), 246-257.
  • Gan, S., & Cheng, D. (2020). Exchange rate appreciation, R&D, and exportsophistication: Evidence from China, The Journal of International Trade&Economic Development, 29(2), 237-246.
  • Girma, S., Görg, H., & Hanley, A. (2008). R&D and exporting: a comparison of British and Irish firms, Review of World Economics, 144, 750-773.
  • Grossman, G. M., & Helpman, E. (2015). Globalization and growth, American Economic Review, 105(5), 100– 104.
  • Haddoud, M. Y., Kock, N., Onjewu, A. E., Jafari-Sadeghi, V., & Jones, P. (2023). Technology, innovation and SMEs' export intensity: Evidence from Morocco, Technological Forecasting&Social Change, 191, 1-13.
  • Harris, R., & Moffat, J. (2011). R&D, innovation and exporting, SERC Discussion Paper 73.
  • Hirsch, S., & Bijaoui, I. (1985). R&D intensity and export performance: A micro view, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 121, 238-251.
  • Jitsutthiphakorn, U. (2021). Innovation, frm productivity, and export survival: Frm-level evidence from ASEAN developing countries, Journal of Economic Structures, 10(22), 1-17.
  • Karakuş, M., & Özen Atabey, A. (2021). Impact of the technological transformation in employment and export on economic growth in Turkey and the EU Countries in an information economy projection: dynamic panel data analysis, Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(3), 579-591.
  • Lefebvre, E., Lefebvre, L. A., & Bourgault, M. (1998). R&D-related capabilities as determinants of export performance, Small Business Economics, 10, 365-377.
  • Mariev, O., Davidson, N., Nagieva, K., &Pushkarev, A. (2023). Innovations and their complementarities: which types of innovations drive export performance?, Post-Communist Economies, 35(7), 708-743.
  • Neves, A., Teixeira, A. A.C, & Silva, S.T. (2016). Exports-R&D investment complementarity and economic performance of firms located in Portugal, Invest Econ, 75, 125-156.
  • Peters, B., Roberts, M. J., &, Vuong, V. A. (2022). Firm R&D investment and export market exposure. Research Policy, 51,1-13.
  • Rau, A., & Bao, Y. (2023). Assessing the effect of domestic and foreign R&D on export: Empirical evidence from China, International Journal of Emerging Markets, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print.
  • Sey, N., & Aydın, B. (2021). Türkiye’de yüksek teknoloji ürün ihracatı ve inovasyon ilişkisi üzerine ekonometrik bir inceleme, Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(1), 238-252.
  • Toda, H. Y., & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes, Journal of Econometrics, 66, 225–250.
  • Vlčková, J., & Stuchlíková, Z. (2021). Patents, exports and technological specialization at the state level in Germany, AUC Geographica, 56(2), 131-143.
  • Yaman, H., Çetin, D., & Dulupçu, M. A. (2020). OECD ülkelerinde ar-ge harcamaları ve ileri teknoloji ihracatı: bir panel veri analizi, Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(3), 193-208.
  • Yaşar, M. (2020). The relationship between high-tech product exports, r&d expenditures and patent applications: dynamic panel data analysis for selected countries, BİLTÜRK Ekonomi ve İlişkili Çalışmalar Dergisi, 2(4), 557-571.
  • Zhao, H., & Li, H. (1997). R&D and export: An empirical analysis of Chinese manufacturing firms, The Journal of High Technology Management Research, 8(1), 89-105.
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economic Theory (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Zeynep Karaca 0000-0001-8046-7222

Early Pub Date October 24, 2024
Publication Date October 30, 2024
Submission Date May 21, 2024
Acceptance Date October 1, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Karaca, Z. (2024). TÜRKİYE İMALAT SANAYİNDE AR-GE PERSONELİ ve İHRACAT İLİŞKİSİ: TODA YAMAMOTO NEDENSELLİK ANALİZİ İLE BİR UYGULAMA. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat Ve İşletme Dergisi, 20(ICMEB’24 Özel Sayı), 282-289. https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.1487530