EMPLOYEE PERCEPTION SCALE IN ORGANIZATIONAL DECISION-MAKING: A VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY STUDY

Abstract

This study addresses the development, validity, and reliability analyses of a scale that evaluates decision-making processes in organizations. In this context, the research endeavors to create a measurement tool that comprehends the effectiveness of organizational decision-making processes and their internal dynamics. The survey was carefully prepared to cover the flow of information, communication, and decision-making processes within the organization, as well as current research in the literature. The data was obtained from two different samples working in Istanbul provincial and district municipality subsidiaries and tested using validity, reliability, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. The analyses led to the design of a survey with three dimensions and 10 items: effectiveness (4 items), participation (4 items), and satisfaction (2 items). Researchers, managers, and practitioners view the research as a valuable tool for better understanding and improving organizational decision-making processes. The survey's findings will help develop strategic suggestions that will strengthen organizations' decision-making processes and make them more competitive.

Keywords

• Organizational Decision-Making
• Effectiveness in Decision-Making
• Participation in Decision-Making
• Satisfaction in Decision-Making
• Survey Design

ÖRGÜTSEL KARAR VERMEDE ÇALIŞAN ALGI ÖLÇEĞİ: GEÇERLİLİK VE GÜVENİLİRLİK ÇALIŞMASI

Abstract

Bu çalışma, örgütlerdeki karar verme süreçlerini değerlendirebilecek bir ölçeğin geliştirilmesi, uygulanması, geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik analizlerini ele almaktadır. Bu doğrultuda araştırma, örgütlerin karar verme süreçlerinin etkinliğini ve bu konuda çalışan algısını ölçebilmek için tasarlanmış bir ölçüm aracının geliştirilmesini amaçlamaktadır. Ölçek, literatürdeki güncel araştırmaları da göz önünde bulundurarak, örgüt içindeki bilgi akışını, iletişimi ve karar süreçlerini kapsayacak şekilde özenle hazırlanmıştır. İstanbul il ve ilçe belediye iştiraklerinde çalışan iki farklı örneklemden elde edilen veriler, geçerlilik, güvenilirlik, açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri ile test edilmiştir. Yapılan analizler sonucunda, etkinlik (4 madde), katılım (4 madde) ve memnuniyet (2 madde) olmak üzere 3 boyut ve 10 maddeden oluşan ölçek geliştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın örgütsel karar verme süreçlerini daha iyi anlamak ve iyileştirmek isteyen araştırmacılara, yöneticilere ve uygulayıcılara yönelik değerli bir araç niteliği taşıdığı düşünülmektedir. Ölçeğin bulguları, örgütlerin karar verme süreçlerini güçlendirmek ve daha rekabetçi hale gelmelerine yardımcı olacak stratejik önerilerin geliştirilmesine katkı sağlayacaktır.

Keywords

• Örgütsel Karar Verme
• Karar Vermede Etkinlik
• Kararlara Katılım
• Kararlardan Memnuniyet
• Ölçek Geliştirme.

References

1. Agwu, M., & Olele, H. E. (2014). Perception survey of employee’s participation in decision making and organizational productivity in Julius Berger Nigeria PLC Bonny Island. British Journal of Economics Management ve Trade, 4(4), 620-637. https://doi.org/10.9734/bjemt/2014/5938
2. Ali, A., Sayed, S. H. E., Shazly, M. M., & Elrahman, S. M. A. (2017). Effect of using a developed guideline for staff nurse’s participation in decision making and empowerment on their organizational commitment. Minia Scientific Nursing Journal, 2(1), 34-42. https://doi.org/10.21608/ msnj.2017.187720
3. Ali, Z., Bashir, M., Abrar, M., Baig, S., & Hassan, S. (2015). Employee’s participation in decision making and manager’s encouragement of creativity: The mediating role of climate for creativity and change. Journal of Service Science and Management, 08(03), 306-321. https://doi.org/10.4236/ jssm.2015.83033
4. Ambad, S. N. A., & Wahab, K. A. (2016). The relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and firm performance: Evidence from Malaysian large companies. International Journal of Business and Society, 17(2), 259–280.
5. Appelbaum, S. H., Louis, D., Makarenko, D., Saluja, J., Meleshko, O., & Kulbashian, S. (2013-a). Participation in decision making: A case study of job satisfaction and commitment (part one). Industrial and Commercial Training, 45(4), 222-229. https://doi.org/10.1108/00197851311323510
6. Appelbaum, S., Louis, D., Makarenko, D., Saluja, J., Meleshko, O., & Kulbashian, S. (2013-b). Participation in decision making: A case study of job satisfaction and commitment (part two). Industrial and Commercial Training, 45(6), 352-358. https://doi.org/10.1108/ict-09-2012-0048
7. Arnautović, I., Davidov, T., Nastić, S., & Popović, S. (2022). The importance of making a rational business decision of top management in agricultural companies in the Republic of Serbia. Poljoprivredna Tehnika, 47(3), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.5937/poljteh2203001a
8. Ashley, R., Blackwood, D. J., Butler, D., Davies, J. W., Jowitt, P., & Smith, H. P. (2003). Sustainable decision making for the UK water industry. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Engineering Sustainability, 156(1), 41-49. https://doi.org/10.1680/ensu.2003.156.1.41

9. Awasthi, A., & Pandita, D. (2019). Role of business intelligence and analytics: Analysis of data driven decision. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 8(12). 1506- 1510. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.L3101.1081219
10. Ayre, C., & Scally, A. J. (2014). Critical values for Lawshe’s content validity ratio: Revisiting the original methods of calculation. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 47(1), 79- 86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175613513808
11. Balconi, M., & Fronda, G. (2020). Ethics into the (brain) company: From moral people to moral organization? International Research Center for Cognitive Applied Neuroscience (IRCCAN), 9788879169523, 123-141. https://doi.org/10.7359/945-2020-bal7
12. Baudin, K., Sundström, A., Borg, J., & Gustafsson, C. (2021). Decision-making is in the making! Aspects of decision-making in the area of assistive and welfare technology—a qualitative study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8), 4028. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph18084028
13. Bayraktar, C., Araci, Ö., Karaçay, G., & Çalışır, F. (2016). The mediating effect of rewarding on the relationship between employee involvement and job satisfaction. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing ve Service Industries, 27(1), 45-52. https://doi.org/10.1002/hfm.20683
14. Bazerman, M. H., & Moore, D. A. (2009). Judgment in managerial decision making (7th Edition). New York : Wiley.
15. Bebi, L., & Xhindi, T. (2017). The impact of organizational factors in ethical decision making of Albanian accountants. European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 6(2), 95. https://doi.org/10.26417/ ejms.v6i2.p95-101
16. Behravesh, E., Abubakar, A. M., & Tanova, C. (2020). Participation in decision-making and work outcomes: Evidence from a developing economy. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 43(3), 704-723. https://doi.org/10.1108/er-08-2018-0228
17. Brown, M., & Cregan, C. (2008). Organizational change cynicism: The role of employee involvement. Human Resource Management, 47(4), 667-686. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20239
18. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2005). Anket geliştirme. Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(2), 133-151.
19. Caramelli, M., & Carberry, E. (2014). Understanding employee preferences for investing in employer stock: Evidence from France. Human Resource Management Journal, 24(4), 548-566. https://doi. org/10.1111/1748-8583.12057
20. Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis (2nd edition). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Defourney, J., Estrin, S., & Jones, D. C. (1985). The effects of workers’ participation on enterprise performance. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 3(2), 197-217. https://doi. org/10.1016/0167-7187(85)90004-9
21. Driscoll, J. (1978). Trust and participation in organizational decision making as predictors of satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 21(1), 44-56. https://doi.org/10.2307/255661 Eisenhardt, K. M., & Zbaracki, M. J. (1992). Strategic decision making. Strategic Management Journal, 13(S2), 17-37. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250130904
22. Ercan, İ., & Kan, İ. (2004). Ölçeklerde güvenirlik ve geçerlik. Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 30(3), 211-216.
23. Erkorkmaz, Ü., Etikan, I., Demir, O., Özdamar, K., & Sanisoğlu, S. Y. (2013). Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ve uyum indeksleri. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences, 33(1), 210-223. https://doi. org/10.5336/medsci.2011-26747
24. Etim, O. E., Umoffong, N. J., & Confidence, I. (2022). An assessment of the challenges of adoption of quantitative models in decision making by small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria. IAR Journal of Business Management, 3(02), 12-20. https://doi.org/10.47310/iarjbm.2022.v03i02.003
25. Evanthi, A. (2021). The effects of organizational design and decision-making process on organizational performance. Journal of Economics Finance and Management Studies, 04(11). https://doi. org/10.47191/jefms/v4-i11-17
26. Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (4th edition). London: Sage Publications. García, G., Gonzales–Miranda, D. R., Gallo, Ó., & Román-Calderón, J. P. (2019). Employee involvement and job satisfaction: A tale of the millennial generation. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 41(3), 374-388. https://doi.org/10.1108/er-04-2018-0100
27. Gilmore, A. (1996). The impact of organizational factors on management decision making. Strategic Change, 5(6), 343-358. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1697(199611)5:63.0.co;2-e
28. Gore, J., Banks, A., Millward, L., & Kyriakidou, O. (2006). Naturalistic decision making and organizations: reviewing pragmatic science. Organization Studies, 27(7), 925-942. https://doi. org/10.1177/0170840606065701
29. Greenberg, J. (1987). A taxonomy of organizational justice theories. The Academy of Management Review, 12(1), 9–22. https://doi.org/10.2307/257990
30. Guo, R., Liu, B., & Zhan-li, Y. (2011). Research on decision-making effectiveness factors of top management team. 2011 International Conference on Management Science ve Amp; Engineering 18th Annual Conference Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1109/icmse.2011.6069985
31. Hawlader, M. R., Rana, M. M., Kalam, A., & Polas, M. R. H. (2023). Empowering workers’ involvement: Unveiling the dynamics of communication, recognition, productivity, and decision-making in the RMG sector. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship, 3(3), 211–231. https://doi. org/10.35912/joste.v3i3.1511
32. Hussenot, A. (2021). All for one, one for all! From events to organizational dynamics in fluid organization. M N Gement, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.37725/mgmt.v24.4534
33. Iannello, P., Perucca, V., Riva, S., Antonietti, A., & Pravettoni, G. (2015). What do physicians believe about the way decisions are made? A pilot study on metacognitive knowledge in the medical context. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 11(4), 691-706. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v11i4.979
34. Izhar, T., & Shoid, M. (2020). Ontology application for the organizational goals. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 10(4), 48. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v10i4.17839
35. Izhar, T. A. T. (2017). Ontology based framework to configure the organizational goal analysis and decision- making. International Journal of Information Technology and Computer Science, 9(9), 53-59. https://doi.org/10.5815/ijitcs.2017.09.05
36. Karagöz, Y. (2017). SPSS ve AMOS uygulamalı nicel-nitel-karma bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri ve yayın etiği. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
37. Khan, S., Khan, M. I., Rais, M., & Aziz, T. (2023). Organizational productivity: A critical analysis of the impact of employee motivation. Reviews of Management Sciences, 5(1), 13-37. https://doi. org/10.53909/rms.05.01.0192
38. Khandakar, M. S. A., Huq, K., & Sultana, S. (2018). Perception of employees regarding participation in decision making and problem solving: A study on different branches of banks in Dhaka City. ABC Research Alert, 6(1), Bangladesh. https://doi.org/10.18034/ra.v6i1.324
39. Köklü, M. (1994). Ortaöğretim okullarında öğretmenlerin kararlara katılımı (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). İnönü Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Malatya.
40. Kumar, S., & Saha, S. (2017). Influence of trust and participation in decision making on employee attitudes in Indian public sector undertakings. Sage Open, 7(3), 215824401773303. https://doi. org/10.1177/2158244017733030
41. Lam, S., Chen, X., & Schaubroeck, J. (2002). Participative decision making and employee performance in different cultures: The moderating effects of allocentrism/idiocentrism and efficacy. Academy of Management Journal, 45(5), 905-914. https://doi.org/10.2307/3069321
42. Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel Psychology, 28(4), 563-575. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x
43. Liu, S., Duffy, A. H. B., Whitfield, R. I., Boyle, I. M., & McKenna, I. (2009). Towards the realization of an integrated decision support environment for organizational decision making. International Journal of Decision Support System Technology, 1(4), 38-58. https://doi.org/10.4018/ jdsst.2009062603
44. March, J. G. (1994). A primer on decision making: How decisions happen. Free Press. Matei, A., Ciora, C., Ceche, R., & Dumitru, A. S. (2018). Efficiency and effectiveness of the European parliament under the ordinary legislative procedure. Administrative Sciences, 9(3), 70. https://doi. org/10.3390/admsci9030070
45. Mayasari, L., Akbar, M., & Sari, E. (2019). The effect of organizational culture and communication in decision making by school principals. International E-Journal of Educational Studies, 4(7), 122- 132. https://doi.org/10.31458/iejes.615719
46. Nutt, P. C. (2016). Organizational decision-making. Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_2553-1
47. Nwosu, H., Okoh, M., & Goodluck, A. (2020). Employees’ participation in decision making and employees’ productivity. International Journal of Business and Applied Social Science, 6(3), 63-76. https://doi.org/10.33642/ijbass.v6n3p6
48. Oetjen, R., Oetjen, D., & Rotarius, T. (2008). Administrative decision making. The Health Care Manager, 27(1), 4-12. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hcm.0000285026.95009.19
49. Owusu, B. B., & Nyame, F. (2022). Students’ participation in the decision-making process in the Ghanaian tertiary institutions. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.47941/jep.940
50. Özmen, F., & Yörük, S. (2005). İnsan kaynakları yönetimi çerçevesinde okul yöneticilerinin karar verme sürecindeki etkiliklerine ilişkin ölçek geliştirilmesi. Journal of Social Science, 15(2) 179-198.
51. Pearson, C. A. L. (1991). An assessment of extrinsic feedback on participation, role perceptions, motivation, and job satisfaction in a self-managed system for monitoring group achievement. Human Relations, 44(5), 517-537. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679104400506
52. Pervan, M., Curak, M., & Kramaric, T. P. (2018), The influence of industry characteristics and dynamic capabilities on firms’ profitability. International Journal of Financial Studies, 6(1), 1-19. https:// doi:10.3390/ijfs6010004
53. Popoola, O. A., Adama, H. E., Okeke, C. D., & Akinoso, A. E. (2024). The strategic value of business analysts in enhancing organizational efficiency and operations. International Journal of Management & Entrepreneurship Research, 6(4), 1288-1303. https://doi.org/10.51594/ijmer.v6i4.1059
54. Rahman, M., Chowdhury, M. R. H. K., Islam, M. A., Tohfa, M. U., Kader, M. A., Ahmed, A. A. A., & Donepudi, P. K. (2020). Relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and job satisfaction: Evidence from private bank employees. American Journal of Trade and Policy, 7(2), 65-72. https://doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v7i2.492
55. Reynolds, N., Diamantopoulos, A., & Schlegelmilch, B. B. (1993). Pretesting in questionnaire design: A review of the literature and suggestions for further research. Journal of the Market Research Society, 35(2), 171-182. https://doi.org/10.1177/147078539303500202
56. Saarelainen, M., Koskinen, J., Ahonen, J., Kankaanpää, I., Sivula, H., Lintinen, H., & Tilus, T. (2007). Group Decision-Making Processes in Industrial Software Evolution. International Conference on Software Engineering Advances (ICSEA 2007), Cap Esterel, France, pp. 78-78, https://doi. org/10.1109/ICSEA.2007.38.
57. Sabuncuoğlu, D. M., Aslan, F., Şahin, E., & Karaçul, F. E. (2021). Team decision making questionnaire Turkish form (TDMQ-TR): Validity and reliability study. Hacettepe University Faculty of Health Sciences Journal, 8(3), 573-590. https://doi.org/10.21020/husbfd.944926
58. Santos, A. A. V. D., Filho, T. A. D. S., Medeiros, H. D. S., & Silva, R. M. P. D. (2020). Organizational structure and its influence on decision-making. International Journal for Innovation Education and Research, 8(11), 489-507. https://doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol8.iss11.2778
59. Sertoğlu, A. E. (2014). Karar verme sürecinde tüketici karmaşası (kaosu): Ölçek geliştirme (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
60. Simon, H. A. (1960). The new science of management decision. Harpers & Brothers Publishers.
61. Simon, H. A. (1997). Administrative Behavior: A Study of Decision-Making Processes in Administrative Organizations (4th ed.). Free Press.
62. Steel, R. P., & Lloyd, R. F. (1988). Cognitive, affective, and behavioral outcomes of participation in quality circles: conceptual and empirical findings. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 24(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886388241004
63. Stevens, J. P. (2009). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (5th Edition). New York: Routledge.
64. Stojkovski, V. (2020). The usage of decision support systems for improving managerial decision-making process. Horizons Series A, 25. https://doi.org/10.20544/horizons.a.25.2.20.p03
65. Taşdelen, A. (2002). Öğretmen adaylarının farklı psiko sosyal değişkenlere göre karar verme stilleri (Yayımlanmamış Doktora tezi). Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir. Thibaut, J. W., & Walker, L. (1975). Procedural justice: A psychological analysis. Hillsdale: L. Erlbaum Associates.
66. Tian, X., & Zhai, X. (2019). Employee involvement in decision-making: The more the better? International Journal of Manpower, 40(4), 768-782. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijm-05-2017-0090
67. Uzun, M. (2000). Öğretmen örgütlerinin karar sürecine katılmasına ilişkin öğretmen tutumları (Yayımlanmamış
68. Yüksek lisans Tezi). Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kocaeli.
69. Uygur, M. N. (2016). İşletmelerde stratejik karar verme süreci ve başarısını etkileyen temel faktörler: Mersin ili merkezli uluslararası taşımacılık sektörü işletmelerinde bir araştırma (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek lisans Tezi). Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Isparta.
70. Vroom, V. H., & Yetton, P. W. (1973). Leadership and decision-making. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
71. Weli, M. N. R. (2024). Karar verme stillerinin kararların kalitesini etkileyen faktörler üzerindeki etkisi: Sağlık kurumları örneği (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Çankırı.
72. Xia, Y., Zhang, L., & Zhao, N. (2016). Impact of participation in decision making on job satisfaction: An organizational communication perspective. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 19. https://doi. org/10.1017/sjp.2016.56
73. Yazıcıoğlu, Y., & Erdoğan, S. (2004). SPSS uygulamalı bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
74. Yeşilçınar, İ., & Güvenç, G. (2019). Karar vermede çatışma ve karardan emin olma ölçeklerinin Türk toplumuna uyarlanması. Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi, 16(2), 87-95. https://doi:10.5222/ HEAD.2019.087
75. Yıldırım, İ., Akan, D., & Yalçın, S. (2019). Okullarda örgütsel sinizmin yordayıcısı olarak karar verme sürecine katılım. Bartın Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(2), 487-506. https://doi. org/10.14686/buefad.444354
76. Yılmaz, E., & Jafarova, G. (2022). Development of data driven decision making scale: A validity and reliability study. Research on Education and Psychology, 6(Special Issue), 69-91. https://doi. org/10.54535/rep.1104114
77. Ylinen, M., & Gullkvist, B. (2014). The effects of organic and mechanistic control in exploratory and exploitative innovations. Management Accounting Research, 25(1), 93-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. mar.2013.05.001
78. Živadinović, K. N. (2004). Utvrđivanje osnovnih karakteristika proizvoda primjenom faktorske analize (Defining the basic product attributes using the factor analysis). Ekonomski Pregled, 55(11-12), 952–966.