A MULTI-LEVEL ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING, TRUST IN OTHERS AND WORK MOTIVATION: EXPECTANCY THEORY APPROACH

Year 2019, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 858 - 888, 01.10.2019

Mehmet Nasih Tağ , Burak Çetinkaya

https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.2019355054

Cited By: 4

Abstract

Drawing on the expectancy theory of motivation, we develop a conceptual framework that links subjective well-being and trust in others to effort-performance and performancereward expectancies. More specifically, we argue that as the level of an employee’s positive affect, satisfaction with life and trust in others increase, the employee’s effort-performance and performance-reward expectancies as well as job motivation become stronger. We test this framework by utilizing hierarchical mixed-effects regression technique on a sample of data collected through a survey of employees from 11 organizations. The results indicate that both positive affect and satisfaction with life play a role in the process of motivation. On the other hand, the evidence is not consistent with the hypothesis that trust in others has a role in the process of motivation

Keywords

Subjective Well-Being, Trust in Others, Motivation, Expectancy Theory

ÖZNEL İYİ OLUŞ HALİ, BAŞKASINA GÜVEN VE İŞ MOTİVASYONU ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ: BEKLENTİ TEORİSİ ÇERÇEVESİNDE ÇOK DÜZEYLİ ANALİZ

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, bir çalışanın öznel iyi oluş hali ile başkalarına duyduğu güvenin iş motivasyonu süreci ile ilişkisini beklenti teorisi çerçevesinde incelemektir. Bu amaçla ortaya konan kavramsal çerçeveye göre bir çalışanın pozitif duygulanımı, yaşam doyumu ve başkalarına duyduğu güven, bu çalışanın efor-performans ile performans-çıktı ilişkilerine dair beklentilerini ve motivasyonunu etkilemektedir. Bu ilişkileri test etmek için anket yoluyla 11 ayrı kurumdan toplanan veriler hiyerarşik karışık-etkili regresyon yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular, öznel iyi oluş halinin motivasyon sürecinde önemli bir rolü olduğunu göstermektedir. Ancak, başkalarına duyulan güvenin bu süreç içindeki rolüne dair hipotez desteklenememektedir.

Keywords

Öznel İyi Oluş Hali, Başkasına Güven, İş Motivasyonu, Beklenti Teorisi

References

• Adams, S. J. (1963). Towards an understanding of inequity. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67(5), 422–436.
• Albright, J. J., & Park, H. M. (2009). Confirmatory factor analysis using Amos, LISREL, Mplus, and SAS/STAT CALIS. The University Information Technology Services (UITS) Center for Statistical and Mathematical Computing, Indiana University, Working Paper. Erişim tarihi: 25.03.2019, https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/handle/2022/19736
• Alderfer, C. P. (1972). Existence, relatedness and growth. New York: Free Press.
• Allen, R. E., Lucero, M. A., & Van Norman, K. L. (1997). An examination of the individual’s decision to participate in an employee involvement program. Group Organization Management, 22(1), 117-143.
• Ambrose, M. L., & Kulik, C. T. (1999). Old friends, new faces: Motivation research in the 1990s. Journal of Management, 25(3), 231-292.
• Arthaud-Day, M. L., Rode, J. C., Mooney, C. H., & Near, J. P. (2005). The subjective well-being construct: A test of its convergent, discriminant, and factorial validity. Social Indicators Research, 74(3), 445-476.
• Ashkanasy, N. M., & Daus, C. S. (2002). Emotion in the workplace: The new challenge for managers. The Academy of Management Executive, 16(1), 76-86.
• Bailey, T. H., & Phillips, L. J. (2016). The influence of motivation and adaptation on students’ subjective well-being, meaning in life and academic performance. Higher Education Research & Development, 35(2), 201-216.
• Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
• Barber, B. (1983). The logic and limits of trust. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
• Birkan, K. C. (2009). Çalışanların motivasyonel öncelikleri ve bir motivasyon faktörü olarak liderliğin önemi. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi.
• Brooks, L., & Betz, N. E. (1990). Utility of expectancy theory in predicting occupational choices in college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 37(1), 57-64.
• Castro, S. L., Douglas, C., Hochwarter, W. A., Ferris, G. R., & Frink, D. D. (2003). The effects-of positive affect and gender on the influence tactics-job performance relationship. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 10(1), 1-18.
• Chang, J., O’Neill, G., & Travaglione, A. (2016). Demographic influences on employee trust towards managers. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 24(2), 246-260.
• Colquitt, J. A., Scott, B. A., & LePine, J. A. (2007). Trust, trustworthiness, and trust propensity: A meta- analytic test of their unique relationships with risk taking and job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 909-927.
• Costigan, R. D., Ilter, S. S., & Berman, J. J. (1998). A multi-dimensional study of trust in organizations. Journal of Managerial Issues, 10(3), 303-317.
• Cropanzano, R., James, K., & Konovsky, M. A. (1993). Dispositional affectivity as a predictor of work attitudes and job performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14(6), 595-606.
• Cropanzano, R., & Wright, T. A. (2001). When a “happy” worker is really a “productive” worker: A review and further refinement of the happy-productive worker thesis. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 53(3), 182.
• Dağlı, A., & Baysal, N. (2016). Yaşam doyumu ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(59), 1250-1262.
• Diener, E. D. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542-575.
• Diener, E. D. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55(1), 34-43.
• Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75.
• Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276-302.
• Dirks, K. T. (1999). The effects of interpersonal trust on work group performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(3), 445-455.
• Doğan, Y., & Özdevecioğlu, M. (2009). Pozitif ve negatif duygusallığın çalışanların performansları üzerindeki etkisi. Selçuk Üniversitesi İİBF Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 18, 165- 190.
• Duckworth, A. L., Quinn, P. D., & Seligman, M. E. (2009). Positive predictors of teacher effectiveness. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(6), 540-547.
• Easterlin, R. A. (1995). Will raising the incomes of all increase the happiness of all? Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 27(1), 35-47.
• Erdogan, B., Bauer, T. N., Peiró, J., & Truxillo, D. M. (2011). Overqualified employees: Making the best of a potentially bad situation for individuals and organizations. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 4(2), 215-232.
• Erdogan, B., Bauer, T. N., Truxillo, D. M., & Mansfield, L. R. (2012). Whistle while you work: A review of the life satisfaction literature. Journal of Management, 38(4), 1038-1083.
• Erez, A., & Isen, A. M. (2002). The influence of positive affect on the components of expectancy motivation. Journal of Applied psychology, 87(6), 1055-1067.
• Gallup, Inc. (2017). State of the global workplace. Erişim tarihi: 25.05.2018, http://news.gallup.com/ reports/220313/state-global-workplace-2017.aspx?utm_source=2013StateofGlobalWorkplaceRe port&utm_medium=2013SOGWReportLandingPage&utm_campaign=2013StateofGlobalRepo rt_Redirectto2017page&utm_content=download2017now_textlink.
• Gençöz, T. (2000). Pozitif ve negatif duygu ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 15(46), 19-26.
• Geiger, M., & Cooper, E. (1996). Using expectancy theory to assess student motivation. Issues in Accounting Education, 11(1), 113-129.
• George, J. M. (1996). Trait and state affect. In K. Murphy (ed.), Individual differences and behavior in organizations (pp. 145-171). San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass.
• Greene, W. H. (2003). Econometric analysis. (5. Baskı). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis: Pearson new international edition. Essex: Pearson Education Limited.
• Heavey, C., Halliday, S. V., Gilbert, D., & Murphy, E. (2011). Enhancing performance: Bringing trust, commitment and motivation together in organisations. Journal of General Management, 36(3), 1-18.
• Herzberg, F. (1966). Work and the nature of man. Cleveland: World Publishing.
• Herzberg, F. (1970). The motivation-hygiene theory. In V. H. Vroom, E. L. Deci (Eds.), Management and motivation (pp. 86-90). England: Penguin Books.
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
• Isen, A. M. (2000). Positive affect and decision making. In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones, (ed.), Handbook of emotions ( 2nd ed., pp. 261–277). New York: Guilford.
• Jovanovic, V. (2015). Beyond the PANAS: Incremental validity of the scale of positive and negative experience (SPANE) in relation to well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 487- 491.
• Judge, T. A., Erez, A., & Bono, J. E. (1998). The power of being positive: The relation between positive self-concept and job performance. Human Performance, 11(2-3), 167-187.
• Judge, T. A., & Hulin, C. L. (1993). Job satisfaction as a reflection of disposition: A multiple source causal analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 56(3), 388-421.
• Kaya, Ö., Özok, A. F., Özçalık, F., & Akalp, H. G. (2015). Pozitif ve negatif duygusallığın tasarım birimi çalışanları üzerindeki etkisi (Hazır giyim sektörü örneği). SDÜ Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi, 3, 487-491.
• Klein, H. J. (1991). Further evidence on the relationship between goal setting and expectancy theories. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 49(2), 230-257.
• Kline, R. B. 2016. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. (4. Baskı). New York: Guilford Press.
• Kurt, D. T., & Donald, F. L. (2002). Trust in leadership: Meta-analytic findings and implications for research and practice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 611-628.
• Locke, E. A. (1968). Toward a theory of task motivation and incentives. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 3(2), 157-189.
• Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2004). What should we do about motivation theory? Six recommendations for the twenty-first century. Academy of Management Review, 29(3), 388-403.
• Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. B., & Norman, S. M. (2007). Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 60(3), 541-572.
• Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131(6), 803-855.
• Madjar, N., Oldham, G. R., & Pratt, M. G. (2002). There’s no place like home? The contributions of work and nonwork creativity support to employees’ creative performance. Academy of Management Journal, 45(4), 757-767.
• Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370–396.
• McClelland, D. C. (1961). Methods of measuring human motivation. In J. W. Atkinson (ed.), The achieving society (pp. 41-43). Princeton, N. J.: Van Nostrand.
• Mehmetoglu, M. (2015). RELICOEF: Stata module to compute Raykov’s factor reliability coefficient. Statistical Software Components S458000, Boston College Department of Economics.
• Monge, P. R., Cozzens, M. D., & Contractor, N. S. (1992). Communication and motivational predictors of the dynamics of organizational innovation. Organization Science, 3(2), 250-274.
• Myers, D. G. (2000). The funds, friends, and faith of happy people. American Psychologist, 55(1), 56-67.
• Myers, D. G., & Diener, E. (1995). Who is happy? Psychological Science, 6(1), 10-19.
• Nadler, D. A., Jenkins, G. D., Cammann, C., & Lawler, E. E. (1975). The Michigan organizational assessment package: Progress report II, Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan.
• Park, J., & Banaji, M. R. (2000). Mood and heuristics: The influence of happy and sad states on sensitivity and bias in stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(6), 1005-1023.
• Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (2008). The satisfaction with life scale and the emerging construct of life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3(2), 137-152.
• Perrewé, P. L., & Spector, P. E. (2002). Personality research in the organizational sciences. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 21, ABD: Elsevier Science/JAI Press, 1-63.
• Pinder, C. C. (1998). Motivation in work organizations. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
• Porter, L. W., & Lawler, E. E. (1968). Managerial attitudes and performance. Homewood, IL: RD Irwin.
• Porter, L. W., Lawler, E. E., & Hackman, J. R. (1975). Behavior in organizations. New York: McGraw- Hill.
• Rabe-Hesketh, S., & Skrondal, A. (2008). Multilevel and longitudinal modeling using Stata. College Station, TX: Stata Press.
• Robinson, R. V., & Jackson, E. F. (2001). Is trust in others declining in America? An age-period-cohort analysis. Social Science Research, 30, 117-145.
• Rosenberg, M. (1956). Misanthropy and political ideology. American Sociological Review, 21, 690-695.
• Rotter, J. B. (1967). A new scale for the measurement of interpersonal trust. Journal of Personality, 35, 651-665.
• Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71-92.
• Sessa, V. I., Kabacoff, R. I., Deal, J., & Brown, H. (2007). Generational differences in leader values and leadership behaviors. The Psychologist-Manager Journal, 10, 47-74.
• Shaw, J. D., & Gupta, N. (2001). Pay fairness and employee outcomes: Exacerbation and attenuation effects of financial need. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 74(3), 299- 320.
• Snead, K. C., & Harrell, A. M. (1994). An application of expectancy theory to explain a manager’s intention to use a decision support system. Decision Sciences, 25(4), 499-510.
• Stahl, M. J., & Harrell, A. M. (1981). Modeling effort decisions with behavioral decision theory: Toward an individual differences model of expectancy theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 27(3), 303-325.
• StataCorp. (2015). Stata: Release 14. statistical software. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC.
• Staw, B. M., Sutton, R. I., & Pelled, L. H. (1994). Employee positive emotion and favorable outcomes at the workplace. Organization Science, 5(1), 51-71.
• Steers, R. M., Mowday, R. T., & Shapiro, D. L. (2004). The future of work motivation theory. Academy of Management Review, 29(3), 379-387.
• Svensson, S. (2012). Flexible working conditions and decreasing levels of trust. Employee Relations, 34, 126-137.
• Tağ, M. N., & Hıdıroğlu, D. (2018). Kaymakamların algılanan liderlik tarzı çalışanların iş tatminini etkiliyor mu? Ampirik bir çalışma. Istanbul Business Research, 47(2), 233-258.
• Van Eerde, W., & Thierry, H. (1996). Vroom’s expectancy models and work-related criteria: A meta- analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(5), 575-586.
• Vroom, V.H. (1964). Work and motivation. Oxford, England: Wiley.
• Vroom, V. H. (1967). Work and motivation. (3. Baskı). New York: John Wiley&Sons.
• Walters, G. D. (2011). Black–white differences in positive outcome expectancies for crime: A study of male federal prison inmates. Journal of Criminal Justice, 39, 192-197.
• Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.
• Whitener, E. M., Brodt, S. E., Korsgaard, M. A., & Werner, J. M. (1998). Managers as initiators of trust: An exchange relationship framework for understanding managerial trustworthy behavior. Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 513-530.
• Yetim, Ü. (1991). Kişisel projelerin organizasyonu ve örüntüsü açısından yaşam doyumu. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi.
• Yıldırım, E., & Akın, M. (2018). Örgütlerde dışlanma, sinizim ve pozitif-negatif duygusallık arasındaki ilişkiler: Pozitif ve negatif duygusallığın aracılık rolü. Uluslararası Yönetim, İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 14(2), 427-449.
• Yilmaz, I., & Tag, M. N. (2016). Happiness and economic freedom: Are they related? SHS Web of Conferences, 28, EDP Sciences.