The Effect of University Students’ Social Media Addiction and Academic Procrastination Tendency on Their Perceived Academic Failure

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of university students' social media addiction (SMA) and academic procrastination (AP) on their perceived academic failure (PAF). Two hundred seven data points were collected from students (including all grades) of the Finance and Banking department, the most established department of Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Applied Sciences, using a Google survey form. The response rate of university students was 67.8%. The survey form consists of statements regarding demographic characteristics and three validated scales. Frequency analysis, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and Structural Equation Modelling were applied to the obtained data. Study results demonstrate that AP has a positive and significant effect on PAF (β = 0.32). In addition, it was determined that SMA positively affects AP (β = 0.47). This finding suggests that the increase in SMA strengthens AP behavior. The results obtained reveal that university students' AP tendency has a direct effect on their PAF. It was determined that SMA increases the tendency to AP, but it does not directly affect the perception of academic failure. The findings show that one of the main determinants of perceived academic failure is AP, and that SMA can indirectly jeopardize this process. It is suggested that educational policies include interventions to reduce AP and raise awareness of social media use.

Keywords

• Social media addiction
• Academic procrastination
• Perceived academic failure
• Higher education
• University students

Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Sosyal Medya Bağımlığı Ve Akademik Erteleme Tutumlarının Algılanan Akademik Başarısızlığına Etkisi

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal medya bağımlılığı (SMB) ve akademik erteleme (AE) eğilimlerinin algılanan akademik başarısızlıktaki (AAB) etkisini araştırmaktır. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Uygulamalı Bilimler Fakültesi’nin en eski bölümü olan Finans ve Bankacılık bölüm öğrencilerden (tüm sınıflardan) Google anket formu kullanılarak 207 veri toplanmıştır. Üniversite öğrencilerinin yanıt oranı %67.8’dir. Anket formu demografik özelliklerle ilgili ifadeleri ve geçerliliği kanıtlanmış üç ölçekten oluşmaktadır. Elde edilen verilere frekans analizi, açıklayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ve Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi uygulanmıştır. AE’nin AAB üzerinde pozitif yönde ve anlamlı bir etkiye sahip olduğunu (β = 0.32) göstermektedir. Ayrıca, SMB’nin AE’yi pozitif yönde etkilediği (β = 0.47) tespit edilmiştir. Bu bulgu, SMB’deki artışın AE davranışını güçlendirdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, üniversite öğrencilerinin AE eğilimlerinin AAB üzerinde doğrudan bir etkisi olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. SMB’nin AE eğilimini artırdığı belirlenmiş, ancak doğrudan akademik başarısızlık algısını etkilemediği görülmüştür. Bulgular, akademik başarısızlık algısının temel belirleyicilerinden birinin AE olduğunu ve SMB’nin bu süreci dolaylı olarak etkileyebileceğini göstermektedir. Eğitim politikaları kapsamında AE’nin azaltılmasına yönelik müdahalelerin geliştirilmesi ve sosyal medya kullanımına dair farkındalık oluşturulması önerilmektedir.

Keywords

• Sosyal medya bağımlılığı
• Akademik erteleme
• Algılanan akademik başarısızlık
• Yüksek öğrenim
• Üniversite öğrencileri

References

1. Alaya MB, Ouali U, Youssef SB, Aissa A. & Nacef F. (2021). Academic procrastination in university students: Associated factors and impact on academic performance. European Psychiatry. 64(S1), 759-S760. http://doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2013
2. Alpar, R. (2018). Spor sağlık ve eğitim bilimlerinden örneklerle uygulamalı istatistik ve geçerlik güvenirlik - SPSS'de çözümleme ve adımları ile birlikte. (5. Baskı). Detay yayıncılık. Ankara.
3. Al Shaibani, M. H. (2020). Academic Procrastination Among University Students in Saudi Arabia and Its Association with Social Media Addiction. Psychology And Education, 57(8), 1118-1124.
4. Anierobi, E. I., Etodike, C. E., Okeke, N. U., & Ezennaka, A. O. (2021). Social Media Addiction as Correlates of Academic Procrastination and Achievement among Undergraduates of Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 10(3), 20–33.
5. Anwar, M., Anwar, A. & Marwan, A. H. (2022). Impact of Social Media Usage on AcademicProcrastination. Global Educational Studies Review, 7(2), 251- 262. https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).24
6. Aslan, I. & Polat, H. (2024). Investigating social media addiction and impact of social media addiction, loneliness, depression, life satisfaction and problem-solving skills on academic self-efficacy and academic success among university students. Front. Public Health 12:1359691. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1359691
7. Avci, S., Cakir, M. & Akinci, T. (2024). Examining Social Media Addiction as a Predictor of Academic Achievement and Academic Procrastination: A Cohort of Undergraduate Students. Journal on Efficiency and Responsibility in Education and Science (ERIES Journal), 17(4), 286–298. http://dx.doi.org/10.7160/eriesj.2024.170402
8. Balkıs, M. & Duru, E. (2017). Gender Differences in the Relationship between Academic Procrastination, Satifaction with Academic Life and Academic Performance. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 15(1), 105-125. http://dx.doi.org/10.14204/ejrep.41.16042

9. Bartwal, J. & Nath, B. (2020). Evaluation of nomophobia among medical students using smartphone in north India. Medical Journal Armed Forces India, 76(4), 451-455, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mjafi.2019.03.001
10. Baruch, Y., & Holtom, B. C. (2008). Survey response rate levels and trends in organizational research. Human relations, 61(8), 1139-1160.
11. Bayram, N. (2010). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş AMOS uygulamaları. Ezgi Kitabevi.
12. Bozgün, K., Can, F., & Baytemir, K. (2022). Adaptation of The Triarchic Model of Grit Scale and Perceived Academic Underachievement Scale into Turkish. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 9(3), 691-705.
13. Büyükgebiz Koca, E., & Tunca, M.Z. (2020). İnternet ve Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığının Öğrenciler Üzerindeki Etkilerine Dair Bir Araştırma. Alanya Akademik Bakış, 4(1), 77-103.
14. Cheston, C. C. MD, Flickinger, T. E. MD, MPH; Chisolm, M. S. MD. (2013). Social Media Use in Medical Education: A Systematic Review. Academic Medicine 88(6), 893-901. http://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0b013e31828ffc23
15. Çınar, O. & Cinisli, Z. (2018). In-Class Cyberloafing among Undergraduate Students of Physical Education and Sports Teaching Department. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Araştırmaları Dergisi (BESAD), 10(1), 39-48.
16. Demirci, İ. (2019). Bergen Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı Ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması, depresyon ve anksiyete belirtileriyle ilişkisinin değerlendirilmesi. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg, 20(Ek sayı.1), 15-22.
17. Doğan, R. Ş., & Yılmaz, V. (2017). Üniversite öğrencilerinin girişimcilik niyetlerinin betimlenmesine yönelik bir yapısal eşitlik modeli önerisi. Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(2), 742-764.
18. Ellis, A., & Knaus, W. J. (1977). Overcoming procrastination (New York, Institute for Rational Living). Scientific Research, 1(7), 1-11.
19. Ertemel, A. V. & Pektaş, G. Ö. E. (2018). Dijitalleşen Dünyada Tüketici Davranışları Açısından Mobil Teknoloji Bağımlılığı: Üniversite Öğrencileri Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma. Yıldız Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2(2), 18-34.
20. Fan, Y., Chen, J., Shirkey, G., John, R., Wu, S. R., Park, H., & Shao, C. (2016). Applications of structural equation modeling (SEM) in ecological studies: an updated review. Ecological processes, 5, 1-12.
21. Ferrari, J.R. & Pychyl, T.A. (2000). (Eds.). Procrastination: Current Issues and New Directions. [Special Issue]. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 15(5), 185–196.
22. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50.
23. Gica S, Yunden S, Kirkas A, Sevil F, Ozdengul F, & Ak M. (2020). The Effect of Social Media / Smartphone Addiction and Sleep Quality on Academic Success: A Retrospective Study in Pre-Clinic Medical Faculty Students. Selcuk Med J., 36(4), 312-318. http://doi.org/10.30733/std.2020.01471
24. Goroshit, M. & Hen, M. (2021). Academic procrastination and academic performance: Do learning disabilities matter?. Curr Psychol, 40, 2490–2498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00183-3
25. Goroshit, M. (2018). Academic procrastination and academic performance: An initial basis for intervention. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 46(2), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/10852352.2016.1198157
26. Gozum, A.I.C., Erkul, R. & Aksoy, N. (2020). Use of Smartphones in Class: Examining the Relationship Between M-Learning Readiness, Cyberloafing, Nomophobia and Addiction Variables. International Journal of Progressive Education, 16(6), 94-120. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2020.280.6
27. Gür, S. H., Bakırcı, Ö., Karabaş, B. N., Bayoğlu, F., et al. (2018). Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığının Akademik Erteleme Davranışları Üzerindeki Etkisi. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5(10), 68-77. https://doi.org/10.29129/inujgse.466534
28. Hamam, B., Khandaqji, S., Sakr, S. & Ghaddar, A. (2023). Social media addiction in university students in Lebanon and its effect on student performance. Journal of American College Health, 72(8), 3042–3048. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2022.2152690
29. Hou, Y., Xiong, D., Jiang, T., Song, L., & Wang, Q. (2019). Social media addiction: Its impact, mediation, and intervention. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 13(1), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2019-1-4
30. Huang, C. C., Wang, Y. M., Wu, T. W., & Wang, P. A. (2013). An empirical analysis of the antecedents and performance consequences of using the moodle platform. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 3(2), 217-221.
31. Junco, R. (2012). Too much face and not enough books: The relationship between multiple indices of Facebook use and academic performance. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(1): 187-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.08.026
32. Karaca Belli, T., Belli, Ş., Akıncı, I., Keleş, Ö. & Altun, O. (2022). Üniversite Öğrencilerinin İnternet Bağımlılığının Akademik Başarıları Üzerindeki Etkisi. Türk Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 59-69.
33. Kim, S., Fernandez, S., & Terrier, L. (2017). Procrastination, personality traits, and academic performance: When active and passive procrastination tell a different story. Personality and Individual Differences, 108(1), 154-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.paid.2016.12.021
34. Kim, K. R. & Seo, E. H. (2015). The relationship between procrastination and academic performance: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 82(2015), 26-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.02.038 Kirschner, P. A., & Karpinski, A. C. (2010). Facebook® and academic performance. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(6), 1237–1245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.024
35. Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). Social networking sites and addiction: Ten lessons learned—International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(3), 311. doi: 10.3390/ijerph14030311
36. Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). The Guilford Press Kuznekoff, J. H. & Titsworth, S. (2013). The Impact of Mobile Phone Usage on Student Learning. Communication Education, 62(3), 233–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2013.767917
37. Landa-Blanco M, García YR, Landa-Blanco AL, Cortés-Ramos A. & Paz-Maldonado E. (2024). Social media addiction relationship with academic engagement in university students: The mediator role of self-esteem, depression, and anxiety. Heliyon, 9-10(2), e24384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24384
38. Lau, W.F. (2017). Effects of social media usage and social media multitasking on the academic performance of university students. Computers in Human Behavior, 68, 286-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.043
39. Leung, L. & Lee, P. S. N. (2012). The influences of information literacy, internet addiction and parenting styles on internet risks. New Media & Society, 14(1), 117-136. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444811410406
40. Özyürek, A., Özkan, İ., Nazlı, B., Eroğlu, F. (2017). Öğrenci Bakış Açısından Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Akademik Başarısızlık Nedenleri. 2 nd International Congress on Political, Economic and Social Studies (ICPESS), 19-22 May 2017, 19-31.
41. Qaisar, S., Akhter, N., Masood, N. & Rashid, S. (2017). Problematic Mobile Phone Use, Academic Procrastination, and Academic Performance of College Students. Journal Of Educatıonal Research, 20(2), 201-214.
42. Pekpazar, A., Aydın, G. K., Aydın, U., Beyhan, H. & Arı, E. (2021). Role of Instagram Addiction on Academic Performance among Turkish University Students: Mediating Effect of Procrastination. Computers and Education Open 2 (2021) 100049, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeo.2021.100049
43. Pereira, L. C. & Ramos, F. P. (2021). Academic Procrastination In Unıversity Students: A Systematic Review Of The Literature. Psicol. Esc. Educ, 25, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-35392021223504
44. Rosen, L. D., Carrier, L. M. & Cheever, N. A. (2013). Facebook and texting made me do it: Media-induced task-switching while studying. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 948-958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.12.001
45. Ryan, T., Chester, A., Reece, J. & Xenos, S. (2014). The uses and abuses of Facebook: A review of Facebook addiction. Journal of Behavioral Addictions 3(3), 133–148. http://doi.org/10.1556/JBA.3.2014.016
46. Sert, H., Taskin Yilmaz, F., Karakoc Kumsar, A., & Aygin, D. (2019). Effect of technology addiction on academic success and fatigue among Turkish university students. Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior, 7(1), 41–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/21641846.2019.1585598
47. Snyder, K. E., & Adelson, J. L. (2017). The development and validation of the Perceived Academic Underachievement Scale. The Journal of Experimental Education, 85(4), 614-628.
48. Steel, P., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2016). Academic Procrastination: Psychological Antecedents Revisited. Australian Psychologist, 51, 36-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12173
49. Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 65–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65
50. Suárez-Perdomo, A., Ruiz-Alfonso, Z. & Garces-Delgado, Y. (2022). Profiles of undergraduates’ networks addiction: Difference in academic procrastination and performance. Computers & Education, 181, 104459, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104459
51. Tang, J.K.T., Yau, HN., Wong, SF. & Wong, SK. (2015). The Impacts on Learning via Social Media: A Study on Post-secondary Students in Hong Kong. In: Lam, J., Ng, K., Cheung, S., Wong, T., Li, K., Wang, F. (eds) Technology in Education. Technology-Mediated Proactive Learning. ICTE 2015. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 559. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48978-9_19
52. Urfalıoğlu, Ş., & Tunalı, D. (2023). Akademik erteleme ve akademik yaşam doyumunun akıllı telefon bağımlılığı ile ilişkisi. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 13(4), 2334-2346.
53. Üztemur, S., & Dinç, E. (2023). Academic procrastination using social media: A cross-sectional study with middle school students on the buffering and moderator roles of self-control and gender. Psychology in the Schools, 60, 1060–1082. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22818
54. Yakut, E., & Sönmez, Ö.. (2020). Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı İle Akademik Erteleme Davranışı Arasındaki İlişkide Sosyal Medya Kullanım Amaçlarının Rolü: Bir Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli Çalışması. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 8(2), 2193-2214.