Research Article
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A Conceptual Analysis of Academic Research Paradigms

Year 2025, Issue: 23, 91 - 127, 15.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.20860/ijoses.1664950

Abstract

This study examines the deterministic deductive and inductive approaches, quantitative and qualitative methods, positivist, hermeneutic (interpretive), and mixed research paradigms used in academic research. In doing so, it seeks to explain how the paradigms adopted in scientific research shape researchers' understanding of knowledge and reality and guide the research process. Accordingly, by analyzing how scientific paradigms influence the intellectual and methodological foundations of academic studies, the study aims to contribute to understanding the relationship between preferred research methods in social sciences and the underlying philosophical paradigms. The study primarily employs a qualitative and hermeneutic research approach to explore the frequently utilized scientific research paradigms and the philosophical foundations that shape them. In this context, fundamental conceptualizations such as epistemology, ontology, and axiology, which underpin academic paradigms, are examined. Furthermore, an academic discussion is conducted within the framework of pluralistic and holistic approaches, focusing on the axis of ontological subjectivism and epistemological objectivism. At the core of methodological debates lie the distinct assumptions presented by these paradigms. Scientific paradigms reflect researchers' ways of understanding the world and directly influence the production of scientific knowledge. In this regard, establishing the methodological foundations of academic studies within a solid philosophical framework enhances scientific validity and reliability. Particularly in social sciences, a better understanding of the impact of paradigm selection on research findings will provide significant contributions to the development of the field.

Ethical Statement

I declare that this study is original; that I have acted by the principles and rules of scientific ethics at all stages of the study, including preparation, data collection, analysis, and presentation of information; that I have cited sources for all data and information not obtained within the scope of this study and included these sources in the bibliography; that I have not made any changes in the data used, and that I comply with ethical duties and responsibilities by accepting all the terms and conditions of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). I hereby declare that if a situation contrary to my statement regarding the study is detected, I agree to all moral and legal consequences that may arise.

References

  • Althusser, L. (1984). Felsefe ve bilim adamlarının kendiliğinden felsefesi (Ö. Sezgin, Çev.). Ankara: Birey ve Toplum Yayınları.
  • Ayer, A. J. (1984). Dil, doğruluk ve mantık (V. Hacıkadiroğlu, Çev.). İstanbul: Metris Yayınları.
  • Bacon, F. (2004). Yeni Atlantis (C. Saraçoğlu, Çev.). İstanbul: Bordo Siyah Yayınları.
  • Bhaskar, R. (1989). Reclaiming reality: A critical introduction to contemporary philosophy. London: Verso.
  • Burns, N., & Grove, S. K. (2003). Understanding theory and research frameworks. In Understanding nursing research: Building an evidence-based practice (pp. xx-xx). Philadelphia: Saunders Company.
  • Carnap, R. (1936). Testability and meaning. Philosophy of Science, 3(4), 419–471. https://doi.org/10.1086/286432
  • Cevizci, A. (2008). Felsefe. Ankara: Sentez Yayınları.
  • Chalmers, A. (1990). Bilim dedikleri şey (H. Arslan, Çev.). Ankara: Vadi Yayınları.
  • Collis, J., & Hussey, R. (2003). Business research: A practical guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Comte, A. (1855). The positive philosophy of Auguste Comte (H. Martineau, Çev.). La Palma, Apache Junction: Calvin Blanchard. (Orijinal çalışma 1830–1842'de yayımlanmıştır).
  • Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Demir, Ö. (2012). Bilim felsefesi. Ankara: Sentez Yayıncılık.
  • Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (2018). The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (5th ed.). London: Sage Publications.
  • Descartes, R. (1962). Metafizik düşünceler (M. Karasan, Çev.). İstanbul: MEB Yayınları.
  • Dobson, P. (2002). Critical realism and information systems research: Why bother with philosophy? Information Research, 7(2), 1–12.
  • Feyerabend, P. (1981). Realism, rationalism and scientific method. London: Cambridge University Press. Foucault, M. (1973). The order of things: An archaeology of the human sciences. New York: Vintage Books.
  • Fumerton, R. (2002). Theories of justification. In The Oxford handbook of epistemology (pp. xx-xx). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Gadamer, H. (1987). Hermeneutics as practical philosophy. New York: MIT Press.
  • Gill, J., & Johnson, P. (2002). Research methods for managers. London: Sage Publications.
  • Greene, J. C. (2019). Advancing the Methodological Conversation in Mixed Methods Research. SAGE Open, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019845833
  • Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 105–117). London: Sage Publications.
  • Habermas, J. (1990). Modernlik, tamamlanmamış bir proje. İstanbul: Kıyı Yayınları.
  • Habermas, J. (2011). Sosyal bilimlerin mantığı üzerine. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınları.
  • Heron, J. (1996). Co-operative inquiry: Research into the human condition. London: Sage Publications.
  • Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2005). Why most published research findings are false. PLoS Medicine, 2(8), e124. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124
  • James, W. (1986). Pragmacılık (M. Aşkın, Çev.). İstanbul: Milli Eğitim Basımevi.
  • Kitcher, P. (2001). Science, truth, and democracy. Oxford University Press.
  • Kuhn, T. S. (1970). The structure of scientific revolutions (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Kuhn, T. S. (1995). Bilimsel devrimlerin yapısı (N. Kuyaş, Çev., 4. baskı). İstanbul: Alan Yayıncılık.
  • Lakatos, I. (1986). Falsification and the methodology of scientific research programmes. London: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (2000). Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions, and emerging confluences. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd ed., pp. 163–188). SAGE.
  • Longino, H. (2002). The Fate of Knowledge. Princeton University Press.
  • Machlup, F. (1978). Methodology of economics and other social sciences. New York: Academic Press.
  • Mertens, D. M. (2020). Research and Evaluation in Education and Psychology: Integrating Diversity With Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Mill, J. S. (1843). A system of logic: Ratiocinative and inductive. London: Parker.
  • Morgan, D. L. (2007). Paradigms lost and pragmatism regained: Methodological implications of combining qualitative and quantitative methods. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(1), 48–76.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). London: Sage Publications. Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (Eds.). (2004). Foundations of nursing research. In Nursing research: Principles and methods (pp. xx-xx). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Popper, K. R. (1985). Tarihselciliğin sefaleti (S. Orman, Çev.). İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları. Popper, K. R. (1989). Conjectures and refutations: The growth of scientific knowledge. London: Routledge. Reichenbach, H. (1938). Experience and prediction: An analysis of the foundations and the structure of knowledge. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Remenyi, D., Williams, B., Money, A., & Swartz, E. (1998). Doing research in business and management: An introduction to process and method. London: Sage Publications.
  • Resnik, D. B. (2020). The ethics of science: An introduction. Routledge.
  • Robson, C. (2002). Real world research. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Smircich, L. (1983). Concepts of culture and organisational analysis. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28(3), 339–358.
  • Speziale, H. J. S., & Carpenter, D. R. (2003). Qualitative research in nursing: Advancing the humanistic perspective. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  • Steneck, N. H. (2006). Fostering integrity in research: Definitions, current knowledge, and future directions. Science and Engineering Ethics, 12(1), 53–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-006-0006-y
  • Suppe, F. (1974). The structure of scientific theories. London: University of Illinois Press.
  • Sweetman, D. (2022). Philosophical Commitments in Mixed Methods Research: Where Are We Headed? Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 16(3), 254–270. https://doi.org/10.1177/15586898211064732
  • Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (1998). Mixed methodology: Combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Tepe, H. (2003). Doğruluk ya da hakikat. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • White, A. R. (2006). Coherence theory of truth. In Encyclopedia of philosophy (pp. xx-xx). USA: Macmillan Reference.
  • Wittgenstein, L. (1985). Tractatus logico-philosophicus (G. E. M. Anscombe, Çev.). New York: Macmillan Publishing.
  • Yıldırım, C. (1979). Bilim felsefesi. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Ziman, J. (2000). Real science: What it is and what it means. Cambridge University Press.

Akademik Araştırma Paradigmaları Üzerine Kavramsal Bir İnceleme

Year 2025, Issue: 23, 91 - 127, 15.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.20860/ijoses.1664950

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, akademik araştırmalarda kullanılan deterministik tümdengelim, tümevarım, nicel ve nitel, pozitivist, yorum bilim (hermenötik) ve karma araştırma paradigmalarının incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Böylece, bilimsel araştırmalarda benimsenen paradigmaların araştırmacının bilgi ve gerçeklik anlayışını nasıl şekillendirdiği ve araştırma sürecini nasıl yönlendirdiğine dair bir açıklama sunulması hedeflenmektedir. Bu doğrultuda, bilimsel paradigmaların akademik çalışmaların düşünsel ve metodolojik altyapısını nasıl etkilediği analiz edilerek, sosyal bilimlerde benimsenen araştırma yöntemleri ile felsefi paradigmalar arasındaki ilişkiye katkı sağlanması amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışmada, sıklıkla başvurulan temel bilimsel araştırma paradigmaları ve bu paradigmaların felsefi arka planını oluşturan özellikler üzerine, öncelikli olarak nitel ve hermenötik bir araştırma gerçekleştirilmektedir. Bu çerçevede, akademik paradigmalara temel teşkil eden epistemoloji, ontoloji ve aksiyoloji gibi kavramsallaştırmalar incelenmekte; ontolojik öznelcilik ve epistemolojik nesnelcilik ekseninde, çoğulcu ve bütünsel yaklaşımlar çerçevesinde akademik bir tartışma yürütülmektedir. Söz konusu yöntem tartışmalarının temelinde, bu paradigmaların sunduğu farklı varsayımlar yer almaktadır. Bilimsel paradigmalar, araştırmacının dünyayı anlama biçimini yansıtmakta ve bilimsel bilgi üretimini doğrudan etkilemektedir. Bu bağlamda, akademik çalışmaların metodolojik temellerinin sağlam bir felsefi çerçeveye oturtulması, bilimsel geçerliliğin ve güvenilirliğin artırılmasına katkı sağlayacaktır. Özellikle sosyal bilimlerde paradigma seçiminin araştırma bulguları üzerindeki etkisinin daha iyi anlaşılması, alanın gelişimine önemli katkılar sunacaktır.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışmanın, özgün bir çalışma olduğunu; çalışmanın hazırlık, veri toplama, analiz ve bilgilerin sunumu olmak üzere tüm aşamalarından bilimsel etik ilke ve kurallarına uygun davrandığımı; bu çalışma kapsamında elde edilmeyen tüm veri ve bilgiler için kaynak gösterdiğimi ve bu kaynaklara kaynakçada yer verdiğimi; kullanılan verilerde herhangi bir değişiklik yapmadığımı, çalışmanın Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)' in tüm şartlarını ve koşullarını kabul ederek etik görev ve sorumluluklara riayet ettiğimi beyan ederim. Herhangi bir zamanda, çalışmayla ilgili yaptığım bu beyana aykırı bir durumun saptanması durumunda, ortaya çıkacak tüm ahlaki ve hukuki sonuçlara razı olduğumu bildiririm.

References

  • Althusser, L. (1984). Felsefe ve bilim adamlarının kendiliğinden felsefesi (Ö. Sezgin, Çev.). Ankara: Birey ve Toplum Yayınları.
  • Ayer, A. J. (1984). Dil, doğruluk ve mantık (V. Hacıkadiroğlu, Çev.). İstanbul: Metris Yayınları.
  • Bacon, F. (2004). Yeni Atlantis (C. Saraçoğlu, Çev.). İstanbul: Bordo Siyah Yayınları.
  • Bhaskar, R. (1989). Reclaiming reality: A critical introduction to contemporary philosophy. London: Verso.
  • Burns, N., & Grove, S. K. (2003). Understanding theory and research frameworks. In Understanding nursing research: Building an evidence-based practice (pp. xx-xx). Philadelphia: Saunders Company.
  • Carnap, R. (1936). Testability and meaning. Philosophy of Science, 3(4), 419–471. https://doi.org/10.1086/286432
  • Cevizci, A. (2008). Felsefe. Ankara: Sentez Yayınları.
  • Chalmers, A. (1990). Bilim dedikleri şey (H. Arslan, Çev.). Ankara: Vadi Yayınları.
  • Collis, J., & Hussey, R. (2003). Business research: A practical guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Comte, A. (1855). The positive philosophy of Auguste Comte (H. Martineau, Çev.). La Palma, Apache Junction: Calvin Blanchard. (Orijinal çalışma 1830–1842'de yayımlanmıştır).
  • Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Demir, Ö. (2012). Bilim felsefesi. Ankara: Sentez Yayıncılık.
  • Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (2018). The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (5th ed.). London: Sage Publications.
  • Descartes, R. (1962). Metafizik düşünceler (M. Karasan, Çev.). İstanbul: MEB Yayınları.
  • Dobson, P. (2002). Critical realism and information systems research: Why bother with philosophy? Information Research, 7(2), 1–12.
  • Feyerabend, P. (1981). Realism, rationalism and scientific method. London: Cambridge University Press. Foucault, M. (1973). The order of things: An archaeology of the human sciences. New York: Vintage Books.
  • Fumerton, R. (2002). Theories of justification. In The Oxford handbook of epistemology (pp. xx-xx). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Gadamer, H. (1987). Hermeneutics as practical philosophy. New York: MIT Press.
  • Gill, J., & Johnson, P. (2002). Research methods for managers. London: Sage Publications.
  • Greene, J. C. (2019). Advancing the Methodological Conversation in Mixed Methods Research. SAGE Open, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019845833
  • Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 105–117). London: Sage Publications.
  • Habermas, J. (1990). Modernlik, tamamlanmamış bir proje. İstanbul: Kıyı Yayınları.
  • Habermas, J. (2011). Sosyal bilimlerin mantığı üzerine. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınları.
  • Heron, J. (1996). Co-operative inquiry: Research into the human condition. London: Sage Publications.
  • Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2005). Why most published research findings are false. PLoS Medicine, 2(8), e124. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124
  • James, W. (1986). Pragmacılık (M. Aşkın, Çev.). İstanbul: Milli Eğitim Basımevi.
  • Kitcher, P. (2001). Science, truth, and democracy. Oxford University Press.
  • Kuhn, T. S. (1970). The structure of scientific revolutions (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Kuhn, T. S. (1995). Bilimsel devrimlerin yapısı (N. Kuyaş, Çev., 4. baskı). İstanbul: Alan Yayıncılık.
  • Lakatos, I. (1986). Falsification and the methodology of scientific research programmes. London: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (2000). Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions, and emerging confluences. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd ed., pp. 163–188). SAGE.
  • Longino, H. (2002). The Fate of Knowledge. Princeton University Press.
  • Machlup, F. (1978). Methodology of economics and other social sciences. New York: Academic Press.
  • Mertens, D. M. (2020). Research and Evaluation in Education and Psychology: Integrating Diversity With Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Mill, J. S. (1843). A system of logic: Ratiocinative and inductive. London: Parker.
  • Morgan, D. L. (2007). Paradigms lost and pragmatism regained: Methodological implications of combining qualitative and quantitative methods. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(1), 48–76.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). London: Sage Publications. Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (Eds.). (2004). Foundations of nursing research. In Nursing research: Principles and methods (pp. xx-xx). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Popper, K. R. (1985). Tarihselciliğin sefaleti (S. Orman, Çev.). İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları. Popper, K. R. (1989). Conjectures and refutations: The growth of scientific knowledge. London: Routledge. Reichenbach, H. (1938). Experience and prediction: An analysis of the foundations and the structure of knowledge. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Remenyi, D., Williams, B., Money, A., & Swartz, E. (1998). Doing research in business and management: An introduction to process and method. London: Sage Publications.
  • Resnik, D. B. (2020). The ethics of science: An introduction. Routledge.
  • Robson, C. (2002). Real world research. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Smircich, L. (1983). Concepts of culture and organisational analysis. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28(3), 339–358.
  • Speziale, H. J. S., & Carpenter, D. R. (2003). Qualitative research in nursing: Advancing the humanistic perspective. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  • Steneck, N. H. (2006). Fostering integrity in research: Definitions, current knowledge, and future directions. Science and Engineering Ethics, 12(1), 53–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-006-0006-y
  • Suppe, F. (1974). The structure of scientific theories. London: University of Illinois Press.
  • Sweetman, D. (2022). Philosophical Commitments in Mixed Methods Research: Where Are We Headed? Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 16(3), 254–270. https://doi.org/10.1177/15586898211064732
  • Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (1998). Mixed methodology: Combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Tepe, H. (2003). Doğruluk ya da hakikat. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • White, A. R. (2006). Coherence theory of truth. In Encyclopedia of philosophy (pp. xx-xx). USA: Macmillan Reference.
  • Wittgenstein, L. (1985). Tractatus logico-philosophicus (G. E. M. Anscombe, Çev.). New York: Macmillan Publishing.
  • Yıldırım, C. (1979). Bilim felsefesi. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Ziman, J. (2000). Real science: What it is and what it means. Cambridge University Press.
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sociology (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Murat Şengöz 0000-0001-6597-0161

Early Pub Date June 2, 2025
Publication Date June 15, 2025
Submission Date March 25, 2025
Acceptance Date June 1, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 23

Cite

APA Şengöz, M. (2025). Akademik Araştırma Paradigmaları Üzerine Kavramsal Bir İnceleme. Uluslararası Sosyal Ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi(23), 91-127. https://doi.org/10.20860/ijoses.1664950

Indexes



Indexes



INDEX COPERNİCUS [ICI], Eurasian Scientific Journal Index [ESJI], ISAM [Makaleler Veri Tabanı], SOBIAD, Scilit, İdeal Online
tarafından dizinlenmekte.

TÜBİTAK/ULAKBİM(TR) SBVT tarafından izlenmektedir.