A RESEARCH ON ELECTRODE APPLICATIONS: SYNTHESIS OF NICKEL-DOPED GRAPHENE OXIDE

Year 2024, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 37 - 46, 30.06.2024

Harun Kaya

https://doi.org/10.29132/ijpas.1388624

Abstract

In today's technology, carbon-based materials (such as graphene, graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, etc.) have become one of the most important research areas due to a large number of applications. Graphene oxide (GO) is being investigated in many applications, especially in the energy field. In this study, GO was synthesized by a modified Hummer’s method. After the synthesis of GO, nickel addition to the struc-ture was made by the hydrothermal method. The morphological and structural prop-erties of the synthesized GO were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). Ac-cording to the BET results, the surface areas of untreated GO and Ni-doped graphene oxide after heat treatment at 360°C (Ni-doped GO 360) were calculated as 3.22 m2 g-1 and 228 m2 g-1, respectively. Electrochemical properties of GO and Ni-doped GO 360 were analyzed using cyclic voltammetry (CV), long term charge/discharge analysis and impedance spectroscopy. At the end of 1000 cycles, it was determined that the Ni-doped GO 360 electrode retained 76% of its initial capacitance.

Keywords

Electrochemical properties, electrode, graphene oxide, modified Hummers method

References

• Moosa, A., and Abed, M. (2021). Graphene preparation and graphite exfoliation. Turkish Journal of Chemistry, 45(3), 493-519.
• Brisebois, P. P., and Siaj, M. (2020). Harvesting graphene oxide–years 1859 to 2019: a review of its structure, synthesis, properties and exfoliation. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 8(5), 1517-1547.
• Paulchamy, B., Arthi, G., and Lignesh, B. D. (2015). A simple approach to stepwise synthesis of graphene oxide nanomaterial. J Nanomed Nanotechnol, 6(1), 1.
• Sun, L., and Fugetsu, B. (2013). Mass production of graphene oxide from expanded graphite. Materials Letters, 109, 207-210.
• Lalire, T., Otazaghine, B., Taguet, A., and Longuet, C. (2022). Correlation between multiple chemical modification strategies on graphene or graphite and physical/electrical properties. FlatChem, 33, 100376.
• Nimbalkar, A. S., Tiwari, S. K., Ha, S. K., and Hong, C. K. (2020). An efficient water saving step during the production of graphene oxide via chemical exfoliation of graphite. Materials Today: Pro-ceedings, 21, 1749-1754.
• Song, Y., Zou, W., Lu, Q., Lin, L., and Liu, Z. (2021). Graphene transfer: Paving the road for applications of chemical vapor deposition graphene. Small, 17(48), 2007600.
• Zhang, J., Wang, F., Shenoy, V. B., Tang, M., and Lou, J. (2020). Towards controlled synthesis of 2D crystals by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Materials Today, 40, 132-139.
• Li, C. B., Li, Y. J., Zhao, Q., Luo, Y., Yang, G. Y., Hu, Y., and Jiang, J. J. (2020). Electro-magnetic interference shielding of graphene aerogel with layered microstructure fabricated via me-chanical compression. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 12(27), 30686-30694.
• Pastore Carbone, M. G., Manikas, A. C., Souli, I., Pavlou, C., and Galiotis, C. (2019). Mosaic pattern formation in exfoliated graphene by mechanical deformation. Nature Communications, 10(1), 1572.
• Salverda, M., Thiruppathi, A. R., Pakravan, F., Wood, P. C., and Chen, A. (2022). Electro-chemical exfoliation of graphite to graphene-based nanomaterials. Molecules, 27(24), 8643.
• Pingale, A. D., Owhal, A., Katarkar, A. S., Belgamwar, S. U., and Rathore, J. S. (2021). Facile synthesis of graphene by ultrasonic-assisted electrochemical exfoliation of graphite. Materials Today: Proceedings, 44, 467-472.
• Laçin, Ö., and Dönmez, B. (2021). Modifiye Hummers Yöntemi ile Elde Edilen Grafen Oksit Sentezleri İçin: Kısım3, Fourier Dönüşümlü Kızılötesi Spektroskopisi Analizi. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, (28), 985-989.
• Dreyer, D. R., Park, S., Bielawski, C. W., and Ruoff, R. S. (2010). The chemistry of graphene oxide. Chemical Society Reviews, 39(1), 228-240.
• Lavin-Lopez, M. D. P., Romero, A., Garrido, J., SanchezSilva, L., and Valverde, J. L. (2016). Influence of different improved hummers method modifications on the characteristics of graphite oxide in order to make a more easily scalable method. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 55(50), 12836-12847.
• Koçak, B., and Çelikkan, H. (2021). A novel and highly sensitive reduced graphene oxide modified electrochemical sensor for the determination of chlorpyrifos in real sample. International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 7(1), 1-12.
• Marcano, D. C., Kosynkin, D. V., Berlin, J. M., Sinitskii, A., Sun, Z., Slesarev, A., Alemany, L.B., Lu, W., and Tour, J. M. (2010). Improved synthesis of graphene oxide. ACS Nano, 4(8), 4806-4814.
• Niu, Y., Zhang, Q., Li, Y., Fang, Q., and Zhang, X. (2017). Reduction, dispersity and electrical properties of graphene oxide sheets under low-temperature thermal treatments. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 28, 729-733.
• Wojtoniszak, M., Chen, X., Kalenczuk, R. J., Wajda, A., Łapczuk, J., Kurzewski, M., and Borowiak-Palen, E. (2012). Synthesis, dispersion, and cytocompatibility of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 89, 79-85.
• Aliyev, E., Filiz, V., Khan, M. M., Lee, Y. J., Abetz, C., and Abetz, V. (2019). Structural characterization of graphene oxide: Surface functional groups and fractionated oxidative debris. Na-nomaterials, 9(8), 1180.
• Surekha, G., Krishnaiah, K. V., Ravi, N., and Suvarna, R. P. (2020, March). FTIR, Raman and XRD analysis of graphene oxide films prepared by modified Hummers method. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1495, No. 1, p. 012012). IOP Publishing.
• Adel, M., Ahmed, M. A., Elabiad, M. A., and Mohamed, A. A. (2022). Removal of heavy metals and dyes from wastewater using graphene oxide-based nanomaterials: A critical review. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management, 18, 100719.
• Chao, D., and Fan, H. J. (2019). Intercalation pseudocapacitive behavior powers aqueous bat-teries. Chem, 5(6), 1359-1361.
• Munteshari, O., Lau, J., Likitchatchawankun, A., Mei, B. A., Choi, C. S., Butts, D., Dunn, B.S., and Pilon, L. (2019). Thermal signature of ion intercalation and surface redox reactions mechanisms in model pseudocapacitive electrodes. Electrochimica Acta, 307, 512-524.
• Jiang, Y., and Liu, J. (2019). Definitions of pseudocapacitive materials: a brief review. Energy and Environmental Materials, 2(1), 30-37.
• Surendran, V., Arya, R. S., Vineesh, T. V., Babu, B., and Shaijumon, M. M. (2021). Engineered carbon electrodes for high performance capacitive and hybrid energy storage. Journal of Energy Storage, 35, 102340.
• Joshi, B., Samuel, E., Kim, Y. I., Yarin, A. L., Swihart, M. T., and Yoon, S. S. (2021). Elec-trostatically sprayed nanostructured electrodes for energy conversion and storage devices. Advanced Functional Materials, 31(14), 2008181.
• Sitaaraman, S. R., Santhosh, R., Kollu, P., Jeong, S. K., Sellappan, R., Raghavan, V., Jacob, C., and Grace, A. N. (2020). Role of graphene in NiSe2/graphene composites-Synthesis and testing for electrochemical supercapacitors. Diamond and Related Materials, 108, 107983.
• Ahmed, A., Rafat, M., and Ahmed, S. (2020). Activated carbon derived from custard apple shell for efficient supercapacitor. Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 11(3), 035013.
• Yavarian, M., Melnik, R., and Mišković, Z. L. (2023). Modeling of charging dynamics in elec-trochemical systems with a graphene electrode. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 946, 117711.
• Tanwar, S., Singh, N., and Sharma, A. L. (2022). Structural and electrochemical performance of carbon coated molybdenum selenide nanocomposite for supercapacitor applications. Journal of Energy Storage, 45, 103797.
• Laschuk, N. O., Easton, E. B., and Zenkina, O. V. (2021). Reducing the resistance for the use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis in materials chemistry. RSC Advances, 11(45), 27925-27936.
• Yuan, Y., Yuan, W., Wu, Y., Wu, X., Zhang, X., Jiang, S., Zhao, B., Chen, Y., Yang, C., Ding, L., Tang, Z., Xie, Y., and Tang, Y. (2023). High‐Performance all‐printed flexible micro‐supercapacitors with hierarchical encapsulation. Energy and Environmental Materials, e12657.
• Liang, T., Mao, Z., Li, L., Wang, R., He, B., Gong, Y., Jin, J., Yan, C., and Wang, H. (2022). A mechanically flexible necklace‐like architecture for achieving fast charging and high capacity in ad-vanced lithium‐ion capacitors. Small, 18(27), 2201792.
• Gharbi, O., Tran, M. T., Tribollet, B., Turmine, M., and Vivier, V. (2020). Revisiting cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis for capacitance measurements. Electrochimica Acta, 343, 136109.