The Effects of Cultivation Area and Altitude Variation on the Composition of Essential Oil of Laurus nobilis l. Grown in Eastern, Western and Central Karadeniz Region

Abstract

Laurus nobilis L. is one of the most valuable non-wood forest products on world export market and Turkey. Turkey is the biggest provider country for Laurus nobilis in the world. Therefore, laurel is an important commercial product for our country. In this study, the effects of cultivation area and altitude variation on essential oil content and quantity of laurel leaves were examined which grown in Trabzon, Bartın and Samsun. It was aimed to determine chemical composition of laurel’s leaves grown in Karadeniz region. Laurus nobilis L. leaves were collected in three different height ranges. These were 0-100 m, 100-300 m, 300-600 m. Leaves were shade-dried and crushed. A device called ‘’Clevenger’’ was used for getting volatile oil and their yields were calculated according to dry weight. The yields of essential oils ranged between 0.91% to 1.66 %. These essential oils were obtained from Bartin (B2) (100-300 m) and Artvin (A1) (0-100 m) respectively. The major components of these essential oils were 1,8- cineole (19.71%-35.63%), α-terpinyl acetate (12.86%-21.24%), sabinene (5.98%-9.40%), α- pinene (3.67%-8.45%) and β- pinene (2.91%-5.87%) were the most abundant volatile compounds in the leaves of bay.

Keywords

• Laurel
• essential oils
• GC-MS

The Effects of Cultivation Area and Altitude Variation on the Composition of Essential Oil of Laurus nobilis l. Grown in Eastern, Western and Central Karadeniz Region

Abstract

Laurus nobilis L. is one of the most valuable non-wood forest products on world export market and Turkey. Turkey is the biggest provider country for Laurus nobilis in the world. Therefore, laurel is an important commercial product for our country. In this study, the effects of cultivation area and altitude variation on essential oil content and quantity of laurel leaves were examined which grown in Trabzon, Bartın and Samsun. It was aimed to determine chemical composition of laurel’s leaves grown in Karadeniz region.   Laurus nobilis L. leaves were collected in three different height ranges. These were 0-100 m, 100-300 m, 300-600 m. Leaves were shade-dried and crushed. A device called ‘’Clevenger’’ was used for getting volatile oil and their yields were calculated according to dry weight. The yields of essential oils ranged between 0.91% to 1.66 %. These essential oils were obtained from Bartin (B₂) (100-300 m) and Artvin (A₁) (0-100 m) respectively. The major components of these essential oils were 1,8- cineole (19.71%-35.63%), α-terpinyl acetate (12.86%-21.24%), sabinene (5.98%-9.40%), α- pinene (3.67%-8.45%) and β- pinene (2.91%-5.87%) were the most abundant volatile compounds in the leaves of bay.

Keywords

• Laurel
• essential oils
• GC-MS

References

1. Karaoğul, E., Ertaş, M., Altuntaş, E., & Alma, M. (2011). Karadeniz ve Akdeniz Bölgesinde Yetişen Defne (Laurus nobilis)’nin Kimyasal İçeriği. I. Ulusal Akdeniz Orman ve Çevre Sempozyumu, 74-77.
2. Yazıcı, H. (2002). Batı Karadeniz Bölgesinde Yetişen Defne (Laurus nobilis L.) Yaprak ve Meyvelerinden Faydalanma İmkanlarının Araştırılması. Zonguldak Karaelmas Üniversitesi. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, 309.
3. Muñiz-Márquez, D. B., Rodríguez, R., Balagurusamy, N., Carrillo, M. L., Belmares, R., Contreras, J. C., ... & Aguilar, C. N. (2014). Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of extracts of Laurus nobilis L., Coriandrum sativum L. and Amaranthus hybridus L. CyTA-Journal of Food, 12(3), 271-276.
4. Arctander, S. (2017). Perfume and flavor materials of natural origin. Lulu. com.
5. Pruthi, J. S. (1998). Spices and condiments (No. Ed. 5). National Book Organisation Publishers and Distributors.
6. Timur, M. (2001). Defne Yağ Veriminin Arttırılması ve Bileşiminin Gaz Kromatografi Cihazı ile Belirlenmesi. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
7. Quijano, C. E., & Pino, J. A. (2007). Characterization of the leaf essential oil from laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) grown in Colombia. Revista CENIC. Ciencias Químicas, 38(3), 371-374.
8. Simić, M., Kundaković, T., & Kovačević, N. (2003). Preliminary assay on the antioxidative activity of Laurus nobilis extracts. Fitoterapia, 74(6), 613-616.

9. Sayyah, M., Saroukhani, G., Peirovi, A., & Kamalinejad, M. (2003). Analgesic and anti‐inflammatory activity of the leaf essential oil of Laurus nobilis Linn. Phytotherapy Research, 17(7), 733-736.
10. Kang, H. W., Yu, K. W., Jun, W. J., Chang, I. S., Han, S. B., Kim, H. Y., & Cho, H. Y. (2002). Isolation and characterization of alkyl peroxy radical scavenging compound from leaves of Laurus nobilis. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 25(1), 102-108.
11. Özcan, M., & Erkmen, O. (2001). Antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Turkish plant spices. European Food Research and Technology, 212(6), 658-660.
12. Derwich, E., Benziane, Z., & Boukir, A. (2009). Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of leaves essential oil of Laurus nobilis from Morocco. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3(4), 3818-3824.
13. Dadalioǧlu, I., & Evrendilek, G. A. (2004). Chemical compositions and antibacterial effects of essential oils of Turkish oregano (Origanum minutiflorum), bay laurel (Laurus nobilis), Spanish lavender (Lavandula stoechas L.), and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) on common foodborne pathogens. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 52(26), 8255-8260.
14. Tanker, M., & Tanker, N. F. (1990). Cilt 2. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi.
15. Polovka, M., & Suhaj, M. (2010). Detection of caraway and bay leaves irradiation based on their extracts’ antioxidant properties evaluation. Food chemistry, 119(1), 391-401.
16. Juergens, U. R., Engelen, T., Racké, K., Stöber, M., Gillissen, A., & Vetter, H. (2004). Inhibitory activity of 1, 8-cineol (eucalyptol) on cytokine production in cultured human lymphocytes and monocytes. Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics, 17(5), 281-287.
17. Matsuda, H., Shimoda, H., Ninomiya, K., & Yoshikawa, M. (2002). Inhibitory mechanism of costunolide, a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Laurus nobilis, on blood-ethanol elevation in rats: involvement of inhibition of gastric emptying and increase in gastric juice secretion. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 37(2), 121-127.
18. Polatoğlu, K., Demirci, B., Demirci, F., Gören, N., & Başer, K. H. C. (2012). Biological activity and essential oil composition of two new Tanacetum chiliophyllum (Fisch. & Mey.) Schultz Bip. var. chiliophyllum chemotypes from Turkey. Industrial crops and products, 39, 97-105.
19. Fiorini, C., Fouraste, I., David, B., & Bessiere, J. M. (1997). Composition of the Flower, Leaf and Stem Essential Oils from Laurus nobilis. Flavour and fragrance journal, 12(2), 91-93.
20. Figueiredo, A. C., Barroso, J. G., Pedro, L. G., & Scheffer, J. J. (2008). Factors affecting secondary metabolite production in plants: volatile components and essential oils. Flavour and Fragrance journal, 23(4), 213-226.
21. Yilmaz, E. S., Timur, M., & Aslim, B. (2013). Antimicrobial, antioxidant activity of the essential oil of Bay Laurel from Hatay, Turkey. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 16(1), 108-116.
22. Peris, I., & Blázquez, M. A. (2015). Comparative GC-MS analysis of bay leaf (Laurus nobilis L.) essential oils in commercial samples. International journal of food properties, 18(4), 757-762.
23. Yalçın, H., Anık, M., Şanda, M. A., & Çakır, A. (2007). Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of Laurus nobilis essential oil composition of Northern Cyprus. Journal of medicinal food, 10(4), 715-719.
24. Chericoni, S., Prieto, J. M., Iacopini, P., & Morelli, I. (2005). Essential oils of commonly used plants as inhibitors of peroxynitrite-induced tyrosine nitration. Fitoterapia, 76(5), 481-483.
25. Bouzouita, N., Nafti, A., Chaabouni, M. M., Lognay, G. C., Marlier, M., Zghoulli, S., & Thonart, P. (2001). Chemical composition of Laurus nobilis oil from Tunisia. Journal of essential oil research, 13(2), 116-117.
26. Özcan, M., & Chalchat, J. C. (2005). Effect of different locations on the chemical composition of essential oils of laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) leaves growing wild in Turkey. Journal of medicinal food, 8(3), 408-411.
27. Verdian-rizi, M. (2009). Variation in the essential oil composition of Laurus nobilis L. of different growth stages cultivated in Iran. Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(1), 33-36.
28. Chalchat, J. C., Özcan, M. M., & Figueredo, G. (2011). The composition of essential oils of different parts of laurel, mountain tea, sage and ajowan. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 35(2), 484-499.
29. Moghtader, M., & Salari, H. (2012). Comparative survey on the essential oil composition from the leaves and flowers of Laurus nobilis L. from Kerman province. Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment, 4(6), 150-153.
30. Santos, F. A., & Rao, V. S. N. (2000). Antiinflammatory and antinociceptive effects of 1, 8-cineole a terpenoid oxide present in many plant essential oils. Phytotherapy research, 14(4), 240-244.
31. Yoshikawa, M., Shimoda, H., Uemura, T., Morikawa, T., Kawahara, Y., & Matsuda, H. (2000). Alcohol absorption inhibitors from bay leaf (Laurus nobilis): structure-requirements of sesquiterpenes for the activity. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 8(8), 2071-2077.