Uluslararası İletişim ve Kamu Diplomasisi: BBC Dünya Servisi Haber Merkezi Örneği

Year 2014, Issue: 38, 115 - 131, 30.06.2014

Eylem Yanardğoğlu

Abstract

Yirminci yüzyıldan başlayarak, devletlerin uluslararası alanda kamuoyu oluşturmanın önemine verdikleri değere paralel olarak ulus-ötesi yayıncılığa verdikleri önemin de arttığı gözlemlenmektedir. Bu bağlamda, genellikle uluslararası ilişkilerin alt alanı olarak görülen kamu diplomasisi, İkinci Dünya Savaşı’yla beraber bir iletişim stratejisi olarak önem kazanmıştır. Bu makale, uluslararası yayıncılık ve habercilik alanındaki ilk faaliyetlerin görüldüğü BBC Dünya Servisi’ni incelemekte, uluslararası iletişimin siyasi, teknolojik ve ekonomik etmenlerden dolayı değişen çalışma prensipleriyle kamu diplomasisi arasındaki ilişkiyi burada çalışan gazetecilerin deneyim ve görüşleriyle ele almaktadır. Bu makalede sunulan veriler BBC Dünya Servisi’nde 2011 ve 2012 yıllarında yapılan yerinde gözlem ve derinlemesine mülakatlara dayanmaktadır. Mülakatlar sonucu elde edilen bulgular, BBC Dünya Servisi’nde çalışan gazetecilerin kurumun haber kültürünün, BBC’den beklenen kamu diplomasisi fonksiyonuyla çelişmediğine inandıklarını, çünkü gerçek kamu diplomasisi hizmetinin “iyi gazetecilik” yapmak olduğunu düşündüklerine işaret etmektedir.

Keywords

BBC, Dünya Servisi, Uluslararası Haberler, Gazetecilik, Kamu Diplomasisi, Ulus-ötesi

International Communication and Public Diplomacy: the BBC World Service Example

Abstract

Since the governments discovered the power of international communication for cultivating international public opinion in the 20th century, the importance given to international broadcasting and news also increased in a parallel fashion. In this context, public diplomacy gained currency as a new communication strategy in the decade that followed the Second World War. Some of the first examples of international broadcasting is seen in the radio broadcasts of the BBC World Service which this research takes as a case study. It considers the factors that impact on international broadcasting such as pressures from technological advances, politics and examines how they relate to public diplomacy efforts. The data are collected via participant observation and in-depth interviews in 2011-2012, at the BBC World Service Central Newsroom. The findings indicate that the journalists working for the BBC World Service, do not think that the organization’s news culture conflicts with the expectations of a public diplomacy function as the believe doing good journalism is a public diplomacy effort.

Keywords

BBC, World Service, International News, Public Diplomacy, Journalism, Transnational

References

• BBC Annual Review 2009-2010 (2010), London: BBC World Service.
• Born, Georgina, (2005). Uncertain Vision: Birt, Dyke and the Reinvention of the BBC, London: Vintage.
• Boyd-Barret O. ve Rantannen, T. (1998) (ed) “The Globalization of News”, O. Boyd-Barret and T. Rantannen (Eds), The Globalization of News, London: Sage, s. 1-15. Browne,R., Donald, (1983). International Radio Broadcasting: The Limits of the Limitless Medium, New York: Praeger.
• Cannon, G. (2003) ‘Public Diplomacy, International Broadcasting and Country Image’, The Channel, 6 (3): s. 19.
• Cottle, Simon, (2003). “Media Organisation and Production: Mapping the Field”, in S Cottle (Ed), Media Organisation and Production, London: Sage, s. 3-25
• Cottle, S. and Rai, M. (2008). “Global 24/7 News Providers: Emissaries of Global Dominance or Global Public Sphere?”, Global Media and Communication. 4 (2), s. 157- 181.
• Cull, J., Nicholas, (2009). Public Diplomacy Lessons from the Past (CPD Perspectives on Public Diplomacy), Los Angeles, CA: University of Southern California, Figuoera Press.
• Downing, D. H John, (2007) “Drawing a Bead on Global Communication Theories,” Y. R. Kamalipour (Ed), Global Communication, Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth, s. 22-38.
• Gilboa, Eytan, (2001). “Diplomacy in the Media Age: Three Models of Uses and Effects”, Diplomacy & Statecraft, 12 (2), s. 1-28.
• Gregory, Bruce, (2008). “Public Diplomacy: Sunrise of an Academic Field’”, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616, s. 274-290.
• Gillespie, M., Webb, A. ve Baumann, G., (2008). “Broadcasting Britishness, Strategic Challenges and the Ecology of Overseas Broadcasting by the BBC”, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 28 (4), s. 453- 458.
• Hachten A. W. ve Scotton F. J., (2007). The World News Prism: Global Information in a Satellite Age, Oxford, Blackwell Publishing
• Held, D., McGrew, A., Goldblatt, D. ve Perraton, J., (1999). Global Tranformations Politics, Economics and Culture. Oxford: Polity.
• Hesmondalgh, David, (2006). Media Production, Maidenhead and New York: Open University Press.
• Jaber, M. ve Baumann, G., (2011). “The BBC World Service in the Middle East: Claims to Impartiality, or a politics of translation?” Journalism, 12 (2), s. 171-182.
• Küng-Shankleman, Lucy, (2003). “Organisational Culture Inside the BBC and CNN”, S Cottle (Ed.), Media Organisation and Production, London: Sage, s. 77-97.
• Lerner, Daniel, (1958). The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing Middle East, Free Press of Glencoe: New York.
• Mc Nair, Brian, (2006). Cultural Chaos: Journalism, News and Power in a Globalized World, London: Routledge.
• McPhail, L. Thomas, (2006). Global Communications: Theories, Stakeholders, and Trends. Malden, Mass: Oxford: Blackwell.
• Nye, S. Jr. Joseph, (2008). ‘Public Diplomacy and Soft Power’. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616, s. 94-109.
• Oxford Paperback Dictionary, (2001) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Paterson, C. and Sreberny, A. (eds) (2004) International News in the 21st Century. Eastleigh: University of Luton Press.
• Price, E. Monroe (2009) ‘End of Television and Foreign Policy’. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. vol. 625, p. 196-204.
• Sancar, G. Aslı (2012) Kamu Diplomasisi ve Uluslararası Halka İlişkiler, İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
• Seaton, Jean, (2008). “Journeys to Truth: the BBC as a Pragmatic Ethical Engineer at Home and Abroad”, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 28 (4), s. 441- 451.
• Semati, Mehdi, (2004). “Introduction”, M. Semati (Ed.), New Frontiers in International Communication Theory., Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Oxford, s. 1-24.
• Sheafer T. ve Shenhav R. S., (2009). “Mediated Public Diplomacy in a New Era of Warfare”, The Communication Review, 12 (3), s. 272-283.
• Sreberny, A., (2000) “The Global and the Local in International Communications”, J.Curran and M. Gurevitch (Eds.), Mass Media and Society. London: Arnold, s.93-119.
• Taussig, Andrew, (2008), “You lose some, you win some—1989 and after”, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 28 (4), s. 583-618.
• Thussu, K. Daya, (2006). International Communication: Continuity and Change. London: Hodder Arnold Publication.
• Tuch, Hans, (1990). Communicating with the World: US Public Diplomacy Overseas. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
• Vaughan, R. James, (2008). “The BBC’s External Services and the Middle East before the Suez Crisis”, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 28 (4), s. 499- 514.
• Walker, Andrew, (1982). Voice for the world: 50 years of broadcasting to the world: 1932-1982: BBC, London: British Broadcasting Corporation External Services Publicity Unit.
• Webb, Alban, (2008). “Constitutional niceties: three crucial dates in cold war relations between the BBC External Services and the Foreign Office”, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 28 (4), p. 557-567.
• Winseck, R. D. and Pike, M. R., (2008) “Communication and Empire: Media Markets, Power and Globalization, 1860-1910”, Global Media and Communication, 4 (7), s. 7-36.
• Woods, James, (1992). History of International Broadcasting, Stevenage: Peter Peregrinus Ltd.
• Yanardağoğlu, Eylem, (2013). “Küresel Haber Ağlarında Üretim Sürecinin Dönüşümü: BBC Dünya Servisi Türkçe Bölümü Örneği”, 1. Uluslararası Medya Çalışmaları Sempozyumu Bildiri Kitabı, 20-23 Kasım, Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Antalya.
• Zelizer, Barbie, (2004). Taking Journalism Seriously: News and the Academy, London: Sage.
• Zöllner, Oliver, (2006) “A Quest for Dialogue in International Broadcasting: Germany’s Public Diplomacy Targeting Arab Audiences”, Global Media and Communication, 2 (2), s. 160-182.
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/2010/docs/051025_fullspeech.pdf Erişim tarihi: 18 Haziran 2012.
• http://tinyurl.com/nvshnlj. Erişim tarihi: 12 Aralık 2010.
• http://tinyurl.com/qbxxdwg. Erişim tarihi: 9 Eylül 2010.