Amerikan Gazetecilik Filmlerinde Anlatı Yapısı, Dönemsel Yansımalar ve Özgür Basın Miti*

Year 2018, Issue: 47, 111 - 140, 11.12.2018

Barışkan Ünal

Abstract

Amerikan sinemasında 1930’lardan bu yana gazeteci karakterlerine sıklıkla rastlanılırken, bu filmlerle bir yandan özgür basın miti kurulmakta, ayrıca basının iktidar ve toplumla sıkı sıkıya ilişkisi nedeniyle filmler aracılığıyla toplumsal ve siyasal söylemler inşa edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, sinemada son dönemde inşa edilen özgür basın, Amerikan demokrasisi mitleriyle filmlerin dönemlerine dair içgörüleri ve öngörülerini teşhis edebilmek açısından 2010’dan sonra gösterime giren Spotlight, Truth ve Nightcrawler filmleri incelendi. Spotlight kahramanın zaferi, Truth kahramanın yenilgisi, Nightcrawler ise kötü adamın yükselmesi üzerine kurulu olduğundan Shock’un Birleşik Anlatı Teorisi temel alındı. Bu teoride filmlerde farklı sonlarla toplumsal değerlerin pekiştirildiği veya aksine değişimlerin önerildiği belirtilirken, filmlerin bu yöndeki söylemlerini belirleyebilmek açısından da Kellner’in teşhise yönelik eleştirisinden yararlanıldı. Bunların sonucunda, filmlerin farklı anlatı yapılarıyla basına ve dönemlerine dair belirli sorgulamalar ve eleştiriler getirdiği, öngörüler sunduğu, dönemlerinin siyasi liderlerinden etkilenebildikleri (Barack Obama) veya gelecek yeni lideri (Donald Trump) karakter yaratımında öngörebildikleri tespit edildi. Farklı anlatı yapılarına rağmen filmlerin hepsinde özgür basın miti inşa edilirken, mitin özellikle basının hakikatı arama ilkesi ve bağımsızlık temelinde yüceltildiği, bu mitlerin de Amerikan demokrasisi mitine hizmet ettiği görüldü.

Keywords

Gazeteci, Sinema, Mit, Söylem, Spotlight, Truth, Nightcrawler.

Narratives, Politics and Myths in American Journalism Movies

Abstract

While cinema depicts journalist since the 1930s, films on journalism establish and reinforce the free press myth, and also reflect tendencies of their society in its discourse. In this perspective, we have chosen Spotlight since its protagonists have a victory; Truth due to its heroine has a defeat; and Nightcrawler, in which the villain has a victory. In the
study, to look at the free myth on journalism and to designate films insights on social and political situations at a given point in history, protagonists and narratives were analyzed
according to Schock’s The United Theory of Narrative and diagnostic critique of Douglas Kellner. In the analysis, we have seen that movies reinforce the free press and American
democracy myths through all type journalists and narratives. Besides, these films appear to reflect their period’s desire, fear, and conflicts, and also inspired by the leaders of their
period (Barack Obama) or predict the future leaders (Donald Trump). In conclusion, the analysis shows that films about journalism reinforce the free press myth, and also represent
their period’s tendencies, conflicts, and crises and have some prediction about the future, and give messages to the society

Keywords

Journalist, Cinema, Myth, Diagnostic Critique, Spotlight, Truth, Nightcrawler.

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