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Televizyon İzleme Alışkanlıklarında Parasosyal Etkileşim Etkisi İle Yalnızlık Arasındaki İlişki

Year 2018, Issue: 47, 386 - 408, 11.12.2018

Abstract

Kitle iletişim araçlarının yaygınlaşmaya başlamasıyla birlikte bireyler üzerindeki etkileri her zaman araştırmacıların ilgisini çekmiştir. Kapitalist üretim sürecinde birey daha da yalnızlaşmakta, toplumsal etkileşimden uzaklaşmakta bundan dolayı da farklı etkileşim kurma yolları aramaktadır. Bu etkileşim yöntemlerinden biri de televizyon dizilerinde yer alan karakterlerle kurulan parasosyal etkileşimdir. Bu çalışmada, Konya’da yaşayan bireylerin televizyon dizilerinde yer alan karakterlerle nasıl bir bağ kurdukları, bu bağın ne gibi etkilere yol açtığı parasosyal etkileşim ve yalnızlık bağlamında değerlendirilmektedir. Saha araştırmasının kullanıldığı araştırmada, Konya merkezde yaşayan 462 katılımcıdan yüz yüze anket tekniğiyle veriler toplanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, yalnızlık düzeyinin parasosyal etkileşim puanını anlamlı şekilde yordadığı tespit edilmiştir. Örneklemde yer alan bireylerin yalnız düzeyi arttıkça, parasosyal etkileşim puanında bir artış yaşanmaktadır. Araştırmaya katılanların içindeki yer aldıkları yalnızlık alt boyutlarına göre parasosyal etkileşim düzeyleri anlamlı farklılık taşımaktadır. Yine günlük televizyon izleme süresi arttıkça, parasosyal etkileşim de artmaktadır. Eğitim seviyesi düşük olanlar, yüksek eğitimlilere nazaran daha yüksek parasosyal etkileşim puanına sahiptirler.

References

  • Abelman Robert; Atkin, David & Rand, Michael (1997). “What Viewers Watch When They Watch TV: Affiliation Change as Case Study”. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 41 (3), 360-379.
  • Abelman, Robert (1988). “Motivations for Viewing “The 700 Club””. Journalism Quarterly, 65 (1), 112-118.
  • Ağırman, Ege; Gençer, Mehmet Ziya; Arıca, Seçil; Kaya, Ender & Eğici, Memet Taşkın (2017). “Huzurevinde, Evde Ailesiyle ve Yalnız Yaşayan Yaşlı Bireylerde Depresyon, Yalnızlık Hissi Düzeylerinin Karşılaştırılması”. Journal of Contemporary Medicine, 7 (3), 234-240.
  • Arda, S. (2006). Predictors of parasocial interaction with the favorite and the least desirable characters portrayed in TV serials. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, ODTÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Armağan, Ahsen (2014). “Loneliness and interpersonal communication ability relationship: A research on university students”. The Journal of International Social Research, 7 (30), 27-43.
  • Arslan, Özge (2013). Tv Dizilerinde Yer Alan Karakterler İle Kurulan Parasosyal Etkileşim: Bağlanma Biçimleri Ve Yalnızlık Açısından Bir İnceleme. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Auter, Philip J. & Philip Palmgreen (2000). “Development and validation of a parasocial interaction measure: The audience‐persona interaction scale”. Communication Research Reports, 17 (1), 79-89.
  • Avery, Robert K. & Donald G. Ellis (1978). “Talk radio as an interpersonal phenomenon”, G. Gumpert & R. Cathcarl (Eds.), Inter/Media: Interpersonal Communication in A Media World, New York: Oxford University Press, 108-115.
  • Bal, Enes (2013). “An Evaluation about Television Serials in Turkey in the Context of Parasocial Interaction”. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 3 (7), 767-773.
  • Bal, Enes (2014). Teknoloji, Gençlik ve Mobil Yaşam. Konya: LiteraTürk Academia Yayınları.
  • Balcı, Şükrü & Olkun, Emre Osman (2015).”The Relation between Loneliness in Social Life and Facebook Usage.” Amsterdam 16th International Academic Conference, Amsterdam, Netherlands, May 12-15,2015, pp. 86-102.
  • Balcı, Şükrü; Akar, Hüsamettin & Ayhan, Bünyamin (2011). “Televizyon ve Seçmen İlişkisini Yeniden Düşünmek: 2009 Yerel Seçimleri’nde İzleyici Motivasyonları”. Selçuk İletişim, 6 (4), 48-63.
  • Ballantine, Paul W. & Martin, Brett A. S. (2005). “Forming Parasocial Relationships in Online Communities”, Geeta Menon and Akshay R. Rao (Eds.), NA - Advances in Consumer Research, Volume 32, Duluth, MN: Association for Consumer Research, 197- 201.
  • Batıgün, Ayşegül Durak ve Sunal, Ayda Büyükşahin (2017). “TV Dizilerinde Yer Alan Karakterlerle Kurulan Parasosyal Etkileşim: Evlilik Doyumu, Psikolojik Belirtiler ve Bazı Sosyo-demografik Değişkenler Açısından Değerlendirme”. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 32 (79), 52-62.
  • Bostancı, M. Naci (2004). Televizyon Dilindeki İslam. Ankara: Odak Yayınevi. Şükrü Balcı, Yavuz Demir
  • Büyüköztürk, Şener vd. (2012). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri, Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Canary, Daniel J., & Brian H. Spitzberg (1993). “Loneliness and media gratifications”. Communication Research, 20 (6), 800-821.
  • Cohen, Jonathan (1997). “Parasocial relations and romantic attraction: Gender and dating status differences”. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 41 (4), 516-529.
  • Cohen, Jonathan (2003). “Parasocial Break-ups: Measuring Individual Differences in Responses to the Dissolution of Parasocial Relationships”. Mass Communication & Society, 6 (12), 191-202.
  • Cohen, Jonathan (2004). “Parasocial Break-up from Favorite Television Characters: The Role of Attachment Styles and Relationship Intensity”. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 21, 187-202.
  • Çakır, Vesile & Çakır, Vedat (2011). “Yalnızlık ve Televizyon Kullanımı”. Selçuk İletişim, 7 (1), 131-147.
  • Çakır, Vesile & Kınıt, Edanur (2014). Televizyon dizilerinde ürün yerleştirme ve sponsorluğun sonuçları”. Global Media Journal: Turkish Edition, 5 (9), 19-47.
  • Davila-Rosado, Pedro (2006). Surviving Reality: Survivor & Parasocial Interaction. Electronic Theses and Dissertations, Florida University, Orlando-Florida.
  • Demir, Ayhan (1989). “UCLA yalnızlık ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirliği”. Psikoloji Dergisi, 7 (23), 14-18.
  • Dhanda, Raj K. (2011). Loneliness and Parasocial Interaction with Media Characters. Unpublished Master Dissertation. California University, Davis.
  • Duy, Baki (2003). Bilişsel-Davranışçı Yaklaşıma Dayalı Grupla Psikolojik Danışmanın Yalnızlık ve Fonksiyonel Olmayan Tutumlar Üzerine Etkisi. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Erdoğan, İrfan & Alemdar, Korkmaz (2005). Öteki Kuram. Geliştirilmiş 2. Balkı, Ankara: Erk Yayınları.
  • Erdoğan, İrfan (1977). Television and Newspaper Uses and Gratifications of Foreign Graduate Students at the University of Pittsburgh: Some Correlates, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, UMI Dissertation Information Service.
  • Eyal, Keren & Cohen, Jonathan (2006). “When good Friends say goodbye: A parasocial breakup study”. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 50 (3), 502–523.
  • Greenwood, Dara N., & Long, Christopher R. (2009). “Psychological predictors of media involvement: Solitude experiences and the need to belong”. Communication Research, 36, 637–654.
  • Güngör, Nazife (2013). İletişim Kuramlar Yaklaşımlar. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Henry, Nicole Webb (2011). Celebrity versus Non-Celebrity: Parasocial Relationships with Characters in Reality-Based Television Programs. Unpublished Master Dissertation, Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University.
  • Horton, Donald, & R. Richard Wohl (1956). “Mass communication and para-social interaction: Observations on intimacy at a distance”. Psychiatry, 19 (3), 215-229.
  • Jarzyna, Carol Laurent (2012). Introversion and the use of parasocial interaction to satisfy belongingness needs. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Loyola University, Chicago.
  • Johnson, Kevin (2015). Loneliness, parasocial ınteraction, and the media: Tracing the patterns of understanding. Unpublished Master Dissertation, Department of Communication, University of Ottawa.
  • Katz, Elihu; Blumler, Jay G. & Gurevitch, Michael (1974). “Uses and Gratifications Research”. Public Opinion Quarterly, 37 (4), 509-523.
  • Katz, Elihu; Gurevitch, Michael & Hass, Hadassah (1973). “On The Use of Mass Media for Important Things”, American Sociological Review, 38 (2), 164-181.
  • Koçak, Abdullah (2001). Televizyon İzleyici Davranışları: Televizyon İzleyicilerinin Tercihleri ve Doyumları Üzerine Teorik ve Uygulamalı Bir Çalışma. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya.
  • McCourt, A. & Fitzpatrick, J. (2001). “The Role of Personal Characteristics and Romantic Characteristics in Parasocial Relationships: A Pilot Study”. Journal of Mundane Behavior, 2 (1).
  • Mutlu, Erol (2008). Televizyonu Anlamak. Ankara: Ayraç Kitabevi.
  • Nordlund, Jan-Erik (1978). “Media interaction”. Communication Research, 5 (2), 150-175.
  • Olkun, Emre O. & Balcı, Şükrü (2016). “Reliability Perception of Media News among University Students.” ICWSR 2nd International Conference on the Changing World and Social Research – 2016, 14-16 October 2016, Barcelona, pp. 779-792.
  • Palmgreen, Philip & Rayburn, J. D. (1979). “Uses and Gratifications and Exposure to Public Television”, Communication Research, 6 (2), 155-180.
  • Perlman, Daniel, & Peplau, Letitia Anne (1984). “Loneliness research: A survey of empirical findings”. L.A. Peplau and S. Goldston (Eds.), Preventing The Harmful Consequences Of Severe And Persistent Loneliness, Rockville, MD, US: National Institute of Mental Health.
  • Perse, Elizabeth M. & Rubin, Alan M. (1990). “Chronic loneliness and television use”. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 34 (1), 37-53.
  • Perse, Elizabeth M. & Rubin, Rebecca B. (1989). “Attribution in social and parasocial relationships”. Communication Research, 16 (1), 59-77.
  • Rubin Alan M. (1981). “An Examination of Television Viewing Motivations”, Communication Research, 8 (2), 141-165.
  • Rubin Alan M. (1983). “Television Uses and Gratifications: The Interactions of Viewing Patterns and Motivations”, Journal of Broadcasting, 27 (1), 37-51.
  • Rubin, Alan M. & Perse, Elizabeth M. (1987). “Audience activity and soap opera involvement: A Uses and effects investigation”. Human Communication Research, 14 (2), 246–268.
  • Rubin, Alan M. (1979). “Television Use by Children and Adolescents”. Human Communication Research, 5 (2), 109-120.
  • Rubin, Alan M.; Perse, Elizabeth, M. & Powell, Robert A. (1985). “Loneliness, parasocial interaction, and local television news viewing”. Human Communication Research, 12 (2), 155-180.
  • Russell, Dan (1996). “UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, Validity, and Factor Structure”. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66 (1). 20-40.
  • Russell, Dan, Peplau, Letitia Anne and Cutrona, Carolyn E. (1980). “The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39 (3), 472-480.
  • Russell, Dan; Peplau, Letitia Anne & Ferguson, M. (1978). “Developing a Measure of Loneliness”. Journal of Personality Assessment, 42 (3), 290-294.
  • Schiappa, Edward; Allen, Mike & Gregg, Peter B. (2007). “Parasocial relationships and television: A meta-analysis of the effects”. Raymonds W. Preiss, Barbara Mae Gayle, Nancy Burrell, Mike Allen, Jennings Bryant (Eds.), Mass Media Effects Research: Advances Through Meta-Analysis, Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, 301-314.
  • Softa, Havva Kaçan; Öztürk, Ayfer; Dindaş, İrem & Göçmen, Mustafa ( 2015). “Kastamonu 1No’lu Aile Sağlığı Merkezine Başvuran Yaşlıların Yalnızlık Düzeyini Etkileyen Bazı Faktörlerin İncelenmesi”. Yaşlı Sorunları Araştırma Dergisi, 2, 88-97.
  • Tsay-Vogel, Mina and Schwartz, Mitchael, L. (2014). “Theorizing parasocial interactions based on authenticity: The development of a media figure classification scheme”. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 3 (2), 66-78.
  • Wang, Qi; Edward L. Fink & Deborah, A. Cai (2008). “Loneliness, gender, and parasocial interaction: A uses and gratifications approach”. Communication Quarterly, 56 (1), 87-109.
  • Whitenack, Stephanie (2015). An Examination of Parasocial Relationships and Loneliness among People with Down Syndrome. Unpublished Master Dissertation, University of Cincinnati, Retrieved from https://etd.ohiolink.edu/.
  • Yazıcıoğlu, Yahşi & Erdoğan, Samiye (2004). SPSS Uygulamalı Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.

The Relationship between Loneliness and Parasocial Interaction Effect in Television Viewing Habits

Year 2018, Issue: 47, 386 - 408, 11.12.2018

Abstract

The influence of the mass media on the individual has always attracted the interest of researchers since the spread of the mass media. In the capitalist production process, the individual becomes more lonely, moving away from social interaction and therefore looking for different ways of interacting. One of these interaction methods is the parasocial interaction with the characters in the television series. In this study, how the individuals living in Konya relate to the characters in the TV series are evaluated in terms of the parasocial interaction and loneliness that this bond has caused. In the survey using the field survey, data were gathered from face-to-face survey technique from 462 participants living in the center of Konya. As a result of the research, it was determined that the level of loneliness significantly predicted parasocial interaction score. As the level of the individuals in the sample increases, there is an increase in parasocial interaction score. Parasocial interaction levels differ significantly according to the loneliness subscales included in the survey participants. Again, as the duration of daily television viewing increases, parasocial interaction also increases. Those with lower education levels have higher parasocial interaction scores than those with higher education.

References

  • Abelman Robert; Atkin, David & Rand, Michael (1997). “What Viewers Watch When They Watch TV: Affiliation Change as Case Study”. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 41 (3), 360-379.
  • Abelman, Robert (1988). “Motivations for Viewing “The 700 Club””. Journalism Quarterly, 65 (1), 112-118.
  • Ağırman, Ege; Gençer, Mehmet Ziya; Arıca, Seçil; Kaya, Ender & Eğici, Memet Taşkın (2017). “Huzurevinde, Evde Ailesiyle ve Yalnız Yaşayan Yaşlı Bireylerde Depresyon, Yalnızlık Hissi Düzeylerinin Karşılaştırılması”. Journal of Contemporary Medicine, 7 (3), 234-240.
  • Arda, S. (2006). Predictors of parasocial interaction with the favorite and the least desirable characters portrayed in TV serials. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, ODTÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Armağan, Ahsen (2014). “Loneliness and interpersonal communication ability relationship: A research on university students”. The Journal of International Social Research, 7 (30), 27-43.
  • Arslan, Özge (2013). Tv Dizilerinde Yer Alan Karakterler İle Kurulan Parasosyal Etkileşim: Bağlanma Biçimleri Ve Yalnızlık Açısından Bir İnceleme. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Auter, Philip J. & Philip Palmgreen (2000). “Development and validation of a parasocial interaction measure: The audience‐persona interaction scale”. Communication Research Reports, 17 (1), 79-89.
  • Avery, Robert K. & Donald G. Ellis (1978). “Talk radio as an interpersonal phenomenon”, G. Gumpert & R. Cathcarl (Eds.), Inter/Media: Interpersonal Communication in A Media World, New York: Oxford University Press, 108-115.
  • Bal, Enes (2013). “An Evaluation about Television Serials in Turkey in the Context of Parasocial Interaction”. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 3 (7), 767-773.
  • Bal, Enes (2014). Teknoloji, Gençlik ve Mobil Yaşam. Konya: LiteraTürk Academia Yayınları.
  • Balcı, Şükrü & Olkun, Emre Osman (2015).”The Relation between Loneliness in Social Life and Facebook Usage.” Amsterdam 16th International Academic Conference, Amsterdam, Netherlands, May 12-15,2015, pp. 86-102.
  • Balcı, Şükrü; Akar, Hüsamettin & Ayhan, Bünyamin (2011). “Televizyon ve Seçmen İlişkisini Yeniden Düşünmek: 2009 Yerel Seçimleri’nde İzleyici Motivasyonları”. Selçuk İletişim, 6 (4), 48-63.
  • Ballantine, Paul W. & Martin, Brett A. S. (2005). “Forming Parasocial Relationships in Online Communities”, Geeta Menon and Akshay R. Rao (Eds.), NA - Advances in Consumer Research, Volume 32, Duluth, MN: Association for Consumer Research, 197- 201.
  • Batıgün, Ayşegül Durak ve Sunal, Ayda Büyükşahin (2017). “TV Dizilerinde Yer Alan Karakterlerle Kurulan Parasosyal Etkileşim: Evlilik Doyumu, Psikolojik Belirtiler ve Bazı Sosyo-demografik Değişkenler Açısından Değerlendirme”. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 32 (79), 52-62.
  • Bostancı, M. Naci (2004). Televizyon Dilindeki İslam. Ankara: Odak Yayınevi. Şükrü Balcı, Yavuz Demir
  • Büyüköztürk, Şener vd. (2012). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri, Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Canary, Daniel J., & Brian H. Spitzberg (1993). “Loneliness and media gratifications”. Communication Research, 20 (6), 800-821.
  • Cohen, Jonathan (1997). “Parasocial relations and romantic attraction: Gender and dating status differences”. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 41 (4), 516-529.
  • Cohen, Jonathan (2003). “Parasocial Break-ups: Measuring Individual Differences in Responses to the Dissolution of Parasocial Relationships”. Mass Communication & Society, 6 (12), 191-202.
  • Cohen, Jonathan (2004). “Parasocial Break-up from Favorite Television Characters: The Role of Attachment Styles and Relationship Intensity”. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 21, 187-202.
  • Çakır, Vesile & Çakır, Vedat (2011). “Yalnızlık ve Televizyon Kullanımı”. Selçuk İletişim, 7 (1), 131-147.
  • Çakır, Vesile & Kınıt, Edanur (2014). Televizyon dizilerinde ürün yerleştirme ve sponsorluğun sonuçları”. Global Media Journal: Turkish Edition, 5 (9), 19-47.
  • Davila-Rosado, Pedro (2006). Surviving Reality: Survivor & Parasocial Interaction. Electronic Theses and Dissertations, Florida University, Orlando-Florida.
  • Demir, Ayhan (1989). “UCLA yalnızlık ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirliği”. Psikoloji Dergisi, 7 (23), 14-18.
  • Dhanda, Raj K. (2011). Loneliness and Parasocial Interaction with Media Characters. Unpublished Master Dissertation. California University, Davis.
  • Duy, Baki (2003). Bilişsel-Davranışçı Yaklaşıma Dayalı Grupla Psikolojik Danışmanın Yalnızlık ve Fonksiyonel Olmayan Tutumlar Üzerine Etkisi. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Erdoğan, İrfan & Alemdar, Korkmaz (2005). Öteki Kuram. Geliştirilmiş 2. Balkı, Ankara: Erk Yayınları.
  • Erdoğan, İrfan (1977). Television and Newspaper Uses and Gratifications of Foreign Graduate Students at the University of Pittsburgh: Some Correlates, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, UMI Dissertation Information Service.
  • Eyal, Keren & Cohen, Jonathan (2006). “When good Friends say goodbye: A parasocial breakup study”. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 50 (3), 502–523.
  • Greenwood, Dara N., & Long, Christopher R. (2009). “Psychological predictors of media involvement: Solitude experiences and the need to belong”. Communication Research, 36, 637–654.
  • Güngör, Nazife (2013). İletişim Kuramlar Yaklaşımlar. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Henry, Nicole Webb (2011). Celebrity versus Non-Celebrity: Parasocial Relationships with Characters in Reality-Based Television Programs. Unpublished Master Dissertation, Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University.
  • Horton, Donald, & R. Richard Wohl (1956). “Mass communication and para-social interaction: Observations on intimacy at a distance”. Psychiatry, 19 (3), 215-229.
  • Jarzyna, Carol Laurent (2012). Introversion and the use of parasocial interaction to satisfy belongingness needs. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Loyola University, Chicago.
  • Johnson, Kevin (2015). Loneliness, parasocial ınteraction, and the media: Tracing the patterns of understanding. Unpublished Master Dissertation, Department of Communication, University of Ottawa.
  • Katz, Elihu; Blumler, Jay G. & Gurevitch, Michael (1974). “Uses and Gratifications Research”. Public Opinion Quarterly, 37 (4), 509-523.
  • Katz, Elihu; Gurevitch, Michael & Hass, Hadassah (1973). “On The Use of Mass Media for Important Things”, American Sociological Review, 38 (2), 164-181.
  • Koçak, Abdullah (2001). Televizyon İzleyici Davranışları: Televizyon İzleyicilerinin Tercihleri ve Doyumları Üzerine Teorik ve Uygulamalı Bir Çalışma. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya.
  • McCourt, A. & Fitzpatrick, J. (2001). “The Role of Personal Characteristics and Romantic Characteristics in Parasocial Relationships: A Pilot Study”. Journal of Mundane Behavior, 2 (1).
  • Mutlu, Erol (2008). Televizyonu Anlamak. Ankara: Ayraç Kitabevi.
  • Nordlund, Jan-Erik (1978). “Media interaction”. Communication Research, 5 (2), 150-175.
  • Olkun, Emre O. & Balcı, Şükrü (2016). “Reliability Perception of Media News among University Students.” ICWSR 2nd International Conference on the Changing World and Social Research – 2016, 14-16 October 2016, Barcelona, pp. 779-792.
  • Palmgreen, Philip & Rayburn, J. D. (1979). “Uses and Gratifications and Exposure to Public Television”, Communication Research, 6 (2), 155-180.
  • Perlman, Daniel, & Peplau, Letitia Anne (1984). “Loneliness research: A survey of empirical findings”. L.A. Peplau and S. Goldston (Eds.), Preventing The Harmful Consequences Of Severe And Persistent Loneliness, Rockville, MD, US: National Institute of Mental Health.
  • Perse, Elizabeth M. & Rubin, Alan M. (1990). “Chronic loneliness and television use”. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 34 (1), 37-53.
  • Perse, Elizabeth M. & Rubin, Rebecca B. (1989). “Attribution in social and parasocial relationships”. Communication Research, 16 (1), 59-77.
  • Rubin Alan M. (1981). “An Examination of Television Viewing Motivations”, Communication Research, 8 (2), 141-165.
  • Rubin Alan M. (1983). “Television Uses and Gratifications: The Interactions of Viewing Patterns and Motivations”, Journal of Broadcasting, 27 (1), 37-51.
  • Rubin, Alan M. & Perse, Elizabeth M. (1987). “Audience activity and soap opera involvement: A Uses and effects investigation”. Human Communication Research, 14 (2), 246–268.
  • Rubin, Alan M. (1979). “Television Use by Children and Adolescents”. Human Communication Research, 5 (2), 109-120.
  • Rubin, Alan M.; Perse, Elizabeth, M. & Powell, Robert A. (1985). “Loneliness, parasocial interaction, and local television news viewing”. Human Communication Research, 12 (2), 155-180.
  • Russell, Dan (1996). “UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, Validity, and Factor Structure”. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66 (1). 20-40.
  • Russell, Dan, Peplau, Letitia Anne and Cutrona, Carolyn E. (1980). “The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39 (3), 472-480.
  • Russell, Dan; Peplau, Letitia Anne & Ferguson, M. (1978). “Developing a Measure of Loneliness”. Journal of Personality Assessment, 42 (3), 290-294.
  • Schiappa, Edward; Allen, Mike & Gregg, Peter B. (2007). “Parasocial relationships and television: A meta-analysis of the effects”. Raymonds W. Preiss, Barbara Mae Gayle, Nancy Burrell, Mike Allen, Jennings Bryant (Eds.), Mass Media Effects Research: Advances Through Meta-Analysis, Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, 301-314.
  • Softa, Havva Kaçan; Öztürk, Ayfer; Dindaş, İrem & Göçmen, Mustafa ( 2015). “Kastamonu 1No’lu Aile Sağlığı Merkezine Başvuran Yaşlıların Yalnızlık Düzeyini Etkileyen Bazı Faktörlerin İncelenmesi”. Yaşlı Sorunları Araştırma Dergisi, 2, 88-97.
  • Tsay-Vogel, Mina and Schwartz, Mitchael, L. (2014). “Theorizing parasocial interactions based on authenticity: The development of a media figure classification scheme”. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 3 (2), 66-78.
  • Wang, Qi; Edward L. Fink & Deborah, A. Cai (2008). “Loneliness, gender, and parasocial interaction: A uses and gratifications approach”. Communication Quarterly, 56 (1), 87-109.
  • Whitenack, Stephanie (2015). An Examination of Parasocial Relationships and Loneliness among People with Down Syndrome. Unpublished Master Dissertation, University of Cincinnati, Retrieved from https://etd.ohiolink.edu/.
  • Yazıcıoğlu, Yahşi & Erdoğan, Samiye (2004). SPSS Uygulamalı Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
There are 60 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Communication and Media Studies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Şükrü Balcı This is me

Yavuz Demir This is me

Publication Date December 11, 2018
Submission Date September 25, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Issue: 47

Cite

APA Balcı, Ş., & Demir, Y. (2018). Televizyon İzleme Alışkanlıklarında Parasosyal Etkileşim Etkisi İle Yalnızlık Arasındaki İlişki. İletişim Kuram Ve Araştırma Dergisi, 2022(47), 386-408.