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Raymond Depardon Sinemasında Etik Kaygılar

Year 2024, Issue: 68, 110 - 126, 24.11.2024
https://doi.org/10.47998/ikad.1474868

Abstract

İçinde yaşadığımız dünyanın temsilini sunan belgeseller toplumsal katılımcılar diye adlandırdığımız gerçek kişilerin yaşamlarından, deneyimledikleri olay ve durumlar hakkında kesitler sunarken onların çıkarlarını da korumak durumundadır. Bu çıkar meselesi belgesel sinemanın temel sorunu olan etik kavramını da beraberinde getirir. Yönetmenin kamerasıyla neyi, ne şekilde ve ne kadar göstermek konusunda verdiği öznel kararlar bununla ilişkilidir. Bu araştırmanın amacı belgesel sinemada etik kavramına değindikten sonra, Fransız belgesel sinemasının en önemli temsilcilerinden biri olan Raymond Depardon sinemasında etik kaygıların biçim analizi çerçevesinde incelenmesidir. Bu bağlamda yönetmenin kamera, kurgu ve ses kullanımındaki tercihleri, filmlerinde yer alan kişi ve mekânların temsilleri hakkında değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Depardon’un kamerasını daha önce Fransa’da hiç kimsenin girmediği adliye sarayı, polis karakolu, ve akıl hastanesi gibi kurumlara çevirmesinden ötürü araştırma kapsamına, hukuk ve sağlık kurumlarının işleyişi hakkında bilgiler vermesi, temsil edilen kurum ve temsilcileri ile orada yargılanan ve/veya sorgulanan kişilerin temsil ve etik meselesi açısından uygun bir örneklem olmaları sebebiyle 12 Jours (12 Gün), 10ème Chambre-Instants d’Audiences (10. Salon-Mahkeme Manzaraları) ve Délits Flagrants (Suçüstü) adlı filmleri dahil edilmiştir. Yönetmen hakkında herhangi bir akademik çalışmanın olmaması da bu araştırmayı özgün kılmaktadır. Araştırma neticesinde Raymond Depardon, gerek sinematografik gerekse kurgu ve ses kullanımında yaptığı tercihlerle filmlerinde etik kaygılar taşıdığı saptanmıştır.

References

  • Aristoteles. (2012). Metafizik. (Prof. Dr. A.Arslan, Çev.) Sosyal Yayınlar.
  • Aufderheide, P. (2009). Honest truths: documentary filmmakers on ethical challenges in their work. Center for Social Media, School of Communication, American University.
  • Baudrillard, J. (1995). Kötülüğün şeffaflığı, Aşırı fenomenler üzerine bir deneme. (E., Abora, I. Ergüden., Çev.) İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Bazin, A. (2000) Sinema nedir? (İ. Şener, Çev. ; 1. Baskı). İzdüşüm Yayınları.
  • Bordwell, D., Thompson, K. (2008). Film sanatı. (E. Yılmaz, E. S. Onat, Çev.). De-Ki Yayınevi.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1982). Ce que parler veut dire: L’économie des échanges linguistiques. Paris: Fayard.
  • Camara, Y., D. (T.Y). Les limites entre fiction et réel au cinéma. https://www.academia.edu/7968499/Les_limites_entre_fiction_et_réel_au_cinéma
  • Colleyn, J-P. (2001). Petites remarques sur les moments documentaire d’un grand pays. Communications, 71, 233-243.
  • De Baeque, A., Jouisse, T. (2001, Nisan). “Jacques Derrida. Le cinéma et ses fantômes. Cahier du Cinéma, 50, 75-85.
  • Deleuze, G. (2014). Sinema I, hareket –imge. (S. Özdemir, Çev.). Norgunk Yayınları.
  • France Culture. (2018). La masterclass de Raymond Depardon. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QuCUS5znAJw
  • Foss, B. (2016). Sinema ve televizyonda anlatım teknikleri ve dramaturji. (M. K. Gerçeker, Çev., 2. Baskı). Hayal Perest Yayınları.
  • Gauthier, G. (2008). Le documentaire, un autre cinéma. Coll. Cinéma. Armand Collin.
  • Gross, L, Katz, J, & Ruby, J 1988, ‘Introduction: A moral pause’ in Image ethics: The Moral rights of subjects in photographs, film and television, eds L. Gross, J. Katz & J. Ruby, Oxford University Press, 3-33.
  • Hofmannsthal, H., V. (1980). Gesammelte werke in einzelbänden. Reden und aufsätze III (1925-1929), Aufzeichnungen. Fischer.
  • Houssa, E. (2012). Le blog documentaire. Chris. Marker: Le point de vue documenté. https://cinemadocumentaire.wordpress.com/2012/02/17/chris-marker-le-point-de-vue-documente-par-emilie-houssa/
  • Katz, J.S., Gross, L., Ruby, J. (2003). Image ethics in the digital Age, “Family film: Ethical implication for consent”. University of Minnesota Press.
  • Kuçuradi, İ. (1996). Etik. (2. Baskı). Türkiye Felsefe Kurumu.
  • Larousse. (t.y). Ethos. https://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais/ethos/31434#:~:text=Manière%20d%27être%20sociale%20d,l%27appartenance%20à%20cette%20classe.
  • Le Forum des Images (2013). Raymond Depardon, La naissance du 10ème Chambre. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HsNXBy5k7c
  • Le Temps. (2004). La justice dans l’oeil de Raymond Depardon. https://www.letemps.ch/culture/justice-loeil-raymond-depardon.
  • Leacock, R. (1965). Naissance de la living camera. Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’education, la science et la culture.
  • Levinas, E. (1982). Ethique et infini. Dialogues avec Philippe Nemo. Librairie Fayard.
  • Lotman, Y., M.(1999) Sinema estetiğinin sorunları. (O. Özügül, Çev.). Öteki Yayınevi.
  • Lucien, A. (2007). “Les attributs symboliques de l’authorité du juge dans le documentaire judiciare”. Recherche en Communication, 28:123-133.
  • Nichols, B. (1991). Representing reality: Issues and concepts in documentary. Indiana University Press.
  • Nichols, B. (2017). Belgesel sinemaya giriş. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi.
  • Novo Cinema 1/6 (2004). Raymond Depardon à propos de son documentaire "10e Chambre Instants d'Audience". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5UNChHDK33U
  • Novo Cinema 2/6 (2004). Raymond Depardon à propos de son documentaire "10e Chambre Instants d'Audience". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vro6KtDsykg
  • Novo Cinema 3/6 (2004). Raymond Depardon à propos de son documentaire "10e Chambre Instants d'Audience". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f3Sv0_AP8mk
  • On n’est pas couché à Cannes. (2017). Raymond Depardon. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xjXOoXPN6rA Pieper, A. (1995). Etiğe giriş. (V. Atayman, G. Sezer, Çev.). Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Pryluck, C. (1976). Ultimately we are all outsiders: The ethics of documentary filmming, Journal of the University Film Association. vol, 28, 1: 21-29.
  • Pryluck, C. (2005). Ultimately we are all outsiders: The ethics of documentary filmmaking. A Rosentahal & J. Corner Editions, Manchester University Press.
  • Rancière, J. (2000). Le partage du sensible. La Fabrique Éditions.
  • Rotha, P. (1968). Documentary film: the use of the film medium to interpret creatively and in social terms the life of the people as if exists in reality. London: Faber and Faber.
  • Rothmann, W. (1997). Documentary film classics. New York: Cambridge University.
  • Roy, D., J. (1979). “La Bioéthique et les pouvoirs nouveaux”. Cahiers de Biothétique: La Bioéthique. Québec, Presses de l’univérsité Laval. vol, I: 85.
  • Testart, J. (1999). L’Oeuf Transparant. Champs Flammarion.
  • Waintrop, E. (2002). Délits Flagrants, un film de Raymond Depardon. Lycéens au cinéma, CNC, BIFI. https://www.premiersplans.org/festival/documents/fiches_pedagogiques/2020-fp-Delits-flagrants-2.pdf.
  • Winston, B. (1995). Claiming the Real: The Grierson documentary and its legitimations. British Film Institute.
  • Winston, B. (2008). Claiming the real II. Documentary: Grierson and beyond. 2nd edition, Palgrave Macmillan and British Film Institute.
  • Winston, B. (2000). Lies, damn lies and documentaries. British Film Institute.

Ethical Concerns in Raymond Depardon's Cinema

Year 2024, Issue: 68, 110 - 126, 24.11.2024
https://doi.org/10.47998/ikad.1474868

Abstract

Documentaries which represent the world in which we live, should protect the lives of real people whom we call social actors while showing segments regarding the events and situations that they experience. This issue of interest also brings with the concept of ethics, which is the fundamental problem of the documentary cinema. The subjective decisions of the director about what, how and how much to show with his camera are related to this. The aim of this research, after touching on the concept of ethics in documentary cinema, is to examine ethical concerns in the cinema of Raymond Depardon which is considered one of the most important representatives of the French documentary cinema, within the framework of form analysis. In this context, evaluations were made about the director's preferences in the use of camera, editing and sound, and the representation of both people and places. Since Depardon turned his camera to institutions such as courthouses, police stations, and psychiatric hospitals that no one had ever entered in France before, his 12 Jours (12 Days), 10ème Chambre-Instants d'Audiences (10th District Court) and Délits Flagrants (Caught in the Acts) movies were included to the scope of research as they provide information about the functioning of the legal and healthcare systems and their representatives and the defendant or interrogated parties within the context of ethics. The absence of any academic study about the director also makes this research unique. As a result of the research, it was determined that Raymond Depardon has ethical concerns in his films with the choices he made in both cinematography, editing and sound use.

References

  • Aristoteles. (2012). Metafizik. (Prof. Dr. A.Arslan, Çev.) Sosyal Yayınlar.
  • Aufderheide, P. (2009). Honest truths: documentary filmmakers on ethical challenges in their work. Center for Social Media, School of Communication, American University.
  • Baudrillard, J. (1995). Kötülüğün şeffaflığı, Aşırı fenomenler üzerine bir deneme. (E., Abora, I. Ergüden., Çev.) İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Bazin, A. (2000) Sinema nedir? (İ. Şener, Çev. ; 1. Baskı). İzdüşüm Yayınları.
  • Bordwell, D., Thompson, K. (2008). Film sanatı. (E. Yılmaz, E. S. Onat, Çev.). De-Ki Yayınevi.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1982). Ce que parler veut dire: L’économie des échanges linguistiques. Paris: Fayard.
  • Camara, Y., D. (T.Y). Les limites entre fiction et réel au cinéma. https://www.academia.edu/7968499/Les_limites_entre_fiction_et_réel_au_cinéma
  • Colleyn, J-P. (2001). Petites remarques sur les moments documentaire d’un grand pays. Communications, 71, 233-243.
  • De Baeque, A., Jouisse, T. (2001, Nisan). “Jacques Derrida. Le cinéma et ses fantômes. Cahier du Cinéma, 50, 75-85.
  • Deleuze, G. (2014). Sinema I, hareket –imge. (S. Özdemir, Çev.). Norgunk Yayınları.
  • France Culture. (2018). La masterclass de Raymond Depardon. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QuCUS5znAJw
  • Foss, B. (2016). Sinema ve televizyonda anlatım teknikleri ve dramaturji. (M. K. Gerçeker, Çev., 2. Baskı). Hayal Perest Yayınları.
  • Gauthier, G. (2008). Le documentaire, un autre cinéma. Coll. Cinéma. Armand Collin.
  • Gross, L, Katz, J, & Ruby, J 1988, ‘Introduction: A moral pause’ in Image ethics: The Moral rights of subjects in photographs, film and television, eds L. Gross, J. Katz & J. Ruby, Oxford University Press, 3-33.
  • Hofmannsthal, H., V. (1980). Gesammelte werke in einzelbänden. Reden und aufsätze III (1925-1929), Aufzeichnungen. Fischer.
  • Houssa, E. (2012). Le blog documentaire. Chris. Marker: Le point de vue documenté. https://cinemadocumentaire.wordpress.com/2012/02/17/chris-marker-le-point-de-vue-documente-par-emilie-houssa/
  • Katz, J.S., Gross, L., Ruby, J. (2003). Image ethics in the digital Age, “Family film: Ethical implication for consent”. University of Minnesota Press.
  • Kuçuradi, İ. (1996). Etik. (2. Baskı). Türkiye Felsefe Kurumu.
  • Larousse. (t.y). Ethos. https://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais/ethos/31434#:~:text=Manière%20d%27être%20sociale%20d,l%27appartenance%20à%20cette%20classe.
  • Le Forum des Images (2013). Raymond Depardon, La naissance du 10ème Chambre. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HsNXBy5k7c
  • Le Temps. (2004). La justice dans l’oeil de Raymond Depardon. https://www.letemps.ch/culture/justice-loeil-raymond-depardon.
  • Leacock, R. (1965). Naissance de la living camera. Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’education, la science et la culture.
  • Levinas, E. (1982). Ethique et infini. Dialogues avec Philippe Nemo. Librairie Fayard.
  • Lotman, Y., M.(1999) Sinema estetiğinin sorunları. (O. Özügül, Çev.). Öteki Yayınevi.
  • Lucien, A. (2007). “Les attributs symboliques de l’authorité du juge dans le documentaire judiciare”. Recherche en Communication, 28:123-133.
  • Nichols, B. (1991). Representing reality: Issues and concepts in documentary. Indiana University Press.
  • Nichols, B. (2017). Belgesel sinemaya giriş. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi.
  • Novo Cinema 1/6 (2004). Raymond Depardon à propos de son documentaire "10e Chambre Instants d'Audience". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5UNChHDK33U
  • Novo Cinema 2/6 (2004). Raymond Depardon à propos de son documentaire "10e Chambre Instants d'Audience". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vro6KtDsykg
  • Novo Cinema 3/6 (2004). Raymond Depardon à propos de son documentaire "10e Chambre Instants d'Audience". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f3Sv0_AP8mk
  • On n’est pas couché à Cannes. (2017). Raymond Depardon. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xjXOoXPN6rA Pieper, A. (1995). Etiğe giriş. (V. Atayman, G. Sezer, Çev.). Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Pryluck, C. (1976). Ultimately we are all outsiders: The ethics of documentary filmming, Journal of the University Film Association. vol, 28, 1: 21-29.
  • Pryluck, C. (2005). Ultimately we are all outsiders: The ethics of documentary filmmaking. A Rosentahal & J. Corner Editions, Manchester University Press.
  • Rancière, J. (2000). Le partage du sensible. La Fabrique Éditions.
  • Rotha, P. (1968). Documentary film: the use of the film medium to interpret creatively and in social terms the life of the people as if exists in reality. London: Faber and Faber.
  • Rothmann, W. (1997). Documentary film classics. New York: Cambridge University.
  • Roy, D., J. (1979). “La Bioéthique et les pouvoirs nouveaux”. Cahiers de Biothétique: La Bioéthique. Québec, Presses de l’univérsité Laval. vol, I: 85.
  • Testart, J. (1999). L’Oeuf Transparant. Champs Flammarion.
  • Waintrop, E. (2002). Délits Flagrants, un film de Raymond Depardon. Lycéens au cinéma, CNC, BIFI. https://www.premiersplans.org/festival/documents/fiches_pedagogiques/2020-fp-Delits-flagrants-2.pdf.
  • Winston, B. (1995). Claiming the Real: The Grierson documentary and its legitimations. British Film Institute.
  • Winston, B. (2008). Claiming the real II. Documentary: Grierson and beyond. 2nd edition, Palgrave Macmillan and British Film Institute.
  • Winston, B. (2000). Lies, damn lies and documentaries. British Film Institute.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Communication Ethics, Cinema Studies (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Merve Gezen 0000-0001-6029-2699

Publication Date November 24, 2024
Submission Date April 28, 2024
Acceptance Date August 28, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Issue: 68

Cite

APA Gezen, M. (2024). Raymond Depardon Sinemasında Etik Kaygılar. İletişim Kuram Ve Araştırma Dergisi(68), 110-126. https://doi.org/10.47998/ikad.1474868