Evaluation of the Effect of Internet Addiction on Eating Behaviors, Obesity and Sleep Quality in Adolescents

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine internet addiction in adolescents and to evaluate the effects of internet addiction on eating behaviors, obesity and sleep quality. Material and Method: 476 adolescents between the ages of 12-18 participated in the study. A questionnaire created via Google Forms was applied to the participants. Sociodemographic information, body weight and height of the adolescents were obtained from the parents. In order to determine the obesity status of adolescents, BMI z score values were calculated according to age and gender. Young Internet Addiction Test Short Form (YIAT-SF), three-factor eating questionnaire (TFEQ-R21) and Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were applied to adolescents. YIAT scores were divided into tertiles. Results: The mean age of the adolescents participating in the study was 15.7±1.33 It was determined that 38.9% of individuals spent more than four hours using mobile phones/computers/tablets for daily internet use. It was determined that the girls' YIAT-SF, uncontrolled and emotional eating, cognitive restriction, and total PSQI scores were higher than the boys (p<0.05). According to the YIAT score, it was determined that the individuals in the tertiles 2 and 3 had significantly higher uncontrolled and emotional eating and sleep quality scores than the individuals in the tertile 1 (p<0.05), and there was no significant difference between the YIAT score and the BMI z score. Conclusion: Internet addiction negatively affects sleep quality and eating behaviors in adolescents. Changes in sleep quality and eating behaviors of individuals may cause deterioration in nutritional status in the long run.

Keywords

• Adolescent
• internet addiction
• sleep quality
• eating behavior

Adölesanlarda İnternet Bağımlılığının Yeme Davranışları, Obezite ve Uyku Kalitesi Üzerine Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı adölesanlarda internet bağımlılığının belirlenmesi, internet bağımlığının yeme davranışları, obezite ve uyku kalitesi üzerine etkisinin değerlendirilmesidir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya 12-18 yaş arasında 476 adölesan katılmıştır. Katılımcılara Google Forms aracılığı ile oluşturulan anket uygulanmıştır. Ebeveynlerden adölesanların sosyodemografik bilgileri, vücut ağırlığı ve boy uzunluğu öğrenilmiştir. Adölesanların obezite durumlarını belirlemek için yaşa ve cinsiyete göre BKİ z skor değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Adölesanlara Young İnternet Bağımlılığı Testi Kısa Formu (YİBTKF), üç faktörlü yeme anketi (TFEQ-R21) ve Pittsburg Uyku Kalite İndeksi (PUKİ) uygulanmıştır. YİBT skorları tertillere ayrılmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışmaya katılan adölesanların yaş ortalaması 15,7±1,33’tür. Bireylerin %38,9’unun günlük cep telefonu/bilgisayar/tabletten internet kullanım süresinin dört saatten fazla olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kızların YİBT, kontrolsüz ve duygusal yeme, bilişsel kısıtlama ve toplam PUKİ puanlarının erkeklerden daha yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır (p<0,05). YİBT puanına göre 2. ve 3. tertilde bulunan bireylerin 1. tertildeki bireylere göre kontrolsüz yeme, duygusal yeme ve uyku kalitesi puanlarının anlamlı olarak daha yüksek olduğu belirlenirken (p<0,05), YİBT puanı ile BKİ z skor arasında anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmamıştır. Sonuç: İnternet bağımlılığı adölesanlarda uyku kalitesini ve yeme davranışlarını olumsuz etkilemektedir. Bireylerin uyku kalitesi ve yeme davranışlarındaki değişimler uzun vadede beslenme durumunda bozulmalara sebep olabilir.

Keywords

• adölesan
• internet bağımlılığı
• uyku kalitesi
• yeme davranışı

References

1. World Health Akar F. Purposes, Causes and Consequences of Excessive Internet Use among Turkish Adolescents. Eurasian J Educ Res. 2015 Sep 1;15(60):35–56.
2. Marin MG, Nuñez X, de Almeida RMM. Internet Addiction and Attention in Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Cyberpsychology Behav Soc Netw. 2021 Apr 1;24(4):237–49.
3. TÜİK Kurumsal [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jul 7]. Available from: https:// data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Hanehalki-Bilisim-Teknolojileri-(BT)- Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2020-33679
4. Sezer Efe Y, Erdem E, Caner N, Şener Taplak A, Başdaş Ö, Bayat M. Ergenlerde siber zorbalık, internet bağımlılığı ve algılanan stres. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Derg [Internet]. 2022 Feb 15 [cited 2022 Jul 7]; Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/ doi/10.46237/amusbfd.1005512
5. TÜİK Kurumsal [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jul 7]. Available from: https:// data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Cocuklarda-Bilisim-Teknolojileri- Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2021-41132
6. Ferreira C, Ferreira H, Vieira MJ, Costeira M, Branco L, Dias Â, et al. Epidemiology of Internet Use by an Adolescent Population and its Relation with Sleep Habits. . Acta Médica Port. 2017 Aug 31;30(7–8):524.
7. Masaeli N, Farhadi H. Prevalence of Internet-based addictive behaviors during COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review. J Addict Dis. 2021 Oct 1;39(4):468–88.
8. Özdemir, S. , Küçük, F. , Balcı, S. & Türköz, A. (2020). 11-18 Yaş Arasındaki Adolesanların İnternet Bağımlılık Düzeyleri . Balıkesir Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi , 9 (2) , 83-92 .

9. Sozer E. Lise Öğrencilerinde İnternet Bağımlılığı ile Etkileyen Etmenlerin Belirlenmesi. [Internet]. Istanbul (TR): İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi, 2021. [Erişim Tarihi:18.10.2022] Availablel from: https:// acikerisim.medipol.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/20.500.12511/8854
10. Fischer-Grote L, Kothgassner OD, Felnhofer A. Risk factors for problematic smartphone use in children and adolescents: a review of existing literature. neuropsychiatrie. 2019 Dec;33(4):179–90.
11. Hendekci A, Aydın Avcı İ. The relatıonshıp between ınternet addiction and nutrition exercıse behavıors in adolescents. Ank Med J. 2020;20(2):315–26.
12. Weinstein A, Lejoyeux M. Internet addiction or excessive ınternet use. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2010 Aug 1;36(5):277–83.
13. Cheng C, Li AY lam. Internet addiction prevalence and quality of (real) life: a meta-analysis of 31 nations across seven world regions. Cyberpsychology Behav Soc Netw. 2014 Dec;17(12):755–60.
14. Kuss D, Griffiths M, Karila L, Billieux J. Internet Addiction: A Systematic Review of epidemiological research for the last decade. Curr Pharm Des. 2014 Jun 31;20(25):4026–52.
15. Wang Y, Wu AMS, Lau JTF. The health belief model and number of peers with internet addiction as inter-related factors of Internet addiction among secondary school students in Hong Kong. BMC Public Health. 2016 Dec;16(1):272.
16. Fumero A, Marrero RJ, Voltes D, Peñate W. Personal and social factors involved in internet addiction among adolescents: A meta-analysis. Comput Hum Behav. 2018 Sep;86:387–400.
17. Akbaş E, Yiğitoğlu G. Adölesan Dönemde Psikososyal Sorunlar. OPUS Uluslar Toplum Araştırmaları Derg [Internet]. 2021 Jun 22 [cited 2022 Jul 7]; Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/doi/10.26466/opus.906824
18. Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. Davranışsal Bağımlılıklar ile Mücadele Ulusal Stratejı Belgesı ve Eylem Planı 2019-2023. Available from: https:// hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/Ruh_Sagligi_Db/eylem_plani/ Davranissal_Bagimliliklar_Ile_Mucadele_Ulusal_Strateji_Belgesi_ve_ Eylem_Plani_2019-2023.pdf
19. Growth reference data for 5-19 years [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jul 7]. Available from: https://www.who.int/tools/growth-reference-data-for- 5to19-years
20. Kutlu M, Savci M, Demir Y, Aysan F. Turkish adaptation of Young’s Internet Addiction Test-Short Form: a reliability and validity study on university students and adolescents. Anatol J Psychiatry. 2016;17(1):69.
21. Karakus S, Yildirim H, Buyukozturk S. Adaptation of three factor eating questionnaire (TFEQ-R21) intoTurkish culture: A validity and reliability study. TAF Prev Med Bull. 2016;15(3):229.
22. Ağargün MY, Kara H, Anlar O. Pittsburgh uyku kalitesi indeksinin geçerliği ve güvenirliği. Türk Psikiyatri Derg. 1996;7(2):107–15.
23. Young KS. Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. Cyberpsychol Behav. 1996;1(3):237–44.
24. Blinka L, Škařupová K, Ševčíková A, Wölfling K, Müller KW, Dreier M. Excessive internet use in European adolescents: What determines differences in severity? Int J Public Health. 2015 Feb;60(2):249–56.
25. Yang J, Guo Y, Du X, Jiang Y, Wang W, Xiao D, et al. Association between problematic internet use and sleep disturbance among adolescents: The Role of the Child’s Sex. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018 Nov 28;15(12):2682.
26. Kaess M, Durkee T, Brunner R, Carli V, Parzer P, Wasserman C, et al. Pathological internet use among European adolescents: psychopathology and self-destructive behaviours. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014 Nov;23(11):1093–102.
27. Tsitsika AK, Andrie EK, Psaltopoulou T, Tzavara CK, Sergentanis TN, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, et al. Association between problematic internet use, socio-demographic variables and obesity among European adolescents. Eur J Public Health. 2016 Aug;26(4):617–22.
28. Seyrek S, Cop E, Sinir H, Ugurlu M, Şenel S. Factors associated with Internet addiction: Cross-sectional study of Turkish adolescents. Pediatr Int. 2017 Feb;59(2):218–22.
29. Yüksel R, KocaiRi C, Arslantaş H, Söylemez B. Ergenlerde internet bağımlılığını etkileyen faktörler. BAUN Sag Bil Derg. 2020;10(1):19-28.
30. Baltaci Ö, Akbulut ÖF, Zafer R. COVID-19 Pandemisinde Problemli İnternet Kullanımı: Bir Nitel Araştırma. Kırşehir Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi .2020;1(3):126-40.
31. Aşut Ö, Abuduxike G, Acar-Vaizoğlu S, Cali S. Relationships between screen time, internet addiction and other lifestyle behaviors with obesity among secondary school students in the turkish republic of northern cyprus. Turk J Pediatr. 2019;61(4):568.
32. Mak KK, Lai CM, Watanabe H, Kim DI, Bahar N, Ramos M, et al. Epidemiology of internet behaviors and addiction among adolescents in six asian countries. Cyberpsychology Behav Soc Netw. 2014 Nov;17(11):720–8.
33. Kaya A, Dalgiç AI. How does Internet addiction affect adolescent lifestyles? results from a school-based study in the mediterranean region of Turkey. J Pediatr Nurs. 2021 Jul;59:e38–43.
34. Su W, Han X, Jin C, Yan Y, Potenza MN. Are males more likely to be addicted to the internet than females? A meta-analysis involving 34 global jurisdictions. Comput Hum Behav. 2019 Oct;99:86–100.
35. Aylaz R, Güneş G, Günaydın Y, Kocaer M, Pehlivan E. Problematic internet usage among high school students and the relevant factors. :9.
36. Çelebioğlu A, Aytekin Özdemir A, Küçükoğlu S, Ayran G. The effect of Internet addiction on sleep quality in adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nurs. 2020 Nov;33(4):221–8.
37. Alimoradi Z, Lin CY, Broström A, Bülow PH, Bajalan Z, Griffiths MD, et al. Internet addiction and sleep problems: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2019 Oct;47:51–61.
38. Li G, Hou G, Yang D, Jian H, Wang W. Relationship between anxiety, depression, sex, obesity, and internet addiction in Chinese adolescents: A short-term longitudinal study. Addict Behav. 2019 Mar;90:421–7.
39. Demirci A, Dogan R, Matrak Y, Kuruoglu E, Mevsim V. The Effect Of Problematıc Internet Use On The Sleep Qualıty Of Medıcal Students. Turk J Fam Med Prim Care. 2015;9(4):143.
40. Akçay D, Akçay BD. The influence of media on the sleep quality in adolescents. Turk J Pediatr. 2018;60(3):255.
41. Acikgoz A, Acikgoz B, Acikgoz O. The effect of internet addiction and smartphone addiction on sleep quality among Turkish adolescents. PeerJ. 2022 Feb 2;10:e12876.
42. Rodgers RF, Melioli T, Laconi S, Bui E, Chabrol H. Internet addiction symptoms, disordered eating, and body ımage avoidance. Cyberpsychology Behav Soc Netw. 2013 Jan;16(1):56–60.
43. Ivezaj V, Potenza MN, Grilo CM, White MA. An exploratory examination of at-risk/problematic internet use and disordered eating in adults. Addict Behav. 2017 Jan;64:301–7.
44. Alpaslan AH, Koçak U, Avci K, Uzel Taş H. The association between internet addiction and disordered eating attitudes among Turkish high school students. Eat Weight Disord - Stud Anorex Bulim Obes. 2015 Dec;20(4):441–8.
45. Tayhan Kartal F, Yabancı Ayhan N. Relationship between eating disorders and internet and smartphone addiction in college students. Eat Weight Disord - Stud Anorex Bulim Obes. 2021 Aug;26(6):1853–62.
46. Bozkurt H, Özer S, Şahin S, Sönmezgöz E. Internet use patterns and Internet addiction in children and adolescents with obesity: Internet addiction and obesity. Pediatr Obes. 2018 May;13(5):301–6.
47. Tabatabaee HR, Rezaianzadeh A, Jamshidi M. Mediators in the relationship between ınternet addiction and body mass ındex: A path model approach using partial least square. J Res Health Sci. 2018 Aug 18;18(3):e00423.
48. Canan F, Yildirim O, Ustunel TY, Sinani G, Kaleli AH, Gunes C, et al. The relationship between ınternet addiction and body mass ındex in Turkish adolescents. Cyberpsychology Behav Soc Netw. 2014 Jan;17(1):40–5.
49. Stabouli S, Erdine S, Suurorg L, Jankauskienė A, Lurbe E. Obesity and Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents: The Bidirectional Link. Nutrients. 2021 Nov 29;13(12):4321.
50. Jebeile H, Gow ML, Baur LA, Garnett SP, Paxton SJ, Lister NB. Treatment of obesity, with a dietary component, and eating disorder risk in children and adolescents: A systematic review with meta‐analysis. Obes Rev. 2019 Sep;20(9):1287–98.
51. Fatima Y, Doi SAR, Mamun AA. Sleep quality and obesity in young subjects: a meta-analysis: Sleep quality and obesity. Obes Rev. 2016 Nov;17(11):1154–66.