Chronic Disease Management in Disasters

Abstract

Chronic diseases are one of the main causes of death all over the world. Disasters don’t only exacerbate chronic diseases, but they also contribute to the development of new ones. The most defenseless group in disasters are individuals with chronic diseases. The recent disasters in developed countries have demonstrated that taking precautions against disasters is very important for people with chronic diseases. It is known that individuals with chronic diseases face many difficulties due to disasters, and treating these individuals after disasters is a very challenging process. Nurses plan health education before, during, and after disasters and ensure the participation of the community in these trainings. They also support improving citizens’ awareness of health. Healthcare providers, especially nurses, have critical roles in the transportation and delivery of healthcare services to patients and their families in order to reduce the impact of disasters. Lack of access to medical services after a disaster is one of the major causes of death. The aim of this review is to find out the difficulties encountered during the provision of medical services for individuals with chronic diseases at every stage of disaster management, to reveal the solutions for these difficulties, and to identify effective strategies for chronic disease management. Such strategies can assist healthcare personnel in disaster preparedness and planning to design appropriate strategies to manage chronic diseases in disaster-affected populations, potentially improving health outcomes during and after disasters.

Keywords

• Disaster
• chronic diseases
• nursing.

Afetlerde Kronik Hastalık Yönetimi

Abstract

Kronik hastalıklar dünya genelinde önde gelen ölüm nedenleri arasında yer almaktadır. Afetler, mevcut hastalıkları şiddetlendirmenin yanı sıra, yeni kronik hastalıkların gelişmesine de katkıda bulunmaktadır. Afet ortamlarında en savunmasız popülasyonlardan biri kronik hastalığı olan bireylerdir. Gelişmiş ülkelerde yaşanan son afetler, kronik hastalığı olan bireyler için afete hazırlık önlemlerinin önemini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Kronik hastalığı olan bireylerin, afetler nedeniyle pek çok zorlukla karşılaştığı bilinmektedir ve afetlerden sonra bireylerin bakımı oldukça zorlu bir süreçtir. Afet öncesinde, sırasında ve sonrasında hemşireler, sağlık eğitimini planlar ve toplumun bu eğitimlere katılımını sağlarlar. Aynı zamanda sağlık bilincinin geliştirilmesine destek olurlar. Afetlerin etkisini azaltmak için, başta hemşireler olmak üzere sağlık hizmeti sunucuları, hastalara ve ailelerine sağlık hizmetinin ulaştırılması ve sunumunda kritik rollere sahiptir. Sağlık hizmetlerine erişim eksikliği, afetlerden sonra önde gelen ölüm nedenlerinden biridir. Bu derlemenin amacı, afet yönetiminin her aşamasında kronik hastalıkları olan bireylere yönelik, sağlık hizmeti sunumu sırasında karşılaşılan zorlukları ve bunların çözümleri ortaya çıkarmak, kronik hastalık yönetimi için etkili stratejiler belirlemektir. Bu tür stratejiler, afete hazırlık ve planlamada sağlık personeline, afetten etkilenen popülasyondaki kronik hastalıkları yönetmek için uygun stratejiler tasarlamasında yardımcı olabilir, afetler sırasında ve sonrasında sağlık sonuçlarını potansiyel olarak iyileştirebilir.

Keywords

• Afet
• kronik hastalıklar
• hemşirelik.

References

1. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. Terminology. (cited 2023 March 1) Available from: http://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/ terminology#letter-p
2. Flaubert JL, Le Menestrel S, Williams DR, Wakefield MK, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Nurses in Disaster Preparedness and Public Health Emergency Response. In The Future of Nursing 2020-2030: Charting a Path to Achieve Health Equity. National Academies Press (US). Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2021 May 11. PMID: 34524769.
3. Suneja A, Chandler TE, Schlegelmilch J, May M, Redlener IE. Chronic Disease After Natural Disasters: Public Health, Policy, and Provider Perspectives. 2018.
4. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (CDC). How to Manage Your Chronic Disease During a Disaster. (cited 2023 March 2). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/about/manage/disaster.htm#print
5. Gorji HA, Jafari H, Heidari M, Seifi B. Cancer patients during and after natural and man-made disasters: a systematic review. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2018;19(10):2695–2700
6. Heidari M, Ghodusi M. The relationship between body esteem and hope and mental health in breast cancer patients after mastectomy. Indian J Palliat Care. 2015 May-Aug;21(2):198–202.
7. Slama S, Kim H-J, Roglic G, Boulle P, Hering H, Varghese C, et al. Care of non-communicable diseases in emergencies. Lancet. 2017 Jan 21;389(10066):326–330.
8. Chan EY, Kim J. Chronic health needs immediately after natural disasters in middle-income countries: the case of the 2008 Sichuan, China earthquake. European Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2011;18(2):111– 4.9

9. Chan E, Man A, Lam H. Scientific evidence on natural disasters and health emergency and disaster risk management in Asian rural-based area. British Medical Bulletin. 2019;129(1):91.
10. Ghazanchaei E, Mohebbi I, Nouri F, Aghazadeh-Attari J, Khorasani- Zavareh D. Non-communicable diseases in disasters: a protocol for a systematic review. Journal of injury and violence research.2021;13(1), 61
11. Mensah GA, Mokdad AH, Posner SF, Reed E, Simões EJ, Engelgau MM. When chronic conditions become acute: prevention and control of chronic diseases and adverse health outcomes during natural disasters. Prev Chronic Dis. 2005;2(spec no):A04.
12. Miller AC, Arquilla B. Chronic diseases and natural hazards: impact of disasters on diabetic, renal, and cardiac patients. Prehospital and disaster medicine.2008; 23(2), 185-194.
13. Trichopoulos D, Katsouyanni K, Zavitsanos X, Tzonou A, Dalla- Vorgia P. Psychological stress and fatal heart attack: The Athens (1981) earthquake natural experiment. Lancet. 1983; 1, 441.
14. Kario K, McEwen BS & Pickering TG. Disasters and the heart: A review of the effects of earthquake-induced stress on cardiovascular disease. Hypertension Research. 2003; 26, 355.
15. Chronic dısease after natural dısasters:publıc health,polıcy, and provıder perspectıve. 2018. (cited 2023 Feb 20) Available from: https:// academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D81V6XZZ/download
16. Radhakrishnan K, Jacelon C. Synthesis of literature on strategies for chronic disease management post disasters. Journal of Nursing and Healthcare of Chronic Illness. 2009;1(4), 294-302.
17. Sengül A, Özer E, Salman S, Salman F, Sağlam Z, Sargın M, Yılmaz T. Lessons learnt from influences of the Marmara earthquake on glycemic control and quality of life in people with type 1 diabetes. Endocrine journal. 2004; 51(4), 407-414.
18. An C, Zhang Y, Yu L, Li N, Song M, Wang L, et al. Long-term impact of earthquake stress on fasting glucose control and diabetes prevalence among Chinese adults of Tangshan. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2014;7(11):4441– 4447
19. Ngaruiya C, Bernstein R, Leff R, Wallace L, Agrawal P, Selvam A, et al. Systematic review on chronic non-communicable disease in disaster settings. BMC Public Health.2022; 22(1), 1-88.
20. Arrieta MI, Foreman RD, Crook ED, Icenogle ML. Insuring continuity of care for chronic disease patients after a disaster: Key preparedness elements. American Journal of the Medical Sciences.2008; 336, 128–133.
21. McCurdy NJ, Griswold WG, Lenert LA. RealityFlythrough: enhancing situational awareness for medical response to disasters using ubiquitous video. AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings/AMIA Symposium. AMIA Symposium, 2005;510–514.
22. Balch D. Developing a national inventory of telehealth resources for rapid and effective emergency medical care: A white paper developed by the american telemedicine association emergency preparedness and response special interest group. Telemedicine Journal and e-Health. The Official Journal of the American Telemedicine Association. 2008; 14, 606–610.
23. Al Thobaity A, Plummer V, Williams B. What are the most common domains of the core competencies of disaster nursing? A scoping review. Int Emerg Nurs. 2017;31:64–71. doi:10.1016/j.ienj.2016.10.003
24. Al Thobaity A, Alamri S, Plummer V, Williams B. Exploring the necessary disaster plan components in Saudi Arabian hospitals. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct. 2019;41:101–316. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101316
25. Arksey H, O’Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol. 2005;8(1):19–32. doi:10.1080/1364557032000119616
26. Al Harthi M, Al Thobaity A, Al Ahmari W, Almalki M. Challenges for nurses in disaster management: a scoping review. Risk management and healthcare policy. 2020; 2627-2634.
27. Yıldırım Duman JG, Çevirgen A. Kronik hastalıkların yönetiminde kullanılan bilişim tabanlı uygulamalar. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi.2019; 6(1), 65-73.