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Types, Mechanisms of Action, and Metabolic Effects of Probiotics: A Current Overview

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 457 - 462, 04.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.61399/ikcusbfd.1366834

Abstract

Probiotics have positive effects on health, especially by regulating the microbial balance in the human intestine. Probiotics are live microorganisms that provide health benefits to the host when consumed in sufficient amounts. Although the multiple microorganisms are used as probiotics, the most important groups are Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species. Probiotics reduce the number of pathogenic bacteria by attaching and colonizing the epithelial surface, regulating immunity, microbiome modulation, improving intestinal epithelial barrier function and antimicrobial action. The expected effect occurs with one or a combination of mechanisms. Probiotic microorganisms must be non-pathogenic, resistant to bile salts, adhere to the epithelial surface and colonize the gastrointestinal tract, immunomodulation, have metabolic activity, and be resistant to technological processes. While certain probiotic mechanisms of action have been clarified, the mechanisms underlying the majority of their biological activities are not fully understood. Consequently, further investigation is required through the implementation of more comprehensive studies.

References

  • Song X, Liu Y, Zhang X, Weng P, Zhang R, & Wu Z. Role of intestinal probiotics in the modulation of lipid metabolism: implications for therapeutic treatments. Food Sci. Hum Wellness 2023 12(5), 14391449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2023.02.005
  • Grom LC, Coutinho NM, Guimarães JT, Balthazar CF, Silva R, Rocha RS, et al. Probiotic dairy foods and postprandial glycemia: A minireview. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2020 101, 165–171. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.05.012
  • Midhun SJ, Arun D, & Jyothis M. Probiotic application of beneficial bacteria for improved health and disease control. Recent Advances in Aquaculture Microbial Technology, 2023 pp.275–289. https://doi. org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90261-8.00002-X
  • Probiotics market size, share & COVID-19 ımpact analysis, by microbial genus (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and yeast), application (functional foods & beverages, dietary supplements, and animal feed), distribution channel (supermarkets/ hypermarkets, pharmacies/health stores, convenience stores, online retail, and others), and regional forecast, 2020-2027. 2020 Sep [Cited 2023 Oct 6]; [about 1 screen] Available from: https:// www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/industry-reports/probioticsmarket-100083
  • Tang C, Kong L, Shan M, Lu Z, Lu, Y. Protective and ameliorating effects of probiotics against diet-induced obesity: A review. Food Res. Int. 2021 147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110490
  • He BL, Xiong Y, Hu, TG., Zong MH, Wu H. Bifidobacterium spp. as functional foods: A review of current status, challenges, and strategies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022 23, 1–18. https://doi.org/10. 1080/10408398.2022.2054934
  • Plaza-Diaz J, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Gil-Campos M, Gil A. Mechanisms of action of probiotics. Adv Nutr 2019 10, S49–S66. https://doi. org/10.1093/advances/nmy063
  • Pranckute R, Kaunietis A, Kuisiene N, Citavicius D. Development of synbiotics with inulin, palatinose, alpha-cyclodextrin and probiotic bacteria. Pol. J. Microbiol. 2014 63(1), 33–41. PMID:25033660
  • Rani K, Kaur G, Ali SA. Probiotic-prebiotic therapeutic potential: A new horizon of microbial biotherapy to reduce female reproductive complications. PharmaNutrition 2023 24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. phanu.2023.100342
  • Chugh B, Kamal-Eldin A. Bioactive compounds produced by probiotics in food products. Curr. Opin. Food Sci. 2020 32, 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2020.02.003
  • Latif A, Shehzad A, Niazi S, Zahid A, Ashraf W, Iqbal MW. et al. Probiotics: mechanism of action, health benefits and their application in food industries. Front. Microbiol, 2023 14. https://doi. org/10.3389/FMICB.2023.1216674
  • Pourjafar H, Ansari F, Sadeghi A, Samakkhah SA, Jafari SM. Functional and health-promoting properties of probiotics’ exopolysaccharides; isolation, characterization, and applications in the food industry. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023 63(26), 8194–8225. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2022.2047883
  • Suez J, Zmora N, Segal E, Elinav E. The pros, cons, and many unknowns of probiotics. Nat. Med. 2019 25(5), 716–729. https://doi. org/10.1038/s41591-019-0439-x
  • Cui B, Lin L, Wang B, Liu W, Sun C. Therapeutic potential of Saccharomyces boulardii in liver diseases: from passive bystander to protective performer. Pharmacol Res 2022 175 106022. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2021.106022
  • Pais P, Almeida V, Yılmaz M, Teixeira MC. Saccharomyces boulardii: What makes it tick as successful probiotic? JoF 2020 6(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6020078
  • Ayyash MM, Abdalla AK, AlKalbani NS, Baig MA, Turner MS, Liu SQ et al. Invited review: Characterization of new probiotics from dairy and nondairy products-Insights into acid tolerance, bile metabolism and tolerance, and adhesion capability JDS 2021 104(8), 8363–8379. https:// doi.org/10.3168/JDS.2021-20398
  • Bustos AY, Font de Valdez G, Fadda S, Taranto MP. New insights into bacterial bile resistance mechanisms: The role of bile salt hydrolase and its impact on human health. Food Res. Int. 2018 112, 250–262. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.06.035
  • Singh S, Gupta R, Chawla S, Gauba P, Singh M, Tiwari RK et al. Natural sources and encapsulating materials for probiotics delivery systems: Recent applications and challenges in functional food development. Front. Nutr. 2022 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.971784
  • Nezamdoost-Sani N, Khaledabad MA, Amiri S, Khaneghah AM. Alginate and derivatives hydrogels in encapsulation of probiotic bacteria: An updated review. Food Biosci. 2023 52, 102433. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102433
  • Wijayanti DA, Djunaidi IH, Sjofjan O. Effect of probiotic and acidifier combination as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters on digesta ph and intestinal microflora of laying hen. 2019 4(2), 1-4. https:// doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.2634054
  • Martín R, Chamignon C, Mhedbi-Hajri N, Chain F, Derrien M, Escribano-Vázquez U, et al. The potential probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus CNCM I-3690 strain protects the intestinal barrier by stimulating both mucus production and cytoprotective response. Sci. Rep. 2019 9(1), 5398. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41738-5
  • Dimidi E. Christodoulides S, Scott SM, Whelan K. Mechanisms of action of probiotics and the gastrointestinal microbiota on gut motility and constipation. 2017 Adv Nutr. 8(3), 484–494. https://doi.org/10.3945/ an.116.014407
  • Indira M, Venkateswarulu TC, Abraham Peele K, Nazneen Bobby M, Krupanidhi S. Bioactive molecules of probiotic bacteria and their mechanism of action: a review. 3 Biotech. 2019 9(8), 1-11. https://doi. org/10.1007/s13205-019-1841-2
  • Tripathi MK, Giri SK. Probiotic functional foods: Survival of probiotics during processing and storage. J. Funct. Foods 2014 9, 225–241. https:// doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2014.04.030
  • Monteagudo-Mera A, Rastall RA, Gibson GR, Charalampopoulos D, Chatzifragkou A. Adhesion mechanisms mediated by probiotics and prebiotics and their potential impact on human health. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2019 103(16), 6463–6472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-09978-7
  • Hojjati M, Behabahani BA, Falah F. Aggregation, adherence, antiadhesion and antagonistic activity properties relating to surface charge of probiotic Lactobacillus brevis gp104 against Staphylococcus aureus. Microb. Pathog. 2020 147, 104420. https://doi.org/10.1016/J. MICPATH.2020.104420
  • Sillanpää J, Martínez B, Antikainen J, Toba T, Kalkkinen N, Tankka et al. Characterization of the collagen-binding S-layer protein CbsA of Lactobacillus crispatus. J. Bacteriol. 2000 182(22), 6440–6450. https:// doi.org/10.1128/JB.182.22.6440-6450.2000
  • Ma T, Shen X, Shi X, Sakandar HA, Quan K, Li Y, et al. Targeting gut microbiota and metabolism as the major probiotic mechanism - An evidence-based review. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2023 138, 178–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2023.06.013
  • Pintarič M, & Langerholc, T. Probiotic mechanisms affecting glucose homeostasis: A scoping review. Life 2022 12(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ life12081187
  • McFarland LV, Evans CT, Goldstein EJC. Strain-specifity and diseasespesificity of probiotic efficacy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Med. 2018 5, 24. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2018.00124
  • Stenman LK, Patterson E, Meunier J, Roman FJ, Lehtinen MJ. Strain spesific stress-modulating effects of candidate probiotics: A systematic screening in a mouse model of chronic restraint stress. Behav Brain Res. 2019 379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112376
  • McFarland LV, Karakan T, Karatas A. Strain specific and outcomespecif efficacy of probiotics for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review and meta-anlysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2021 41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101154
  • Kobyliak N, Falalyeyeva T, Tsyryuk O, Eslami M, Kyriienko D, Beregova T et al. New insights on strain-specific impacts of probiotics on insulin resistance: evidence from animal study. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2020 19(1), 289-296. 10.1007/s40200-020-00506-3
  • Peters VBM, Van de Steeg E, Van Bilsen J, Meijerink M. Mechanisms and immunomodulatory properties of pre- and probiotics. Benef. Microbes 2019 10(3), 225–236. https://doi.org/10.3920/BM2018.0066
  • Sharma S, Tripathi P. Gut microbiome and type 2 diabetes: Where we are and where to go? JNB 2019 63, 101–108. https://doi.org/https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.10.003
  • Tripathy A, Dash J, Kancharla S, Kolli P, Mahajan D, Senapati S et al. Probiotics: A promising candidate for management of colorectal cancer. Cancers, 2021 13(13), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13133178
  • Cukrowska B, Bierła JB, Zakrzewska M, Klukowski M, Maciorkowska E. The Relationship between the infant gut microbiota and allergy. The role of Bifidobacterium breve and prebiotic oligosaccharides in the activation of anti-allergic mechanisms in early life. Nutrients, 2020 12(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/NU12040946
  • Hu T, Dong Y, Yang C, Zhao M, He Q. Pathogenesis of children’s allergic diseases: refocusing the role of the gut microbiota. Front. Physiol. 2021 12, 749544. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPHYS.2021.749544/BIBTEX
  • Türk Gıda Kodeksi (TGK), (2017).Beslenme ve Sağlık Beyanları Yönetmeliği. Yayımlandığı Resmi Gazete tarihi: 26.01.2017 ve Sayı no.: 29960 (Mükerrer), Ankara.
  • Marco ML, Sanders ME, Gänzle M, Arrieta MC, Cotter PD, De Vuyst L, et al. The international scientific association for probiotics and prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on fermented foods. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2021 18(3), 196–208. https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41575-020-00390-5
  • Grumet L, Tromp Y, Stiegelbauer V. The development of high-quality multispecies probiotic formulations: From bench to market. Nutrients 2020 12(8), 2453. https://doi.org/10.3390/NU12082453
  • Nyanzi R, Jooste PJ, Buys EM. Invited review: Probiotic yogurt quality criteria, regulatory framework, clinical evidence, and analytical aspects. JDS 2021 104(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2020-19116
  • Śliżewska K, Chlebicz-Wójcik A. Growth kinetics of probiotic Lactobacillus strains in the alternative, cost-efficient semi-solid fermentation medium. Biology 2020 9(12), 423. https://doi.org/10.3390/ BIOLOGY9120423
  • Singh S, Gupta R, Chawla S, Gauba P, Singh M, Tiwari RK, et al. Natural sources and encapsulating materials for probiotics delivery systems: Recent applications and challenges in functional food development. Front. Nutr. 2022 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.971784
  • Santivarangkna C, Naumann D, Kulozik U, Foerst, P. Protective effects of sorbitol during the vacuum drying of Lactobacillus helveticus: An FTIR study. Ann. Microbiol. 2010 60(2), 235–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s13213-010-0032-5
  • Mojaveri SJ, Hosseini SF, Gharsallaoui A. Viability improvement of Bifidobacterium animalis Bb12 by encapsulation in chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) hybrid electrospun fiber mats. Carbohydr. Polym. 2020 241, 116278. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116278

Probiyotiklerin Türleri, Etki Mekanizmaları ve Metabolik Etkileri: Güncel Bir Bakış

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 457 - 462, 04.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.61399/ikcusbfd.1366834

Abstract

Probiyotikler insanlarda özellikle bağırsak mikrobiyal dengesini düzenleyerek sağlık üzerine olumlu etkiler gösterir. Probiyotikler, yeterli miktarda tüketildiğinde konakçıya sağlık açısından fayda sağlayan canlı mikroorganizmalardır. Probiyotik olarak kullanılan mikroorganizmalar çeşitlilik gösterse de en önemli grubunu Lactobacillus ve Bifidobacterium türleri oluşturur. Probiyotikler patojen bakterilerin sayısını azaltmak için epitel yüzeye tutunma, kolonizasyon, bağışıklığı düzenleme, mikrobiyom modülasyonu, bağırsak epitel bariyer fonksiyonun iyileştirilmesi ve antimikrobiyal etki gösterme gibi mekanizmalar üzerinden etkilerini gösterir. Beklenen etki bir veya birkaç mekanizmanın birlikte çalışmasıyla ortaya çıkar. Probiyotik mikroorganizmaların patojen özellik göstermeme, safra tuzlarına direnç, epitel yüzeye tutunma ve gastrointestinal sistemde kolonize olabilme, immünmodülasyon, metabolik etki kabiliyeti ve teknolojik süreçlere dayanıklılık gibi özelliklere sahip olmaları gerekir. Probiyotiklerin etki mekanizmalarından bazıları aydınlatılmış olsa da gösterdikleri birçok biyolojik aktivitenin mekanizmaları tam olarak anlaşılamamıştır. Bu nedenle daha kapsamlı çalışmalar yapılarak araştırılmaların artırılmasına ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

References

  • Song X, Liu Y, Zhang X, Weng P, Zhang R, & Wu Z. Role of intestinal probiotics in the modulation of lipid metabolism: implications for therapeutic treatments. Food Sci. Hum Wellness 2023 12(5), 14391449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2023.02.005
  • Grom LC, Coutinho NM, Guimarães JT, Balthazar CF, Silva R, Rocha RS, et al. Probiotic dairy foods and postprandial glycemia: A minireview. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2020 101, 165–171. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.05.012
  • Midhun SJ, Arun D, & Jyothis M. Probiotic application of beneficial bacteria for improved health and disease control. Recent Advances in Aquaculture Microbial Technology, 2023 pp.275–289. https://doi. org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90261-8.00002-X
  • Probiotics market size, share & COVID-19 ımpact analysis, by microbial genus (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and yeast), application (functional foods & beverages, dietary supplements, and animal feed), distribution channel (supermarkets/ hypermarkets, pharmacies/health stores, convenience stores, online retail, and others), and regional forecast, 2020-2027. 2020 Sep [Cited 2023 Oct 6]; [about 1 screen] Available from: https:// www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/industry-reports/probioticsmarket-100083
  • Tang C, Kong L, Shan M, Lu Z, Lu, Y. Protective and ameliorating effects of probiotics against diet-induced obesity: A review. Food Res. Int. 2021 147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110490
  • He BL, Xiong Y, Hu, TG., Zong MH, Wu H. Bifidobacterium spp. as functional foods: A review of current status, challenges, and strategies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022 23, 1–18. https://doi.org/10. 1080/10408398.2022.2054934
  • Plaza-Diaz J, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Gil-Campos M, Gil A. Mechanisms of action of probiotics. Adv Nutr 2019 10, S49–S66. https://doi. org/10.1093/advances/nmy063
  • Pranckute R, Kaunietis A, Kuisiene N, Citavicius D. Development of synbiotics with inulin, palatinose, alpha-cyclodextrin and probiotic bacteria. Pol. J. Microbiol. 2014 63(1), 33–41. PMID:25033660
  • Rani K, Kaur G, Ali SA. Probiotic-prebiotic therapeutic potential: A new horizon of microbial biotherapy to reduce female reproductive complications. PharmaNutrition 2023 24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. phanu.2023.100342
  • Chugh B, Kamal-Eldin A. Bioactive compounds produced by probiotics in food products. Curr. Opin. Food Sci. 2020 32, 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2020.02.003
  • Latif A, Shehzad A, Niazi S, Zahid A, Ashraf W, Iqbal MW. et al. Probiotics: mechanism of action, health benefits and their application in food industries. Front. Microbiol, 2023 14. https://doi. org/10.3389/FMICB.2023.1216674
  • Pourjafar H, Ansari F, Sadeghi A, Samakkhah SA, Jafari SM. Functional and health-promoting properties of probiotics’ exopolysaccharides; isolation, characterization, and applications in the food industry. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023 63(26), 8194–8225. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2022.2047883
  • Suez J, Zmora N, Segal E, Elinav E. The pros, cons, and many unknowns of probiotics. Nat. Med. 2019 25(5), 716–729. https://doi. org/10.1038/s41591-019-0439-x
  • Cui B, Lin L, Wang B, Liu W, Sun C. Therapeutic potential of Saccharomyces boulardii in liver diseases: from passive bystander to protective performer. Pharmacol Res 2022 175 106022. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2021.106022
  • Pais P, Almeida V, Yılmaz M, Teixeira MC. Saccharomyces boulardii: What makes it tick as successful probiotic? JoF 2020 6(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6020078
  • Ayyash MM, Abdalla AK, AlKalbani NS, Baig MA, Turner MS, Liu SQ et al. Invited review: Characterization of new probiotics from dairy and nondairy products-Insights into acid tolerance, bile metabolism and tolerance, and adhesion capability JDS 2021 104(8), 8363–8379. https:// doi.org/10.3168/JDS.2021-20398
  • Bustos AY, Font de Valdez G, Fadda S, Taranto MP. New insights into bacterial bile resistance mechanisms: The role of bile salt hydrolase and its impact on human health. Food Res. Int. 2018 112, 250–262. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.06.035
  • Singh S, Gupta R, Chawla S, Gauba P, Singh M, Tiwari RK et al. Natural sources and encapsulating materials for probiotics delivery systems: Recent applications and challenges in functional food development. Front. Nutr. 2022 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.971784
  • Nezamdoost-Sani N, Khaledabad MA, Amiri S, Khaneghah AM. Alginate and derivatives hydrogels in encapsulation of probiotic bacteria: An updated review. Food Biosci. 2023 52, 102433. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102433
  • Wijayanti DA, Djunaidi IH, Sjofjan O. Effect of probiotic and acidifier combination as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters on digesta ph and intestinal microflora of laying hen. 2019 4(2), 1-4. https:// doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.2634054
  • Martín R, Chamignon C, Mhedbi-Hajri N, Chain F, Derrien M, Escribano-Vázquez U, et al. The potential probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus CNCM I-3690 strain protects the intestinal barrier by stimulating both mucus production and cytoprotective response. Sci. Rep. 2019 9(1), 5398. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41738-5
  • Dimidi E. Christodoulides S, Scott SM, Whelan K. Mechanisms of action of probiotics and the gastrointestinal microbiota on gut motility and constipation. 2017 Adv Nutr. 8(3), 484–494. https://doi.org/10.3945/ an.116.014407
  • Indira M, Venkateswarulu TC, Abraham Peele K, Nazneen Bobby M, Krupanidhi S. Bioactive molecules of probiotic bacteria and their mechanism of action: a review. 3 Biotech. 2019 9(8), 1-11. https://doi. org/10.1007/s13205-019-1841-2
  • Tripathi MK, Giri SK. Probiotic functional foods: Survival of probiotics during processing and storage. J. Funct. Foods 2014 9, 225–241. https:// doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2014.04.030
  • Monteagudo-Mera A, Rastall RA, Gibson GR, Charalampopoulos D, Chatzifragkou A. Adhesion mechanisms mediated by probiotics and prebiotics and their potential impact on human health. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2019 103(16), 6463–6472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-09978-7
  • Hojjati M, Behabahani BA, Falah F. Aggregation, adherence, antiadhesion and antagonistic activity properties relating to surface charge of probiotic Lactobacillus brevis gp104 against Staphylococcus aureus. Microb. Pathog. 2020 147, 104420. https://doi.org/10.1016/J. MICPATH.2020.104420
  • Sillanpää J, Martínez B, Antikainen J, Toba T, Kalkkinen N, Tankka et al. Characterization of the collagen-binding S-layer protein CbsA of Lactobacillus crispatus. J. Bacteriol. 2000 182(22), 6440–6450. https:// doi.org/10.1128/JB.182.22.6440-6450.2000
  • Ma T, Shen X, Shi X, Sakandar HA, Quan K, Li Y, et al. Targeting gut microbiota and metabolism as the major probiotic mechanism - An evidence-based review. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2023 138, 178–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2023.06.013
  • Pintarič M, & Langerholc, T. Probiotic mechanisms affecting glucose homeostasis: A scoping review. Life 2022 12(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ life12081187
  • McFarland LV, Evans CT, Goldstein EJC. Strain-specifity and diseasespesificity of probiotic efficacy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Med. 2018 5, 24. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2018.00124
  • Stenman LK, Patterson E, Meunier J, Roman FJ, Lehtinen MJ. Strain spesific stress-modulating effects of candidate probiotics: A systematic screening in a mouse model of chronic restraint stress. Behav Brain Res. 2019 379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112376
  • McFarland LV, Karakan T, Karatas A. Strain specific and outcomespecif efficacy of probiotics for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review and meta-anlysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2021 41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101154
  • Kobyliak N, Falalyeyeva T, Tsyryuk O, Eslami M, Kyriienko D, Beregova T et al. New insights on strain-specific impacts of probiotics on insulin resistance: evidence from animal study. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2020 19(1), 289-296. 10.1007/s40200-020-00506-3
  • Peters VBM, Van de Steeg E, Van Bilsen J, Meijerink M. Mechanisms and immunomodulatory properties of pre- and probiotics. Benef. Microbes 2019 10(3), 225–236. https://doi.org/10.3920/BM2018.0066
  • Sharma S, Tripathi P. Gut microbiome and type 2 diabetes: Where we are and where to go? JNB 2019 63, 101–108. https://doi.org/https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.10.003
  • Tripathy A, Dash J, Kancharla S, Kolli P, Mahajan D, Senapati S et al. Probiotics: A promising candidate for management of colorectal cancer. Cancers, 2021 13(13), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13133178
  • Cukrowska B, Bierła JB, Zakrzewska M, Klukowski M, Maciorkowska E. The Relationship between the infant gut microbiota and allergy. The role of Bifidobacterium breve and prebiotic oligosaccharides in the activation of anti-allergic mechanisms in early life. Nutrients, 2020 12(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/NU12040946
  • Hu T, Dong Y, Yang C, Zhao M, He Q. Pathogenesis of children’s allergic diseases: refocusing the role of the gut microbiota. Front. Physiol. 2021 12, 749544. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPHYS.2021.749544/BIBTEX
  • Türk Gıda Kodeksi (TGK), (2017).Beslenme ve Sağlık Beyanları Yönetmeliği. Yayımlandığı Resmi Gazete tarihi: 26.01.2017 ve Sayı no.: 29960 (Mükerrer), Ankara.
  • Marco ML, Sanders ME, Gänzle M, Arrieta MC, Cotter PD, De Vuyst L, et al. The international scientific association for probiotics and prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on fermented foods. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2021 18(3), 196–208. https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41575-020-00390-5
  • Grumet L, Tromp Y, Stiegelbauer V. The development of high-quality multispecies probiotic formulations: From bench to market. Nutrients 2020 12(8), 2453. https://doi.org/10.3390/NU12082453
  • Nyanzi R, Jooste PJ, Buys EM. Invited review: Probiotic yogurt quality criteria, regulatory framework, clinical evidence, and analytical aspects. JDS 2021 104(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2020-19116
  • Śliżewska K, Chlebicz-Wójcik A. Growth kinetics of probiotic Lactobacillus strains in the alternative, cost-efficient semi-solid fermentation medium. Biology 2020 9(12), 423. https://doi.org/10.3390/ BIOLOGY9120423
  • Singh S, Gupta R, Chawla S, Gauba P, Singh M, Tiwari RK, et al. Natural sources and encapsulating materials for probiotics delivery systems: Recent applications and challenges in functional food development. Front. Nutr. 2022 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.971784
  • Santivarangkna C, Naumann D, Kulozik U, Foerst, P. Protective effects of sorbitol during the vacuum drying of Lactobacillus helveticus: An FTIR study. Ann. Microbiol. 2010 60(2), 235–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s13213-010-0032-5
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There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Food Properties
Journal Section Derlemeler
Authors

Tuğba İduğ 0000-0001-8241-647X

Hilal Hızlı Güldemir 0000-0002-3951-5023

Publication Date October 4, 2024
Submission Date September 28, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 9 Issue: 3

Cite

APA İduğ, T., & Hızlı Güldemir, H. (2024). Probiyotiklerin Türleri, Etki Mekanizmaları ve Metabolik Etkileri: Güncel Bir Bakış. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(3), 457-462. https://doi.org/10.61399/ikcusbfd.1366834
AMA İduğ T, Hızlı Güldemir H. Probiyotiklerin Türleri, Etki Mekanizmaları ve Metabolik Etkileri: Güncel Bir Bakış. İKÇÜSBFD. October 2024;9(3):457-462. doi:10.61399/ikcusbfd.1366834
Chicago İduğ, Tuğba, and Hilal Hızlı Güldemir. “Probiyotiklerin Türleri, Etki Mekanizmaları Ve Metabolik Etkileri: Güncel Bir Bakış”. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 9, no. 3 (October 2024): 457-62. https://doi.org/10.61399/ikcusbfd.1366834.
EndNote İduğ T, Hızlı Güldemir H (October 1, 2024) Probiyotiklerin Türleri, Etki Mekanizmaları ve Metabolik Etkileri: Güncel Bir Bakış. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 9 3 457–462.
IEEE T. İduğ and H. Hızlı Güldemir, “Probiyotiklerin Türleri, Etki Mekanizmaları ve Metabolik Etkileri: Güncel Bir Bakış”, İKÇÜSBFD, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 457–462, 2024, doi: 10.61399/ikcusbfd.1366834.
ISNAD İduğ, Tuğba - Hızlı Güldemir, Hilal. “Probiyotiklerin Türleri, Etki Mekanizmaları Ve Metabolik Etkileri: Güncel Bir Bakış”. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 9/3 (October 2024), 457-462. https://doi.org/10.61399/ikcusbfd.1366834.
JAMA İduğ T, Hızlı Güldemir H. Probiyotiklerin Türleri, Etki Mekanizmaları ve Metabolik Etkileri: Güncel Bir Bakış. İKÇÜSBFD. 2024;9:457–462.
MLA İduğ, Tuğba and Hilal Hızlı Güldemir. “Probiyotiklerin Türleri, Etki Mekanizmaları Ve Metabolik Etkileri: Güncel Bir Bakış”. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 9, no. 3, 2024, pp. 457-62, doi:10.61399/ikcusbfd.1366834.
Vancouver İduğ T, Hızlı Güldemir H. Probiyotiklerin Türleri, Etki Mekanizmaları ve Metabolik Etkileri: Güncel Bir Bakış. İKÇÜSBFD. 2024;9(3):457-62.



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