The Fundamental Attribution Error in Academic Decision-Making Processes
Year 2025,
Volume: 10 Issue: 28, 733 - 753
Mehmet Yiğit
,
Asena Gizem Yiğit
Abstract
This study aims to investigate whether the fundamental attribution error, defined as a cognitive bias within the Behavioral Economics literature, manifests itself within academic settings. The sample consists of 151 academics who have supervised graduate students at least once or are currently supervising them. Participants were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups, each presented with a scenario related to graduate supervision, followed by a set of questions to be answered. The scenarios in the study were presented to the control group as a case concerning a student’s own advisor, whereas for the experimental group, they involved a complaint made by a student under the supervision of the academic. The questions following the scenarios focused on internal and external factors explaining the situation, comprising five items for each factor. Differences in responses between the two groups were analyzed using the Chi-square test. The findings reveal that academics exhibit the fundamental attribution error, as evidenced by their differing responses when explaining the scenario from their own perspective versus that of others. This indicates that the fundamental attribution error can also be observed in professional environments.
References
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Akdoğan, N. (2019). Düşük statülü grupların yüksek statülü gruplara yönelik olumlu tutumu. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(37), 711-737. https://doi.org/10.21550/sosbilder.469991
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Akgün Kandemir, N. (2019). Aile içi iletişim çatışmalarının temel atıf hatası bağlamında değerlendirilmesi (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. İstanbul.
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Berry, Z. (2015). Explanations and ımplications of the fundamental attribution error: A review and proposal. Journal of Integrated Social Sciences, 5(1), 44-57. https://tinyurl.com/444v7u5z
-
Epley, N., Morewedge, C. K. ve Keysar, B. (2004). Perspective taking in children and adults: Equivalent egocentrism but differential correction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40 (6), 760–768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2004.02.002
-
Fein, S. (2001). Beyond the fundamental attribution era?. Psychological Inquiry. 12(1), 16-21. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1201_02
-
Gilbert, D. T. ve Malone, P. S. (1995). The correspondence bias. Psychological Bulletin, 117(1), 21–38. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.1.21
-
Granot, Y. ve Balcetis, E. (2013). Fundamental attribution error. K.D. Keith (Ed.). The encyclopedia of cross-cultural psychology (Volume II) içinde (s. 576). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118339893.wbeccp232
-
Griffin, D. W. ve Ross, L. (1991). Subjective construal, social inference, and human misunderstanding. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 24, 319-359. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60333-0
-
Gürbüz, S. ve Şahin, F. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri felsefe- yöntem- analiz (4. bs.). Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.
-
Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: Wiley.
-
Hooper, N., Erdogan, A., Keen, G., Lawton, K. ve McHugh, L. (2015). Perspective taking reduces the fundamental attribution error. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 4(2), 69–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2015.02.002
-
Ichheiser, G. (1949). Analysis and typology of personality misinterpretations. American Journal of Sociology, 55 (2), 26-56. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2770750
-
Ji, L., Peng, K. ve Nisbett, R. E. (2000). Culture, control, and perception of relationships in the environment. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 78(5), 943-955. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.5.943
-
Jones, E. E. (1979). The rocky road from acts to dispositions. American Psychologist, 34(2), 107–117. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.34.2.107
-
Jones, E. E. ve Harris, V. A. (1967). The attribution of attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 3(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(67)90034-0
-
Jones, E. E., ve Nisbett, R. E. (1972). The actor and the observer: Divergent perceptions of the causes of behavior. E. E. Jones (Ed.), Attribution: perceiving the causes of behavior içinde (s. 186). General Learning Pres.
-
Kelley, H. H. (1967). Attribution theory in social psychology. D. Levine (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation içinde (s. 192- 238). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
-
Kızgın, Y. ve Dalgın, T. (2012). Atfetme teorisi: öğrencilerin başarı ve başarısızlıklarını değerlendirmedeki atfetme farklılıkları. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 8(15), 61-77. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ijmeb/issue/54849/751072
-
Kim, D., Ko, Y.J., Lee, J.S. ve Sato, S. (2020). The effect of attribution on athlete scandals: consumer responses toward scandalized athletes and endorsements. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 29(4), 269- 281. http://doi.org/10.32731/SMQ.294.122020.03
-
Lewin, K. (1931). The conflict between Artistotelian and Galileian modes of thought in contemporary psychology. Journal of General Psychology, 5(2), 141-177. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1931.9918387
-
Maddux, W. W. ve Yuki, M. (2006). The ‘ripple effect’: cultural differences in perceptions of the consequences of events. Personality And Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(5), 669-683. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205283840
-
Ma-Kellams, C. (2020). Cultural variation and similarities in cognitive thinking styles versus judgment biases: a review of environmental factors and evolutionary forces. Review of General Psychology, 24(3), 238-253. https://doi.org/10.1177/1089268019901270
-
Miller, D. T., ve Ross, M. (1975). Self-serving biases in the attribution of causality: Fact or fiction. Psychological Bulletin, 82(2), 213-225. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076486
-
Miller, J. G. (1984). Culture and the development of everyday social explanation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 961-978. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.46.5.961
-
Moore, D. A., Swift, S. A., Sharek, Z. S. ve Gino, F. (2010). Correspondence bias in performance evaluation: Why grade inflation works. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(6), 843–852. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167210371316
-
Moran, J. M., Jolly, E. ve Mitchell, J. P. (2014). Spontaneous mentalizing predicts the fundamental attribution error. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 26(3), 569–576. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00513
-
Morris, M.W. ve Peng, K. (1994). Culture and cause: American and Chinese attributions for social and physical events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 949-971. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.949
-
Posner M. I., Snyder C. R. R. ve Solso R. (2004). Attention and cognitive control. Balota D. A. ve Marsh E. J. (Eds.), Cognitive psychology: Key readings içinde (s. 205–223). Psychology Press.
-
Preston, C. C. ve Colman, A. M. (2000). Optimal number of response categories in rating scales: Reliability, validity, discriminating power and respondent preferences. Acta Psychologica, 104(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-6918(99)00050-5
-
Riggio, H. R. ve Garcia, A. L. (2009). The power of situations: Jonestown and the fundamental attribution error. Teaching of Psychology, 36(2), 108–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/00986280902739636
-
Ross L. (1977). The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortions in the attribution process. L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (s. 173–220). New York, NY: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60357-3
-
Ross, L., Amabile, T. M. ve Steinmetz, J. L. (1977). Social roles, social control, and biases in social-perception processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(7), 485-494. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.35.7.485
-
Ross, M., ve Sicoly, F. (1979). Egocentric biases in availability and attribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(3), 322-336. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.37.3.322
-
Simon, H.A. (1955). A behavioral modal of rational choice, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 69(1), 99-118. https://doi.org/10.2307/1884852
-
Steiner, I. D. ve Field, W. L. (1960). Role assignment and interpersonal influence. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 61(2), 239-245. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0040441
-
Walster, E. (1966). Assignment of responsibility for an accident. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(1), 73–79. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0022733
-
Williams, S. N., Armitage, C. J., Tampe, T. ve Dienes, K. A. (2021). Public perceptions of non-adherence to pandemic protection measures by self and others: A study of COVID-19 in the United Kingdom. PloS one, 16(10), e0258781. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258781
-
Winter, L., Uleman, J. S. ve Cunniff, C. (1985). How automatic are social judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(4), 904–917. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.49.4.904
Akademik Karar Alma Süreçlerinde Temel Atıf Hatası
Year 2025,
Volume: 10 Issue: 28, 733 - 753
Mehmet Yiğit
,
Asena Gizem Yiğit
Abstract
Bu çalışmada, Davranışsal İktisat literatüründe, bireylerin başkalarının davranışlarını değerlendirirken içsel; kendi davranışlarını değerlendirirken ise dışsal faktörlere ağırlık vermesi olarak tanımlanan ve bilişsel önyargılardan biri olan temel atıf hatasının akademik çevrelerde kendini gösterip göstermediğinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın örneklemi, en az bir kez lisansüstü öğrenci danışmanlığı yürütmüş ya da yürütmekte olan 151 akademisyenden oluşmaktadır. Çalışmada katılımcılar, rasgele olarak kontrol ve deney gruplarına atanmış ve her bir gruba lisansüstü danışmanlıklar ile ilgili birer senaryo sunularak verilen soruların yanıtlanması talep edilmiştir. Çalışmadaki senaryolar, kontrol grubuna bir öğrencinin kendi danışmanıyla ilgili; deney grubuna ise akademisyenin kendi danışmanlığındaki öğrencinin şikâyetiyle ilgili olarak verilmiştir. Anketlerde sunulan senaryoların ardından sorulan sorular, senaryolardaki durumu açıklamak amacıyla içsel ve dışsal faktörlere odaklanan 5’er sorudan oluşmaktadır. Her iki gruba yöneltilen sorulara verilen cevaplar arasındaki farklar Ki-Kare testi ile incelenmiştir. Bulgular, akademisyenlerin, temel atıf hatasına düştüğünü; senaryodaki durumu açıklarken kendilerini ve başkalarını değerlendirdiklerinde farklı cevaplar verdiklerini ortaya koymuştur. Bu durum temel atıf hatasının profesyonel iş çevrelerinde de gözlemlenebileceğini göstermektedir.
Ethical Statement
Bu araştırmanın yürütülebilmesi için gerekli etik kurul izni, Isparta Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi, Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etiği Kurulu’nun 28.03.2025 tarihli 211. toplantısında 20 sayılı kararıyla alınmıştır.
References
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Akdoğan, N. (2019). Düşük statülü grupların yüksek statülü gruplara yönelik olumlu tutumu. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(37), 711-737. https://doi.org/10.21550/sosbilder.469991
-
Akgün Kandemir, N. (2019). Aile içi iletişim çatışmalarının temel atıf hatası bağlamında değerlendirilmesi (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. İstanbul.
-
Berry, Z. (2015). Explanations and ımplications of the fundamental attribution error: A review and proposal. Journal of Integrated Social Sciences, 5(1), 44-57. https://tinyurl.com/444v7u5z
-
Epley, N., Morewedge, C. K. ve Keysar, B. (2004). Perspective taking in children and adults: Equivalent egocentrism but differential correction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40 (6), 760–768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2004.02.002
-
Fein, S. (2001). Beyond the fundamental attribution era?. Psychological Inquiry. 12(1), 16-21. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1201_02
-
Gilbert, D. T. ve Malone, P. S. (1995). The correspondence bias. Psychological Bulletin, 117(1), 21–38. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.1.21
-
Granot, Y. ve Balcetis, E. (2013). Fundamental attribution error. K.D. Keith (Ed.). The encyclopedia of cross-cultural psychology (Volume II) içinde (s. 576). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118339893.wbeccp232
-
Griffin, D. W. ve Ross, L. (1991). Subjective construal, social inference, and human misunderstanding. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 24, 319-359. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60333-0
-
Gürbüz, S. ve Şahin, F. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri felsefe- yöntem- analiz (4. bs.). Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.
-
Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: Wiley.
-
Hooper, N., Erdogan, A., Keen, G., Lawton, K. ve McHugh, L. (2015). Perspective taking reduces the fundamental attribution error. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 4(2), 69–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2015.02.002
-
Ichheiser, G. (1949). Analysis and typology of personality misinterpretations. American Journal of Sociology, 55 (2), 26-56. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2770750
-
Ji, L., Peng, K. ve Nisbett, R. E. (2000). Culture, control, and perception of relationships in the environment. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 78(5), 943-955. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.5.943
-
Jones, E. E. (1979). The rocky road from acts to dispositions. American Psychologist, 34(2), 107–117. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.34.2.107
-
Jones, E. E. ve Harris, V. A. (1967). The attribution of attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 3(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(67)90034-0
-
Jones, E. E., ve Nisbett, R. E. (1972). The actor and the observer: Divergent perceptions of the causes of behavior. E. E. Jones (Ed.), Attribution: perceiving the causes of behavior içinde (s. 186). General Learning Pres.
-
Kelley, H. H. (1967). Attribution theory in social psychology. D. Levine (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation içinde (s. 192- 238). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
-
Kızgın, Y. ve Dalgın, T. (2012). Atfetme teorisi: öğrencilerin başarı ve başarısızlıklarını değerlendirmedeki atfetme farklılıkları. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 8(15), 61-77. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ijmeb/issue/54849/751072
-
Kim, D., Ko, Y.J., Lee, J.S. ve Sato, S. (2020). The effect of attribution on athlete scandals: consumer responses toward scandalized athletes and endorsements. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 29(4), 269- 281. http://doi.org/10.32731/SMQ.294.122020.03
-
Lewin, K. (1931). The conflict between Artistotelian and Galileian modes of thought in contemporary psychology. Journal of General Psychology, 5(2), 141-177. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1931.9918387
-
Maddux, W. W. ve Yuki, M. (2006). The ‘ripple effect’: cultural differences in perceptions of the consequences of events. Personality And Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(5), 669-683. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205283840
-
Ma-Kellams, C. (2020). Cultural variation and similarities in cognitive thinking styles versus judgment biases: a review of environmental factors and evolutionary forces. Review of General Psychology, 24(3), 238-253. https://doi.org/10.1177/1089268019901270
-
Miller, D. T., ve Ross, M. (1975). Self-serving biases in the attribution of causality: Fact or fiction. Psychological Bulletin, 82(2), 213-225. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076486
-
Miller, J. G. (1984). Culture and the development of everyday social explanation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 961-978. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.46.5.961
-
Moore, D. A., Swift, S. A., Sharek, Z. S. ve Gino, F. (2010). Correspondence bias in performance evaluation: Why grade inflation works. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(6), 843–852. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167210371316
-
Moran, J. M., Jolly, E. ve Mitchell, J. P. (2014). Spontaneous mentalizing predicts the fundamental attribution error. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 26(3), 569–576. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00513
-
Morris, M.W. ve Peng, K. (1994). Culture and cause: American and Chinese attributions for social and physical events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 949-971. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.949
-
Posner M. I., Snyder C. R. R. ve Solso R. (2004). Attention and cognitive control. Balota D. A. ve Marsh E. J. (Eds.), Cognitive psychology: Key readings içinde (s. 205–223). Psychology Press.
-
Preston, C. C. ve Colman, A. M. (2000). Optimal number of response categories in rating scales: Reliability, validity, discriminating power and respondent preferences. Acta Psychologica, 104(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-6918(99)00050-5
-
Riggio, H. R. ve Garcia, A. L. (2009). The power of situations: Jonestown and the fundamental attribution error. Teaching of Psychology, 36(2), 108–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/00986280902739636
-
Ross L. (1977). The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortions in the attribution process. L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (s. 173–220). New York, NY: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60357-3
-
Ross, L., Amabile, T. M. ve Steinmetz, J. L. (1977). Social roles, social control, and biases in social-perception processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(7), 485-494. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.35.7.485
-
Ross, M., ve Sicoly, F. (1979). Egocentric biases in availability and attribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(3), 322-336. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.37.3.322
-
Simon, H.A. (1955). A behavioral modal of rational choice, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 69(1), 99-118. https://doi.org/10.2307/1884852
-
Steiner, I. D. ve Field, W. L. (1960). Role assignment and interpersonal influence. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 61(2), 239-245. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0040441
-
Walster, E. (1966). Assignment of responsibility for an accident. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(1), 73–79. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0022733
-
Williams, S. N., Armitage, C. J., Tampe, T. ve Dienes, K. A. (2021). Public perceptions of non-adherence to pandemic protection measures by self and others: A study of COVID-19 in the United Kingdom. PloS one, 16(10), e0258781. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258781
-
Winter, L., Uleman, J. S. ve Cunniff, C. (1985). How automatic are social judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(4), 904–917. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.49.4.904