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A Chronological Study of the Interpretations of al-Ḥurūf al-Muqaṭṭaʿa from the Beginning to the Present

Year 2021, Issue: 56, 31 - 46, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.29288/ilted.888508

Abstract

Al-Ḥurūf al-Muqaṭṭaʿa, which are at the beginnings of the 29 sūrahs of the Qurʾān and consist of 14 letters, have been a subject of curiosity since the time of the Successors. About al-Ḥurūf al-Muqaṭṭaʿa, as they appear with a non-existent usage in Arabic language - at least within our knowledge of the language so far - more than twenty interpretations have been made. Islamic scholars who thought that they could not understand these letters, have included them in the category of Mutashābihāt, which has been beyond our limit of comprehension and have treated these letters as they were, without interpretation. These letters, which are included in the research field of linguistics, indeed have caused a problem of coherence since they have been under the same heading with the transcendental subjects of Mutashābihāt such as the attributes of God, knowledge of the future, Heaven, Hell, Angels. On the one hand, this problem has forced the commentators to interpret al-Ḥurūf al-Muqaṭṭaʿa out of their usual way which cannot be explained comparing their general interpretation styles. On the other hand, these letters have taken their place among the indispensable subjects of Orientalist Qur'anic studies that highlight their mysterious qualities.

References

  • Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal. Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanba. ed. Shuʿayb al-ʾArnaʾūṭ (ed.), Muʾassasa al-Risāla, 2001.
  • Bellamy, James A.. “The Mysterious Letters of the Koran: Old Abbreviations of the Basmalah”. Journal of the American Oriental Society 93/3 (1973), 267-285.
  • Biqāʿī. Naẓm al-Durar fī Tanāsub al-Āy wa al-Suwar. Cairo: Dār al-Kitāb al-Islāmī.
  • Bukhārī. Ṣaḥīḥ. Muḥammad Zuhayr b. Nāṣır (ed.), Dār Ṭawq, 1422.
  • Dārimī. Sunan. Husayn Salim Asad (ed.), Dār al-Mughnī, 2000.
  • Fīrūzābādī. Tanwīr al-Miqbās min Tafsīr Ibn ʿAbbās. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya.
  • Gündüzöz, Soner. “Geleneksel Harf Sembolizminin Bir Yorumu Olarak Nûn Harfi”. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Ilahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 30 (2011), 43-58
  • Ḥūzī. Tafsīr Nūr al-Thaqalayn. Hāshim al-Rasūlī (ed), Kum: al-Maṭbaʿa al-ʿIlmiyya .
  • Ibn Abī Ḥatim. Kitāb al-Jarḥ wa al-Taʿdīl. Haydār ʾĀbād: Majlis Dāʾira al-Maʿārif al-Uthmāniyya, 1952.
  • Ibn Abī Ḥatim. Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿAẓīm. Asʿad Muḥammad al-Ṭayyib (ed.), Saudi Arabia: Maktaba Nizār Muṣṭafāʾ al-Bāz, 1419.
  • Ibn ʿArabī. al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya. ʿUthmān Yaḥyā (ed.), Cairo: al-Maktaba al-Arabiyya, 1985.
  • Ibn al-ʿArabī. Aḥkām al-Qurʾān. Muḥammad Ṣādıq al-Qamḥāwī (ed.), Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1405.
  • Ibn Kathīr. Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿAẓīm. Sāmī Ibn Muḥammad Salāma (ed.), Dār Ṭība, 1999.
  • Dayeh, Islam. “al-Ḥawāmīm: Intertextuality and Coherence In Maccan Sūrahs” The Qurʾān in Context, Historical and Literary Investigations into the Qurʾānic Miliu. (ed.) Angelika Neuwirth, Nicolai Sinai, Michael Marx, Leiden-Boston, 2010.
  • John, Alan. “The Mystical Letters of The Qur'ān”. Studia Islamica 16 (1962), 5-11.
  • Loth, O.. “Ṭabarīs Korankommentar”. ZDMG 35 (1881), 588-628.
  • Massey, Keith. "Mysterious Letters". Encyclopedia of the Qurʾān, General Editor: Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Leiden: Brill, 2001.
  • Māturīdī. Taʾwīlāt Ahl al-Sunna. Majdī Basalum (ed.), Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 2005.
  • Nâci, Muallim. Muammâ-yı İlâhî. İstanbul, 1302.
  • Muqātil b. Sulaymān. Tafsīr Muqātil b. Sulaymān. Maḥmūd Shiḥāta (ed.), Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 1423.
  • Nahhās. Kitābu Iʿrāb al-Qurʾān. ʿAbd al-Muʾmin Khalīl (ed.), Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1421.
  • Nöldeke Theodor, Fr. Schwally, G. Bergsträsser, O. Pretzl. Geschichte des Qorāns. Leipzig: 1909-1938.
  • Al-Rāghıb al-Iṣfahānī. Kitāb al-Mufradāt fi Gharīb al-Qurʾān. Muḥammad ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Basyūnī (ed.), Macca: Kulliyya al-Daʿwa wa Uṣūl al-Dīn, 2001.
  • Rāzī. Mafātīḥ al-Ghayb. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1420.
  • Suyūṭī. al-Durr al-Manthūr fī al-Tafsīr bi al-Maʾthūr. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr.
  • Suyūṭī. al-Itqān fi ʿUlūm al-Qurʾān. Muḥammad Abū al-Faḍl Ibrāhīm (ed.), Cairo: al-Hayʾa al-Mıṣriyya al- Kitāb, 1974.
  • Suyūṭī. Nawāhid al-ʾAbkār wa Shawārid al-ʾAfkār : Ḥāshiya al-Suyūtī ʿalā Tafsīr al-Bayḍawī. Mecca: Jāmiʿa Umm al-Qurā, 2005.
  • Ṭabarī. Jāmiʿ al-Bayān ʿan Taʾwīl Āy al-Qurʾān. ʿAbd Allāh al-Turkī (ed.), Dār Hijr, 2001.
  • Ṭabāṭabāʾī. al-Mīzān fī Tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Beirut: Muassasa al-Alemī li al Maṭbūʿāt, 1973.
  • Ṭībī. Futūḥ al-Ghayb fī al-Kashf ʿan Qınāʿ al-Rayb (Ḥāshiya al-Ṭībī ʿalā al-Kashshāf). Muḥammad ʿAbd al- Raḥīm and the others (ed.), Dubai: Jāʾiza Dubai al-Dawliyya, 2013.
  • Tirmidhī. Sunan. Bashshār ʿAwwād (ed.), Beirut: Dār al-Garb al-Islāmī, 1998.
  • Zajjāj. Maʿānī al-Qurʾān wa Iʿrābuh. ʿAbd al-Jalīl ʿAbduh (ed.), Beirut: Ālam al-Kutub, 1988.
  • Zarkashī. al-Burhān fī ʿUlūm al-Qurʾān. Muḥammad Abū al-Faḍl Ibrāhīm (ed.), Cairo: Dār Iḥyāʾ Kutub al- ʿArabiyya, 1957.

Başlangıçtan Bugüne el-Ḥurūfu’l-Muḳaṭṭaʿa Hakkındaki Görüşlerin Kronolojik Bir Değerlendirmesi

Year 2021, Issue: 56, 31 - 46, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.29288/ilted.888508

Abstract

Kur’an-ı Kerim’in 29 suresinin başında yer alan ve 14 harften müteşekkil olan el-Ḥurûfu’l-Muḳaṭṭaʿa tabiin döneminden itibaren merak konusu olmuştur. Arap dilinde -en azından bu günkü bilgilerimize göre- var olmayan bir kullanım şekliyle karşımıza çıkan el-Ḥurûfu’l-Muḳaṭṭaʿa hakkında, yirmiden fazla tevil yapılmıştır. Bu harfleri, algı alanımızı aşan Muteşâbihât sınıfına dahil ederek anlayamayacaklarını düşünen İslam alimleri ise onları oldukları gibi, tevil etmeksizin ele almışlardır. Dilbilim alanının araştırma sahasına giren bu harflerin, tartışmasız aşkın karakter taşıyan Allah’ın sıfatları, gelecek bilgisi, Cennet, Cehennem, Melekler gibi Muteşâbihât konuları ile aynı başlık altında yer almaları tabiiki bir insicam sorununa yol açmıştır. Bu sorun bir taraftan müfessirleri, el-Ḥurûfu’l-Muḳaṭṭaʿa’yı değerlendirirken genel tefsir tarzlarıyla izah edilemeyecek tasarruflara zorlamıştır. Diğer taraftan, bu harfler gizemli vasıflarını öne çıkaran Oryantalistik Kur’an araştırmalarının da vazgeçilmez konuları arasındaki yerini almıştır.

References

  • Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal. Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanba. ed. Shuʿayb al-ʾArnaʾūṭ (ed.), Muʾassasa al-Risāla, 2001.
  • Bellamy, James A.. “The Mysterious Letters of the Koran: Old Abbreviations of the Basmalah”. Journal of the American Oriental Society 93/3 (1973), 267-285.
  • Biqāʿī. Naẓm al-Durar fī Tanāsub al-Āy wa al-Suwar. Cairo: Dār al-Kitāb al-Islāmī.
  • Bukhārī. Ṣaḥīḥ. Muḥammad Zuhayr b. Nāṣır (ed.), Dār Ṭawq, 1422.
  • Dārimī. Sunan. Husayn Salim Asad (ed.), Dār al-Mughnī, 2000.
  • Fīrūzābādī. Tanwīr al-Miqbās min Tafsīr Ibn ʿAbbās. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya.
  • Gündüzöz, Soner. “Geleneksel Harf Sembolizminin Bir Yorumu Olarak Nûn Harfi”. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Ilahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 30 (2011), 43-58
  • Ḥūzī. Tafsīr Nūr al-Thaqalayn. Hāshim al-Rasūlī (ed), Kum: al-Maṭbaʿa al-ʿIlmiyya .
  • Ibn Abī Ḥatim. Kitāb al-Jarḥ wa al-Taʿdīl. Haydār ʾĀbād: Majlis Dāʾira al-Maʿārif al-Uthmāniyya, 1952.
  • Ibn Abī Ḥatim. Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿAẓīm. Asʿad Muḥammad al-Ṭayyib (ed.), Saudi Arabia: Maktaba Nizār Muṣṭafāʾ al-Bāz, 1419.
  • Ibn ʿArabī. al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya. ʿUthmān Yaḥyā (ed.), Cairo: al-Maktaba al-Arabiyya, 1985.
  • Ibn al-ʿArabī. Aḥkām al-Qurʾān. Muḥammad Ṣādıq al-Qamḥāwī (ed.), Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1405.
  • Ibn Kathīr. Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿAẓīm. Sāmī Ibn Muḥammad Salāma (ed.), Dār Ṭība, 1999.
  • Dayeh, Islam. “al-Ḥawāmīm: Intertextuality and Coherence In Maccan Sūrahs” The Qurʾān in Context, Historical and Literary Investigations into the Qurʾānic Miliu. (ed.) Angelika Neuwirth, Nicolai Sinai, Michael Marx, Leiden-Boston, 2010.
  • John, Alan. “The Mystical Letters of The Qur'ān”. Studia Islamica 16 (1962), 5-11.
  • Loth, O.. “Ṭabarīs Korankommentar”. ZDMG 35 (1881), 588-628.
  • Massey, Keith. "Mysterious Letters". Encyclopedia of the Qurʾān, General Editor: Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Leiden: Brill, 2001.
  • Māturīdī. Taʾwīlāt Ahl al-Sunna. Majdī Basalum (ed.), Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 2005.
  • Nâci, Muallim. Muammâ-yı İlâhî. İstanbul, 1302.
  • Muqātil b. Sulaymān. Tafsīr Muqātil b. Sulaymān. Maḥmūd Shiḥāta (ed.), Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 1423.
  • Nahhās. Kitābu Iʿrāb al-Qurʾān. ʿAbd al-Muʾmin Khalīl (ed.), Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1421.
  • Nöldeke Theodor, Fr. Schwally, G. Bergsträsser, O. Pretzl. Geschichte des Qorāns. Leipzig: 1909-1938.
  • Al-Rāghıb al-Iṣfahānī. Kitāb al-Mufradāt fi Gharīb al-Qurʾān. Muḥammad ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Basyūnī (ed.), Macca: Kulliyya al-Daʿwa wa Uṣūl al-Dīn, 2001.
  • Rāzī. Mafātīḥ al-Ghayb. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1420.
  • Suyūṭī. al-Durr al-Manthūr fī al-Tafsīr bi al-Maʾthūr. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr.
  • Suyūṭī. al-Itqān fi ʿUlūm al-Qurʾān. Muḥammad Abū al-Faḍl Ibrāhīm (ed.), Cairo: al-Hayʾa al-Mıṣriyya al- Kitāb, 1974.
  • Suyūṭī. Nawāhid al-ʾAbkār wa Shawārid al-ʾAfkār : Ḥāshiya al-Suyūtī ʿalā Tafsīr al-Bayḍawī. Mecca: Jāmiʿa Umm al-Qurā, 2005.
  • Ṭabarī. Jāmiʿ al-Bayān ʿan Taʾwīl Āy al-Qurʾān. ʿAbd Allāh al-Turkī (ed.), Dār Hijr, 2001.
  • Ṭabāṭabāʾī. al-Mīzān fī Tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Beirut: Muassasa al-Alemī li al Maṭbūʿāt, 1973.
  • Ṭībī. Futūḥ al-Ghayb fī al-Kashf ʿan Qınāʿ al-Rayb (Ḥāshiya al-Ṭībī ʿalā al-Kashshāf). Muḥammad ʿAbd al- Raḥīm and the others (ed.), Dubai: Jāʾiza Dubai al-Dawliyya, 2013.
  • Tirmidhī. Sunan. Bashshār ʿAwwād (ed.), Beirut: Dār al-Garb al-Islāmī, 1998.
  • Zajjāj. Maʿānī al-Qurʾān wa Iʿrābuh. ʿAbd al-Jalīl ʿAbduh (ed.), Beirut: Ālam al-Kutub, 1988.
  • Zarkashī. al-Burhān fī ʿUlūm al-Qurʾān. Muḥammad Abū al-Faḍl Ibrāhīm (ed.), Cairo: Dār Iḥyāʾ Kutub al- ʿArabiyya, 1957.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Religious Studies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

M. Akif Koç 0000-0001-5403-2313

Publication Date December 31, 2021
Submission Date March 1, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 56

Cite

APA Koç, M. A. (2021). A Chronological Study of the Interpretations of al-Ḥurūf al-Muqaṭṭaʿa from the Beginning to the Present. İlahiyat Tetkikleri Dergisi(56), 31-46. https://doi.org/10.29288/ilted.888508
AMA Koç MA. A Chronological Study of the Interpretations of al-Ḥurūf al-Muqaṭṭaʿa from the Beginning to the Present. ilted. December 2021;(56):31-46. doi:10.29288/ilted.888508
Chicago Koç, M. Akif. “A Chronological Study of the Interpretations of Al-Ḥurūf Al-Muqaṭṭaʿa from the Beginning to the Present”. İlahiyat Tetkikleri Dergisi, no. 56 (December 2021): 31-46. https://doi.org/10.29288/ilted.888508.
EndNote Koç MA (December 1, 2021) A Chronological Study of the Interpretations of al-Ḥurūf al-Muqaṭṭaʿa from the Beginning to the Present. İlahiyat Tetkikleri Dergisi 56 31–46.
IEEE M. A. Koç, “A Chronological Study of the Interpretations of al-Ḥurūf al-Muqaṭṭaʿa from the Beginning to the Present”, ilted, no. 56, pp. 31–46, December 2021, doi: 10.29288/ilted.888508.
ISNAD Koç, M. Akif. “A Chronological Study of the Interpretations of Al-Ḥurūf Al-Muqaṭṭaʿa from the Beginning to the Present”. İlahiyat Tetkikleri Dergisi 56 (December 2021), 31-46. https://doi.org/10.29288/ilted.888508.
JAMA Koç MA. A Chronological Study of the Interpretations of al-Ḥurūf al-Muqaṭṭaʿa from the Beginning to the Present. ilted. 2021;:31–46.
MLA Koç, M. Akif. “A Chronological Study of the Interpretations of Al-Ḥurūf Al-Muqaṭṭaʿa from the Beginning to the Present”. İlahiyat Tetkikleri Dergisi, no. 56, 2021, pp. 31-46, doi:10.29288/ilted.888508.
Vancouver Koç MA. A Chronological Study of the Interpretations of al-Ḥurūf al-Muqaṭṭaʿa from the Beginning to the Present. ilted. 2021(56):31-46.