Dysfunctional Behavior Patterns in Leadership and Pathological Narcissism: A Psychoanalytic Theory Based Evaluation

Abstract

Narcissism, which is known as a type of personality structure in psychology and management sciences literature, is divided into two groups - normal and pathological level and has an important place in psychoanalytic literature. It is known that Freud, one of the earliest psychoanalytic theorists, and Object Relations and Self Theory from psychoanalytic theories provide the greatest contribution to understanding narcissism. Object Relations and Self Theories provide an important tool for understanding the inner world and the interpersonal relations of the narcissistic individual. In recent years, it has been observed that national and international studies on the effects of narcissism in organizations have increased. It is seen that narcissism is considered as a scientific and social concept and many theoretical and empirical studies have been performed. The topic of narcissism in leadership has attracted the attention of researchers from different fields such as business management, psychology and political science, and studies have been carried out to reveal the factors that constitute the dark side of leadership. In particular, the effects of leadership with pathological narcissistic symptoms of narcissism is evaluated in the development process from the first day of its emergence to the present and a psychoanalytic based perspective is presented in explaining narcissistic leadership as a dysfunction. The review of theoretical and empirical research on pathological narcissism in leadership has been evaluated with its implications in the organizational context. It is thought that this study may have theoretical and practical contributions to the definition of behavioral disorders such as pathological narcissism, organizational intervention, improvement, counseling and change. 

Keywords

• Pathological narcissism,Narcissistic leadership,Dysfunction in leaderhip,Psychoanalytic theoory,Object relations theory,Self theory

Liderlikte İşlev Dışı Davranış Örüntüleri ve Patolojik Narsisizm: Psikanalitik Kuram Temelli bir Değerlendirme

Abstract

Psikoloji ve Yönetim Bilimleri literatüründe bir tür kişilik yapılanması olarak bilinen “narsisizm” normal ve patolojik düzey olarak ikiye ayrılmakta ve psikanalitik literatürde önemli bir yer taşımaktadır. Narsisizmin anlaşılması konusunda en büyük katkıyı erken psikanalitik kuramcılardan Freud ve Kohut’un ve psikanalitik teorilerden Nesne İlişkileri ve Kendilik Kuramı’nın sağladığı bilinmektedir. Nesne ilişkileri ve Kendilik Kuramları narsistik bireyin iç dünyasını ve kişiler arası ilişkilerini anlamada önemli bir araç sunmaktadır. Liderlikte narsisizm konusu ise işletme yönetimi, psikoloji ve siyaset bilimi gibi değişik alanlardan araştırmacıların ilgisini çekmiş ve liderliğin karanlık yüzünü oluşturan faktörleri ortaya çıkarmaya yönelik çalışmalar yürütülmüştür. Özellikle patolojik narsistik belirtiler gösteren liderliğin çalışma yaşamının kalitesi ve örgütsel sonuçlar açısından ne gibi etkileri olduğu yapılan birçok araştırmaya konu olmuştur. Bu çalışmada ise, narsisizm kavramı ilk ortaya çıktığı dönemden günümüze kadarki gelişim süreci içinde değerlendirilmekte ve bir işlev bozukluğu olarak narsist liderliğin açıklanmasında psikanalitik temelli bir bakış açısı sunulmaktadır. Liderlikte patolojik narsisizm üzerine yapılmış olan kuramsal ve görgül araştırma sonuçlarından da yola çıkılarak, örgütsel yaşamdaki neticelerine dikkat çekilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın, patolojik narsisizm gibi işlev bozukluğu gösteren davranışların tanımlanması, örgütsel müdahale, iyileştirme, danışma ve değişim yaratılabilmesi konusunda kuramsal ve uygulamaya dönük katkılarının olabileceği düşünülmektedir. 

Keywords

• Patolojik narsisizm,Narsist liderlik,Liderlikte işlev bozukluğu,Psikanalitik kuram,Nesne ilişkileri kuramı,Kendilik kuramı

References

1. Aasland, M. S., Skogstad, A., Notelaers, G., Nielsen, M. B., & Einarsen, S. (2010). The prevalence of destructive leadership behaviour. British Journal of Management, 21(2), 438–452.
2. Abraham, K. (1919). A Particular form of neurotic resistance against the psycho-analytic method. Selected Papers On Psycho-analysis (ss.303-311), London: Hogarth Press.
3. Akman, Y. (2016). The relationship between destructive leadership and job burnout: A research on teachers. Eğitimde Kuram ve Uygulama, 12(3), 627–653.
4. Akvardar, Y. (2003). Alkol bağımlılığında kişilik özellikleri. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 4, 26–33.
5. Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği (APA) (1980). Ruhsal Bozuklukların Tanısal ve Sayımsal El Kitabı (5.Basım DSM-5), (E.Köroğlu, Çev.), Ankara: Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
6. Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği (APA) (1994). Ruhsal Bozuklukların Tanısal ve Sayımsal El Kitabı (7.Basım DSM-5), (E.Köroğlu, Çev.), Ankara: Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
7. Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği (APA) (2015). Ruhsal Bozuklukların Tanısal ve Sayımsal El Kitabı (10. Basım DSM-5), (E.Köroğlu, Çev.), Ankara: Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
8. Anlı, İ. ve Bahadır, G. (2007). Kendilik psikolojisine göre narsistikve sınır kişilik bozukluğu. Psikoloji Çalışmaları Dergisi, 27, 1–12.

9. Anlı, İ., & Bahadır, G. (2009). Family environment of narcissistic and borderline personality disorders. Bulgarian Journal of Psychology, 3, 411–415.
10. Ashforth, B. (1994). Petty tyranny in organizations. Human relations, 47(7), 755–778.
11. Atay, S. (2009). Narsistik kişilik envanterinin Türkçe’ye standardizasyonu. Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(1), 1–16.
12. Avolio, B. J., Gardner, W. L., Walumbwa, F. O., Luthans, F., & May, D.R. (2004). Unlocking the mask: A look at the process by which authentic leaders ımpact follower attitudes and behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 15, 801–823.
13. Avolio, B. J., & Gardner, W. L. (2005). Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 16, 315–338.
14. Başar, U., Sığrı, Ü. ve Basım, N. (2016). İşyerinde karanlık liderlik. İş ve İnsan Dergisi, 3(2), 65–76.
15. Baumeister, R. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2001). Narcissism as addiction to esteem. Psychological Inquiry, 12(4), 206–210.
16. Bogart, L. M., Benotsch, E. G., & Pavlovic, J. D. P. (2004). Feeling superior but threatened: The relation of narcissism to social comparison. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 26(1), 35–44.
17. Bolat, T., Seymen, O. A., Bolat, O., & Erdem, B. (2015). Yönetim ve organizasyon (6.Basım). Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
18. Bosson, J. K., & Weaver, J. R. (2011). I Love me some me. The handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: Theoretical approaches, empirical findings, and treatments, 14, 261–271.
19. Branham, L. (2005). The 7 hidden reasons employees leave: How to recognize the subtle signs and act before it’s too late. American Management Association, New York.
20. Brown, A. D. (1997). Narcissism, identity and legitimacy. Academy of Management Review, 22(3), 625–646.
21. Brunell, A. B., Staats, S., Barden, J., & Hupp, J. M. (2011). Narcissism and academic dishonesty: The exhibitionism dimension and the lack of guilt. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(3), 323–328.
22. Budak, S. (2005). Psikoloji sözlüğü. Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
23. Burke, R. J. (2006). Why leaders fail: Exploring the darkside. International Journal of Manpower, 27(1), 91–100.
24. Campbell, W. K., & Campbell, S. M. (2009). On the self-regulatory dynamics created by the peculiar benefits and costs of narcissism: A contextual reinforcement model and examination of leadership. Self and Identity, 8(2-3), 214–232.
25. Can, Y., Anlı, İ., Evren, C. ve Usta, Ö. (2017). Patolojik narsisizm ve alkol kullanım bozukluğu arasındaki ilişki. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 4(1), 119‒135.
26. Carroll, L. (1987). A study of narcissism, affiliation, intimacy, and power motives among students in business administration. Psychological Reports, 61(2), 355–358.
27. Christie, R., & Geis, F. L. (1970). Machiavellianism. New York: Academic Press-Incorporated Publishing.
28. Conger, J. A. (1990). The dark side of leadership. Organizational Dynamics, 19(2), 44–55.
29. Davies, M. R. (2004). Prediction of transformational leadership by personality constructs for senior Australian organizational executive leaders. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Griffith University, South Brisbane, Avustralya.
30. Demirci, İ. ve Ekşi, F. (2017). Büyüklenmeci narsisizmin iki farklı yüzü: Narsistik hayranlık ve rekabetin mutlulukla ilişkisi. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 46, 37–58.
31. Dickinson, K. A., & Pincus, A. L. (2003). Interpersonal analysis of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism. Journal of personality disorders, 17(3), 188–207.
32. Dobson, K. S. (2010). Handbook of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies. New York: Guilford Press.
33. Duchon, D., & Drake, B. (2009). Organizational narcissism and virtuous behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 85(3), 301–308.
34. Eğrilmez, A. (1996). Freud ve narsisizm. Ege Psikiyatri Sürekli Yayınları, 1(3), 353–360.
35. Einarsen, S., Aasland, M. S., & Skogstad, A. (2007). Destructive leadership behaviour: A definition and conceptual model. The Leadership Quarterly, 18(3), 207–216.
36. Eldoğan, D. (2016). Hangi narsisizm? Büyüklenmeci ve kırılgan narsizmin karşılaştırılmasına ilişkin bir gözden geçirme. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 19(37), 1–10.
37. Elliot, A. J., & Thrash, T. M. (2001). Achievement goals and the hierarchical model of achievement motivation. Educational Psychology Review, 13(2), 139–156.
38. Emmons, R. A. (1987). Narcissism: theory and measurement. Journal of personality and social psychology, 52(1), 11–30.
39. Eren, N. (2010). Ağır kişilik bozuklukları ve hemşirelik girişimleri: Bölüm 2. Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 1(2), 86–95.
40. Erhat, N. (1984). Mitoloj sözlüğü. İstanbul: Remzi Kitapevi.
41. Erten, Y. (2008). Heinz Kohut ve Takipçileri. İçgörü Psikoterapi Merkezi, Kendilik Psikolojisi, Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2017), http://www.icgoru.com/content/view/43/2/.
42. Fonagy, P., Gergely, G. ve Jurist, E. L., & Target, E. (2004). Affect regulation, mentalization and the development of the self. London: Karnac books.
43. Freud, S. (1911). Psycho-analytic notes on an autobiogrophical account of a case of paranoia (Dementia Paranoids). The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (J.F. Strachey, A., A. Strachey, A. ve A.Tyson, Çev.), London: Hogarth Press / Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1958.
44. Freud S. (1913). Totem and taboo. Totem and Taboo: Some Points of Agreement between the Mental Lives of Savages and Neurotics. 1912-1913, The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (J.F. Strachey, A., A. Strachey, A. ve A. Tyson, Çev.), London: Hogarth Press/Institute of Psychology,1966.
45. Freud S. (1914). On narcissism: An introduction (J. Strachey, Çev.) London: Hogarth Press Ltd, 1964.
46. Freud, S. (2007). Narsizm Üzerine ve Schreber Vakası (B. Büyükkal ve S. M. Tura, Çev.), İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
47. Fromm, E. (1994). Sevginin ve şiddetin kaynağı (6.Basım), (Y. Salman ve N. İçten, Çev.), İstanbul: Payel Yayınları. Fromm, E. (1999). Özgürlükten kaçış (S. Budak, Çev.), Ankara: Öteki Yayınları.
48. Fromm, E. (1982). Sevginin ve Şiddetin Kaynağı (Y. Salman ve N. İçren, Çev.), İstanbul: Payel Yayınevi.
49. Frost, P. J. (2003). Toxic emotions at work. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
50. Fuller, P. J., Galvin, B. M., & Ashforth, B. E. (2018). Larger than life. Organizational Dynamics, 47(1), 8–16.
51. Gabriel, Y., & Carr, A. (2002). Organizations, management and psychoanalysis: An overview. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 17(5), 348–365.
52. Galvin, B. M., Waldman, D. A., & Balthazard, P. (2010). Visionary communication qualities as mediators of the relationship between narcissism and attributions of leader charisma. Personnel Psychology, 63(3), 509–537.
53. Gardner, W. L., & Schermerhorn, J.R. (2004). Unleashing ındividual potential: Performance gains through positive organizational behavior and authentic leadership. Organizational Dynamics, 23(3), 270–281.
54. Glad, B. (2002a). Political leadership: some methodological considerations. Political leadership for the new century: Personality and behavior among American leaders, 9–24.
55. Glad, B. (2002b). Why tyrants go too far: Malignant narcissism and absolute power. Political Psychology, 23(1), 1–37.
56. Goldman, A. (2006). High toxicity leadership borderline personality disorder and the dysfunctional organization. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(8), 733–746.
57. Goldman, A. (2009). Destructive Leaders and Dysfunctional Organizations: A Therapeutic Ap proach, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York.
58. Goldman, G. F., & Gelso, C. J. (1997). Kohut’s theory of narcissism and adolescent drug abuse treatment. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 14(1), 81–102.
59. Gould, L. J. (1991). Using psychoanalytic frameworks for organizational analysis. Organizations on the Couch: Clinical Perspectives on Organizational Behavior and Change (ss.25-44), Kets de Vries, M.F. (Ed.), San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishing.
60. Grijalva, E., Harms, P. D., Newman, D. A., Gaddis, B. H., & Fraley, R. C. (2015). Narcissism and leadership: A meta-analytic review of linear and nonlinear relationships. Personnel Psychology, 68(1), 1–47.
61. Güldü, Ö. ve Aksu, N. E. (2016). Yıkıcı liderlik algısı ve mesleki tükenmişlik arasındaki ilişkide olumsuz duygu-durumun aracı rolü. Çalışma İlişkileri Dergisi, 7(2), 91–113.
62. Gülmez, N. (2009). Narsistik liderlik. Yayınlanmış yüksek lisans Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
63. Gündüz, Y. ve Dedekorkut, S. E. (2014). Yıkıcı liderlik. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(1), 95–104.
64. Güngör, I. H., Ekşi, H. ve Arıcak, O. T. (2012). Genç yetişkinlerde değer tercihlerinin narsistik kişilik özellikleri yordaması. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 12(2), 1271–1290.
65. Halligan, F. R. (1997). Narcissism, spiritual pride, and original sin. Journal of Religion and Health, 36(4), 300–325.
66. Hamedoğlu, M. A. (2009). Örgütsel narsisizm düzeyine ilişkin yönetici ve öğretmen algıları. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
67. Harms, P. D., Spain, S. M. ve Hannah, S. T. (2011). Leader development and the dark side of personality. Leadership Quarterly, 22, 495–509.
68. Harter, S. (2002). Authenticity, Handbook of Positive Psychology (ss.382-394) C. R. Snyder ve S. J. Lopez (Ed.), London: Oxford University Press.
69. Higgs, M. (2009). The good, the bad and the ugly: Leadership and narcissism. Journal of Change Management, 9(2), 165–178.
70. Hogan, R., Raskin, R., & Fazzini, D. (1990). The dark side of charisma. Washington: American Psychological Association Press.
71. Horton, R. S., & Sedikides, C. (2009). Narcissistic responding to ego threat: When the status of the evaluator matters. Journal of Personality, 77(5), 1493–1526.
72. Humphreys, J., Zhao, D., Ingram, K., Gladstone, J., & Basham, L. (2010). Situational narcissism and charismatic leadership: A conceptual framework. Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management, 11(2), 118–139.
73. Illies, J. J., & Reiter-Palmon, R. (2008). Responding destructively in leadership situations: The role of personal values and problem construction. Journal of Business Ethics, 82(1), 251–272.
74. Ilies, R., Morgeson, F. P., & Nahrgang, J. D. (2005). Authentic leadership and eudaemonic well-being: Understanding leader–follower outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 16, 373–394.
75. İliç, D. K. (2016). Örgütsel hayatın irrasyonel yönleri: Psikanalitik yaklaşımlar ile örgütlerin teşhisi. Ege Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(1), 17–37.
76. İzgüden, D., Eroymak, S. ve Erdem, R. (2016). Sağlık kurumlarında görülen toksik liderlik davranışları: Bir üniversite hastanesi örneği. Balkan Journal of Social Sciences, Özel Sayı, 262–276.
77. Jandaghi, G., Kozekanan, S. F., & Piranneja, A. (2015). Clarifying the impacts of professors’ narcissism variables on effective performance. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, 44, 93–105.
78. Jones, E. (1913). The god complex: The belief that one is god and the resulting character traits. Essays In Applied Psycho-analysis (ss.244-265), London: Hogarth Press.
79. Judge, T. A., LePine, J. A., & Rich, B. L. (2006). Loving yourself abundantly: Relationship of the narcissistic personality to self-and other perceptions of workplace deviance, leadership, and task and contextual performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(4), 762–775.
80. Karaaziz, M. ve Atak, İ. E. (2013). Narsisizm ve narsisizmle ilgili araştırmalar üzerine bir gözden geçirme. Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi, 1(2), 44–59.
81. Kartopu, S. (2013). Narsisizmin dindarlık eğilimleriyle ilişkisi: Gümüşhane üniversitesi örneği. International Journal of Social Science, 6(6), 625–645.
82. Kealy, D., & Rasmussen, B. (2012). Veiled and vulnerable: The other side of grandiose narcissism. Clinical Social Work Journal, 40(3), 356–365.
83. Kellerman, B. (2004). Bad leadership: What it is, how it happens, why it matters. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
84. Kernberg, O. F. (1967). Borderline personality organization. Journal of American Psychoanalysis Association, 15, 641–685
85. Kernberg, O. F. (1975). A systems approach to priority setting of interventions in groups. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 25(3), 251–275.
86. Kernberg, O. F. (1976). Technical considerations in the treatment of borderline personality organization. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 24(4), 795–829.
87. Kernberg, O. F. (1989). The narcissistic personality disorder and the differential diagnosis of antisocial behavior. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 12(3), 553–570.
88. Kernberg, O. F. (1992). Psychopathic, paranoid and depressive transferences. International Journal of Psycho-analysis, 73, 13–28.
89. Kernberg, O. (2004). Aggressivity, narcissism, and self-destructiveness in the psychotherapeutic relationship: New developments in the psychopathology and psychotherapy of severe personality disorders. Yale University Press.
90. Kernberg, O. F. (2011). Aşk ilişkileri normallik ve patoloji (A. Yılmaz, Çev.). İstanbul:Ayrıntı Yayınları.
91. Kernberg, O. F. (2012). Review articles-Overview and critique of the classification of personality disorders proposed for DSM-V. Schweizer Archiv fur Neurologie und Psychiatrie, 163(7), 234–255.
92. Kesken, J. (2011). Örgütsel işlev bozukluklarına psikodinamik yaklaşım ve niteliksel bir araştırma yöntemi olarak psikanaliz. Journal of Yaşar University, 6(21), 3499–3514.
93. Kesken, J. ve Kelgökmen D. (2008). Yönetimin irrasyonel yüzü: Örgütsel işlev bozuklukları ve analizi. Ege Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 8(2), 451–468.
94. Kesken, J. ve Ayyildiz, N. A. (2008). Liderlik yaklaşımlarında yeni perspektifler: Pozitif ve otantik liderlik. Ege Academic Review, 8(2), 729–754. Kets de Vries, M. F., & Miller, D. (1985). Narcissism and leadership: An object relations perspective. Human Relations, 38(6), 583–601.
95. Kets De Vries, M. F. (1984). The neurotic organization: Diagnosing and changing counterproductive styles of management (Cilt 172), U.S.A.: Jossey-Bass Incorporated Publihing.
96. Kets de Vries, M. F. (1991). Organizations on the couch: Clinical perspectives on organizational behavior and change. US.A.: Jossey-Bass Publishing.
97. Kets de Vries, M. F. (1999). What’s playing in the organizational theater? Collusive relationships in management. Human Relations, 52(6), 745–773.
98. Kets de Vries, M. F., & de Fries, M. F. (1989). Prisoners of leadership (Cilt 36), New York: Wiley Publishing.
99. Kets de Vries, M. F., & Miller, D. (1984). Neurotic style and organizational pathology. Strategic Management Journal, 5(1), 35–55.
100. Kets de Vries, M. F., & Miller, D. (1987). Interpreting organizational texts. Journal of Management Studies, 24(3), 233–247.
101. Kırbaç, M. (2013). Eğitim örgütlerinde toksik liderlik. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İnönü Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Eğitim Yönetimi ve Denetimi Bilim Dalı, Malatya.
102. Kızıltan, H., (2006). Narsisizm ve Psikopatolojisi, Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2017, http://www.psikomitoloji. com/ attachments/article/79/narsisizm.makalesi.pdf.
103. King, G. (2007). Narcissism and effective crisis management: A review of potential problems and pitfalls. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 15(4), 183–193.
104. Koçel, T. (2015). İşletme yöneticiliği (16. Basım). İstanbul: Beta Yayınevi.
105. Kohut, H. (1971). The analysis of the self. New York: International University Press. Kohut, H. (1977). Restoration of the self. New York: International University Press.
106. Kohut, H. (1988). Forms and transformations of narcissism. Essential papers on narcissism (ss.6189), A. P. Morrison (Ed.), New York, New York University Press.
107. Kohut, H. (1998). Kendiliğin Çözümlenmesi (C. Atbaşoğlu, B. Büyükkal ve C. İşcan, Çev.), İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
108. Kohut, H., & Wolf, E. S. (1978). The disorders of the self and their treatment. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 59, 413–425.
109. Köroğlu, E. ve Bayraktar, S. (2007). Kişilik bozuklukları. Ankara: HYB Basım Yayın.
110. Kriston, L., Schäfer, J., von Wolff, A., Härter, M., & Hölzel, L. P. (2012). The latent factor structure of Young’s early maladaptive schemas: Are schemas organized into domains? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68(6), 684–698.
111. Kusy, M., & Holloway, E. (2009). Toxic Workplace! Managing Toxic Personalities and Their Systems of Power, San Francisco, Jossey–Bass.
112. Laplanche, J., & Pontalis, J. B. (1988). The language of psychoanalysis. London: Karnac Books.
113. Levin, J. D. (1995). Psychodynamic treatment of alcohol abuse. Dynamic therapies for psychiatric disorders- Axis 1) (ss.132-244), J. P. Barber ve P. C. Cristoph (Ed.), New York: Basic Books Press.
114. Levinson, H. (1991). Diagnosing Organizations Systematically. Organizations on the Couch: Clinical Perspectives on Organizational Behavior and Change (ss.45-93), M. F. Kets de Vries (Ed.), U.S.A.: Jossey-Bass Publishing.
115. Levy, K. N., Ellison, W. D., & Reynoso, J. S. (2011). A historical review of narcissism and narcissistic personality. In W. K. Campbell & J. D. Miller (Eds.), The handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: Theoretical approaches, empirical findings, and treatments (ss. 3-13).
116. Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc. Lipman-Blumen, J. (2005). Toxic leadership: When grand illusions masquerade as noble visions. Leader to Leader, 36, 29–36.
117. Lipman-Blumen, J. (2011). Toxic leadership: A rejoinder. Representation, 47(3), 331–342.
118. Liu, D., Liao, H., & Loi, R. (2012). The dark side of leadership: A three-level investigation of the cascading effect of abusive supervision on employee creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 55(5), 1187–1212.
119. Lubit, R. (2002). The long-term organizational impact of destructively narcissistic managers. Academy of Management Perspectives, 16(1), 127–138.
120. Luthans, F. (2002). The need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(6), 695–706.
121. Luthans, F., Norman, S., & Hughes, L. (2006). Authentic leadership. Inspiring Leaders, 2(4), 84–104.
122. Maccoby M. (2000). Narcissistic leaders: The incredible pros, the inevitable cons. Harvard Business Review, 82, 92–101.
123. Maccoby, M. (2005). Creating moral organizations. Research Technology Management, 48(1), 59–80.
124. Mahler, M. S. (1968). On human sybiosis and the vicissitudes of ındividuation. New York: International University Press.
125. Masterson, J. F. (1981). The Narcissistic and Borderline Disorders; An Integrated Developmental Approach. Florence: Brunzel/Mazel Publishing.
126. Masterson, J. F. (2014). Narsistik ve borderline kişilik bozuklukları bir bütüncül gelişimsel yaklaşım (B. Açıl, Çev.). İstanbul: Psikoterapi Enstitüsü Eğitim Yayınları.
127. May, D. R., Chan, A.Y., Hodges, T. D., & Avolio, B. J. (2003). Developing the Moral Component of Authentic Leadership, Organizational Dynamics, 32(3), 247–260.
128. McCabe, D. L., Butterfield, K. D., & Trevino, L. K. (2006). Academic dishonesty in graduate business programs: Prevalence, causes, and proposed action. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 5(3), 294–305.
129. Miller, J. G., & Miller, J. L. (1991). A living systems analysis of organizational pathology. Behavioral Science, 36(4), 239-251.
130. Miller, J. D., & Maples, J. (2011). Trait personality models of narcissistic personality disorder, grandiose narcissism, and vulnerable narcissism. W. K. Campbell & J. D. Miller (Eds.), The handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: Theoretical approaches, empirical findings, and treatments (ss. 71-88). Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
131. Miller, J. D., Gentile, B., & Campbell, W. K. (2013). A test of the construct validity of the Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95, 377–387.
132. Morf, C. C., & Rhodewalt, F. (2001). Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism: A dynamic selfregulatory processing model. Psychological inquiry, 12(4), 177–196.
133. Morf, C. C., & Rhodewalt, F. (2001). Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism: A dynamic selfregulatory processing model. Psychological inquiry, 12(4), 177–196.
134. Northouse, P. G. (2007). Transformational leadership. Leadership: Theory and Practice, 4, 175-206.
135. Ozan, E., Kırkpınar, İ., Aydın, N., Fidan, T. ve Oral, M. (2008). Narsistikkişilik bozukluğu: Gelişim süreçleri ve yaşamı. Psikiyatride Derlemeler, Olgular ve Varsayımlar Dergisi, 2(1-2), 25–38.
136. Öztürk, O. (2002). Ruh sağlığı ve bozuklukları (9.Basım). Ankara: Feryal Matbaası.
137. Padilla, A., Hogan, R., & Kaiser, R. B. (2007). The toxic triangle: Destructive leaders, susceptible followers, and conducive environments. The Leadership Quarterly, 18(3), 176–194.
138. Padilla, A., & Mulvey, P. (2008). Leadership toxicity: sources and remedies. Organisations and People, 15(3), 27–37.
139. Penney, L. M., & Spector, P. E. (2002). Narcissism and counterproductive work behavior: Do bigger egos mean bigger problems? International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10(1-2), 126–134.
140. Pincus, A. L., & Lukowitsky, M. R. (2010). Pathological narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 421–446.
141. Popper, M. (2002). Narcissism and attachment patterns of personalized and socialized charismatic. Leaders. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 19(6), 798–809.
142. Pulver, S. E. (1970). Narcissism: The term and concept. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 18, 319–342.
143. Rafaeli, E., Bernstein, D.P., & Young, J. (2011). Schema therapy: The CBT distinctive features series. New York: Routledge Press.
144. Rapier, M. L. (2005). An interview study of narcissistic executives: Piercing the corporate veil of narcissism in the workplace. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center, U.S.A.
145. Reed, G. E., & Bullis, R. C. (2009). The impact of destructive leadership on senior military officers and civilian employees. Armed Forces & Society, 36(1), 5–18.
146. Reyhanoğlu, M. ve Akın, Ö. (2016). Toksik liderlik örgütsel sağlığı olumsuz yönde tetikler mi? İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(3), 442–459.
147. Rhodewalt, F., & Morf, C. (1998). On self-aggrandizement and anger: A temporal analysis of narcissism and affective reactions to success and failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(3), 672–685.
148. Rhodewalt, F., Tragakis, M. W., & Finnerty, J. (2006). Narcissism and self-handicapping: Linking self-aggrandizement to behavior. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(5), 573–597.
149. Rosenthal, S. A., & Pittinsky, T. L. (2006). Narcissistic leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(6), 617–633.
150. Rozenblatt, S. (2002). In defence of self: The relationship of self-esteem and narcissism to agressive behavior, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Long Island Üniversitesi, Psikoloji Bölümü, U.S.A.
151. Schmidt, A. A. (2008). Development and validation of the toxic leadership scale. US.A.: University of Maryland, College Park Publishing.
152. Schyns, B., & Schilling, J. (2013). How bad are the effects of bad leaders? A meta-analysis of destructive leadership and its outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(1), 138–158.
153. Sedikides, C., & Gregg, A. P. (2001). Narcissists and feedback: Motivational surfeits and motivational deficits. Psychological Inquiry, 12(4), 237–239.
154. Sedikides, C., Rudich, E. A., Gregg, A. P., Kumashiro, M., & Rusbult, C. (2004). Are normal narcissists psychologically healthy?: Self-esteem matters. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(3), 400–425.
155. Seligman, M. E. (2002). Positive psychology, positive prevention, and positive therapy. Handbook of Positive Psychology, 2, 3–12.
156. Seligman, M. E., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Special issue on happiness, excellence, and optimal human functioning. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–183.
157. Sezici, E. (2016). İzleyicilerin Yikici Liderlik Algisi ve Sonuçlari. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 47, 106–121.
158. Shorey, R. C., Anderson, S., & Stuart, G. L. (2014). The relation between antisocial and borderline personality symptoms and early maladaptive schemas in a treatment seeking sample of male substance users. Clinical Psychology Psychother, 21, 341–351.
159. Shurden, S. B. (2014). Identifying the effects of narcissistic leadership on employee job satisfaction: A study within the accounting profession, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Clemson Üniversitesi, U.S.A.
160. Şahin, D. (2009). Kişilik bozuklukları, klinik gelişim. İstanbul: İstanbul Tabib Odası Süreli Bilimsel Yayınları.
161. Tavanti, M. (2011). Managing toxic leaders: Dysfunctional patterns in organizational leadership and how to deal with them. Human Resource Management, 2011, 127–136.
162. Tepper, B. J. (2000). Consequences of abusive supervision. Academy of Management Journal, 43(2), 178−190.
163. Tepper, B. J. (2007). Abusive supervision in work organizations: Review, synthesis, and research agenda. Journal of Management, 33(3), 261–289.
164. Tepper, B. J., Duffy M. K., & Shaw J. D. (2001). Personality moderators of the relationship between abusive supervision and subordinates’ resistance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 974–83.
165. Timuroğlu, K. ve İşcan, Ö. F. (2008). İşyerinde narsisizm ve iş tatmini ilişkisi. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 22(2), 240–255.
166. Trincas, R., Ottoviani, C., Couyoumdjian, A., Tenore, K., Spitoni, G., & Mancini, F. (2014). Specific dysphoric symptoms are predicted by early maladaptive schemas. The Scientific World Journal, 5, 1–26.
167. Trzesniewski, K. H, Donnellan, M. B., & Robins, R. W. (2008). Is “generation me” really more narcissistic than previous generations? Journal of Personality, 76, 903–918.
168. Tura, S. M. (2005). Günümüzde psikoterapi. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
169. Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2003). “Isn’t it fun to get the respect that we’re going to deserve?” Narcissism, social rejection, and aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(2), 261–272.
170. Üçok, D. ve Turgut, T. (2014). İstismarcı yönetici davranışının işyerindeki sapkın davranışlar üzerindeki rolü. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 9(3), 163–179.
171. Wallace, H. M. (2011). Narcissistic self-enhancement. The Handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: Theoretical approaches, empirical findings, and treatments (ss. 309-318), W. K. Campbell ve J. D. Miller (Ed.), US.A.: Psychology Publishings.
172. Wallace, H. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2002). The performance of narcissists rises and falls with perceived opportunity for glory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(5), 819–839.
173. Walumbwa, F. O., Avolio, B. J., Gardner, W. L., Wernsing, T. S., & Peterson, S. J. (2008). Authentic leadership devolopment and validation of a theory-based measure. Journal of Management, 34(1), 89–126.
174. Whicker, M. L. (1996). Toxic leaders: When organizations go bad. Westport, VA: Quorum Books.
175. Wink, P. (1991). Two faces of narcissism. Journal of personality and social psychology, 61(4), 590.
176. Winkler, I. (2010). Psychodynamic Leadership Approach. Contemporary Leadership Theories (ss. 23-30). Physica-Verlag HD.
177. Wright, T. A. (2003). Positive organizational behavior: An idea whose time has truly come. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(4), 437–442.
178. Young, J.E. (1999). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders. A schema–focused approach (3.Basım), Florida: Professional Resource Press.
179. Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. (2003). Schema Ther apy: A practitioner’s guide. New York: Guilford Publications.
180. Zaleznik, A. (1989). The mythological structure of organizations and its impact. Human Resource Management, 28(2), 267–277.
181. Zhou, H., Zhou, H., & Zhang, B. (2010). Relationships among narcissism, empathy, and prosocial behaviours. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 18(2), 228–231.