Türkiye’de Mesleklerin Kirlilik Düzeyleri ve Türlerinin Sınıflandırılması
Year 2022,
Volume: 12 Issue: 3, 101 - 120, 18.09.2022
Melih Sever
,
Seyhan Özdemir
Abstract
Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de kirli iş tanımını ve sınıflandırmasını yapmak ve literatüre kirli iş kavramını kazandırmak üzere yapılmıştır. İki aşamadan oluşan çalışmanın birinci aşamasında 321 kişiye online anket yoluyla ulaşılmıştır. Ankette Türkiye meslek sınıflandırması araştırmasında kullanılan meslekler düşük ve yüksek prestijli olarak ikiye ayrılmış, 36 farklı (kirli ve kirli olmayan) meslek katılımcılara sınıflandırması için iletilmiştir. Çalışma tasarımında kirli işler; sosyal, fiziksel, ahlaki ve kirli iş olmayan şeklinde ayrılmıştır. Katılımcılardan kirli işleri sınıflandırması istenmiştir. Tasarlanan kirli iş sınıflandırmalarının örneklem üzerinde çalışıp çalışmadığını tespit etmek için yapılan analizlerde sadece 17 meslek katılımcılar tarafından kirli olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Çalışmanın ikinci aşamasında ilk aşamada kirli olarak sınıflandırılmayan meslekler tekrar 130 katılımcıya aynı yöntemle sorulmuş ve tek bir meslek haricinde sonuçların tekrar ettiği görülmüştür. Sonuçlar, hem fiziksel kirlilik türünde yüksek bir mutabakatı hem de ahlaki kir türünün bir mesleği kirleten ana faktörlerden biri olduğu konusunda bir fikir birliğini göstermektedir. Türkiye bağlamında sosyal kirli iş kavramının tam anlaşılamadığı veya kirli olarak algılanmadığı bulgular arasındadır. Çalışma ulusal literatüre kirli iş kavramını kazandırması ve kirli iş türlerine göre Türkiye’deki meslek sınıflandırmalarını gerçekleştirmesi açısından önemlidir.
References
- Ashforth, B. E., & Kreiner, G. E. (1999). “How can you do it?”: Dirty work and the challenge of constructing a positive identity. Academy of Management Review, 24(3), 413-434.
- Ashforth, B. E., & Kreiner, G. E. (2014). Dirty work and dirtier work: Differences in countering physical, social, and moral stigma. Management and Organization Review, 10, 81–108. https://doi.org/10.1111/ more.12044.
- Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 20-39.
- Ashforth, B. E., Kreiner, G. E., Clark, M. A., & Fugate, M. (2017). Congruence work in stigmatized occupations: A managerial lens on employee fit with dirty work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 38(8), 1260-1279.
- Ashforth, B., E. Kreiner, G., A. Clark, M., & Fugate, M. (2007). Normalizing dirty work: Managerial tactics for countering occupational taint. Academy of Management Journal, 50(1), 149-174.
- Bergman, M. E., & Chalkley, K. M. (2007). “Ex” marks a spot: The stickiness of dirty work and other removed stigmas. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(3), 251–265.
- Bosmans, K., Mousaid, S., De Cuyper, N., Hardonk, S., Louckx, F., & Vanroelen, C. (2016). Dirty work, dirty worker? Stigmatisation and coping strategies among domestic workers. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 92, 54–67.
- Demirtaş, M. C. (2021). Seçim sonrası dönemde seçmenlerin siyasal memnuniyet ve güven düzeylerinin belirlenmesine yönelik bir araştırma. Kırklareli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(2), 77-100.
- Deutscher, I. (1984). The moral order of sociological work. Journal of Applied Sociology, 1(1), 1-11.
- Ertan, G., Aytaç. S.E., & Çarkoğlu, A. (2019). Türkiye’de siyasi kurumlara güven: Kültürel ve kurumsal açıklamalar ile “kazanan takım” etkisinin rolü. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(1), 65-88.
- Eser, H. B. (2013). Siyasal güven ve bileşenleri, üniversite öğrencilerinde etnik kimlik, siyasal güven ilişkisi üzerine bir uygulama. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (29), 15-42.
- Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 878–902. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878.
- Gallup Inc. (2020). Honesty/ethics in professions. Gallup, 1-17 December. http://www.gallup.com/ poll/1654/honesty-ethics-professions.aspx. Accessed 7 Sep 2021.
- Grandy, G. (2008). Managing spoiled identities: Dirty workers’ struggles for a favourable sense of self. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal.
- Grandy, G., Simpson, R., & Mavin, S. (2015). What we can learn from de-valued and marginalised work/ research. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal.
- Hamilton, P., Redman, T., & McMurray, R. (2019). ‘Lower than a snake’s belly’: Discursive constructions of dignity and heroism in low-status garbage work. Journal of Business Ethics, 156(4), 889-901.
- Hogg, M. A. (2020). Social identity theory (pp. 112-138). Stanford University Press.
- Hogg, M. A., & Terry, D. I. (2000). Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts. The Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 121–140.
- Hughes, E. C. (1958). Men and their work. Free Press.
- Lopina, E. C., Rogelberg, S. G., & Howell, B. (2012). Turnover in dirty work occupations: A focus on pre‐entry individual characteristics. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 85(2), 396-406.
- Mavin, S., & Grandy, G. (2013). Doing gender well and differently in dirty work: The case of exotic dancing. Gender, Work and Organization, 20(3), 232–251.
- McMurray, R., & Ward, J. (2014). ‘Why would you want to do that?’: Defining emotional dirty work. Human Relations, 67(9), 1123-1143.
- Miscenko, D., & Day, D. V. (2016). Identity and identification at work. Organizational Psychology Review, 6(3), 215–247.
- Morales, J., & Lambert, C. (2013). Dirty work and the construction of identity. An ethnographic study of management accounting practices. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 38(3), 228–244.
- Morriss, L. (2016). AMHP work: Dirty or prestigious? Dirty work designations and the approved mental health professional. British Journal of Social Work, 46(3), 703–718.
- Murray, M., Langford, D.A & Fisher, S. (2002, September 9-13) Dirty construction workers: who you looking at buddy? [Conference presentation] Proceedings of CIB W65 The Management of the Construction
- Process, 10th International Symposium University of Cincinnati, Ohio. Özata, M., & Aslan, Ş. (2010). Hastanede çalışan hemşirelerin mesleki imaj algılamalarının araştırılması. Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(19), 251-268.
- Perry, S. E., & Russell, R. (2017). Collecting garbage: Dirty work, clean jobs, proud people. Routledge.
- Sezer, T. A., Esenay, F. I., & Korkmaz, G. (2017). Çocuk hemşirelerinin mesleki imajları: Profesyonel mi, geleneksel mi? Hemşirelikte Araştırma Geliştirme Dergisi, 19(3), 45-54.
- Shepherd, D. A., Maitlis, S., Parida, V., Wincent, J., & Lawrence, T. B. (2021). Intersectionality in ıntractable dirty work: How Mumbai ragpickers make meaning of their work and lives. Academy of Management Journal, (ja).
- Sunar, L. (2020). Türkiye’de mesleki itibar: Dönüşen çalışma hayatı ve mesleklerin sosyal konumu. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, (Özel Sayı 1/Supplement 1), 29-58.
- Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1985). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W.G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (2nd ed., pp. 7–24). Nelson-Hall.
- Terskova, M. A., & Agadullina, E. R. (2019). Dehumanization of dirty workers and attitudes toward social support. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 49(12), 767-777.
- Valtorta, R. R., Baldissarri, C., Andrighetto, L., & Volpato, C. (2019). Dirty jobs and dehumanization of workers. British Journal of Social Psychology, 58(4), 955-970.
- Volpato, C., Andrighetto, L., & Baldissarri, C. (2017). Perceptions of low-status workers and the maintenance of the social class status quo. Journal of Social Issues, 73(1), 192–210.
Classification of “Dirty Work” and Its Forms in Turkey
Year 2022,
Volume: 12 Issue: 3, 101 - 120, 18.09.2022
Melih Sever
,
Seyhan Özdemir
Abstract
This study was carried out to define and classify dirty work in a Turkish context and to introduce the concept of dirty work to the literature. In the first stage of the study, 321 people were reached through an online survey. We selected 36 occupations (pre-hypothesised 25 dirty jobs and 11 non-dirty jobs) and asked participants to classify them as social, physical or moral dirty work or non-dirty work. As a result of the first study, only 17 occupations were classified as dirty by the participants. In the second stage of the study, occupations that were not classified as dirty in the first stage were administered using the same design to 130 participants. The second study confirmed our first study results except for one occupation (Shoe-shining). The results show both a high level of agreement on the type of physical taint and a consensus that the type of moral taint is one of the main factors that make a profession dirty. The study is important in terms of introducing the concept of dirty work to the Turkish literature and in terms of conducting the classification of occupations in Turkey according to the types of dirty work.
References
- Ashforth, B. E., & Kreiner, G. E. (1999). “How can you do it?”: Dirty work and the challenge of constructing a positive identity. Academy of Management Review, 24(3), 413-434.
- Ashforth, B. E., & Kreiner, G. E. (2014). Dirty work and dirtier work: Differences in countering physical, social, and moral stigma. Management and Organization Review, 10, 81–108. https://doi.org/10.1111/ more.12044.
- Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 20-39.
- Ashforth, B. E., Kreiner, G. E., Clark, M. A., & Fugate, M. (2017). Congruence work in stigmatized occupations: A managerial lens on employee fit with dirty work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 38(8), 1260-1279.
- Ashforth, B., E. Kreiner, G., A. Clark, M., & Fugate, M. (2007). Normalizing dirty work: Managerial tactics for countering occupational taint. Academy of Management Journal, 50(1), 149-174.
- Bergman, M. E., & Chalkley, K. M. (2007). “Ex” marks a spot: The stickiness of dirty work and other removed stigmas. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(3), 251–265.
- Bosmans, K., Mousaid, S., De Cuyper, N., Hardonk, S., Louckx, F., & Vanroelen, C. (2016). Dirty work, dirty worker? Stigmatisation and coping strategies among domestic workers. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 92, 54–67.
- Demirtaş, M. C. (2021). Seçim sonrası dönemde seçmenlerin siyasal memnuniyet ve güven düzeylerinin belirlenmesine yönelik bir araştırma. Kırklareli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(2), 77-100.
- Deutscher, I. (1984). The moral order of sociological work. Journal of Applied Sociology, 1(1), 1-11.
- Ertan, G., Aytaç. S.E., & Çarkoğlu, A. (2019). Türkiye’de siyasi kurumlara güven: Kültürel ve kurumsal açıklamalar ile “kazanan takım” etkisinin rolü. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(1), 65-88.
- Eser, H. B. (2013). Siyasal güven ve bileşenleri, üniversite öğrencilerinde etnik kimlik, siyasal güven ilişkisi üzerine bir uygulama. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (29), 15-42.
- Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 878–902. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878.
- Gallup Inc. (2020). Honesty/ethics in professions. Gallup, 1-17 December. http://www.gallup.com/ poll/1654/honesty-ethics-professions.aspx. Accessed 7 Sep 2021.
- Grandy, G. (2008). Managing spoiled identities: Dirty workers’ struggles for a favourable sense of self. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal.
- Grandy, G., Simpson, R., & Mavin, S. (2015). What we can learn from de-valued and marginalised work/ research. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal.
- Hamilton, P., Redman, T., & McMurray, R. (2019). ‘Lower than a snake’s belly’: Discursive constructions of dignity and heroism in low-status garbage work. Journal of Business Ethics, 156(4), 889-901.
- Hogg, M. A. (2020). Social identity theory (pp. 112-138). Stanford University Press.
- Hogg, M. A., & Terry, D. I. (2000). Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts. The Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 121–140.
- Hughes, E. C. (1958). Men and their work. Free Press.
- Lopina, E. C., Rogelberg, S. G., & Howell, B. (2012). Turnover in dirty work occupations: A focus on pre‐entry individual characteristics. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 85(2), 396-406.
- Mavin, S., & Grandy, G. (2013). Doing gender well and differently in dirty work: The case of exotic dancing. Gender, Work and Organization, 20(3), 232–251.
- McMurray, R., & Ward, J. (2014). ‘Why would you want to do that?’: Defining emotional dirty work. Human Relations, 67(9), 1123-1143.
- Miscenko, D., & Day, D. V. (2016). Identity and identification at work. Organizational Psychology Review, 6(3), 215–247.
- Morales, J., & Lambert, C. (2013). Dirty work and the construction of identity. An ethnographic study of management accounting practices. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 38(3), 228–244.
- Morriss, L. (2016). AMHP work: Dirty or prestigious? Dirty work designations and the approved mental health professional. British Journal of Social Work, 46(3), 703–718.
- Murray, M., Langford, D.A & Fisher, S. (2002, September 9-13) Dirty construction workers: who you looking at buddy? [Conference presentation] Proceedings of CIB W65 The Management of the Construction
- Process, 10th International Symposium University of Cincinnati, Ohio. Özata, M., & Aslan, Ş. (2010). Hastanede çalışan hemşirelerin mesleki imaj algılamalarının araştırılması. Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(19), 251-268.
- Perry, S. E., & Russell, R. (2017). Collecting garbage: Dirty work, clean jobs, proud people. Routledge.
- Sezer, T. A., Esenay, F. I., & Korkmaz, G. (2017). Çocuk hemşirelerinin mesleki imajları: Profesyonel mi, geleneksel mi? Hemşirelikte Araştırma Geliştirme Dergisi, 19(3), 45-54.
- Shepherd, D. A., Maitlis, S., Parida, V., Wincent, J., & Lawrence, T. B. (2021). Intersectionality in ıntractable dirty work: How Mumbai ragpickers make meaning of their work and lives. Academy of Management Journal, (ja).
- Sunar, L. (2020). Türkiye’de mesleki itibar: Dönüşen çalışma hayatı ve mesleklerin sosyal konumu. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, (Özel Sayı 1/Supplement 1), 29-58.
- Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1985). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W.G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (2nd ed., pp. 7–24). Nelson-Hall.
- Terskova, M. A., & Agadullina, E. R. (2019). Dehumanization of dirty workers and attitudes toward social support. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 49(12), 767-777.
- Valtorta, R. R., Baldissarri, C., Andrighetto, L., & Volpato, C. (2019). Dirty jobs and dehumanization of workers. British Journal of Social Psychology, 58(4), 955-970.
- Volpato, C., Andrighetto, L., & Baldissarri, C. (2017). Perceptions of low-status workers and the maintenance of the social class status quo. Journal of Social Issues, 73(1), 192–210.