Lübnan Düşüncesinin Oluşumunda Beyrut’taki Misyoner Okullarının Katkısı

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 29 - 54, 20.06.2023

Mehmet Fahri Danış Esra Danacıoğlu

https://doi.org/10.12658/M0692

Abstract

I. Dünya Savaşı sonrası Ortadoğu’da Avrupalı devletlerin manda idareleri altında kurulan yeni ulus-devletler, kendi özgün mevcudiyetlerini temellendirmek ve meşrulaştırmak amacıyla genellikle milli topluluklarının kökenlerini antik “atalar” ile irtibatlandırırlar. Bu irtibatlandırma süreçlerinde kullanılan “kurucu mit”ler, ulus-devletlerin teritoryal karakterlerini diğer kimliklerden ayrıştırma ve söz konusu ulus-devletlerin orijinal varlıklarını güçlendirme işlevini görürler. Lübnan düşüncesi de tam olarak böyle bir “kurucu mit” etrafında anlam kazanır ve modern Lübnan devletinin var oluş amacı, Lübnan’ın çevresindeki Arap-İslam karakterinden azade olup Fenikelilik temelinde istisnai bir kültüre sahip olması çerçevesinde okunur. Lübnan’ın Fenike ile eşleştirilmesi üzerinden sahip olduğu bu istisnai karakterin oluşumunda en etkili aktörlerden başlıcaları ise Beyrut’taki misyonerlerdir. Cizvitlere ait St. Joseph Üniversitesi ile Amerikalı Protestanlara ait Suriye Protestan Koleji (sonraki adıyla Beyrut Amerikan Üniversitesi), bu bağlamda bölgedeki en etkili eğitim kurumlarıdır. Bu çalışmada, 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısıyla Lübnan’ın kurulduğu 1920 tarihleri arasında Bilâdüşşam’da bulunan Cizvit ve Protestan misyonerlerin, Lübnan’ın kurucu Fenike mitine ve bu vesileyle de Lübnan fikrine katkıları üzerinde durulacaktır.

Keywords

Lübnan, Fenike miti, misyonerlik, Cizvitler, Protestan misyonerler

The Contribution of the Missionary Schools in Beirut to the Formation of Lebanese Thought

Abstract

New nation-states established in the Middle East after World War I under the mandates of European states generally connect the origins of their national communities with ancient “ancestors” in order to ground and legitimize their unique existence. The “founding myths” used in these linking processes function to distinguish the territorial characters of nation-states from other identities and to strengthen the unique existence of these nation-states. The Lebanese thought also gains meaning around such a “founding myth” and the raison d’etre of the modern Lebanese state is read in the context of Lebanon being free from the Arab-Islamic character around it and having an exceptional culture based on Phoenicianism. One of the most influential actors in the formation of this exceptional character, which Lebanon has through its matching with Phoenicia, is the missionaries in Beirut. In this study, the contribution of Jesuit and Protestant missionaries in Bilad-i Sam to the Phoenician myth of the founding of Lebanon, and on this occasion to the idea of Lebanon, will be emphasized.

Keywords

Lebanon, Phoenician myth, missionary, Jesuits, Protestant missionaries

References

• Anderson, B. (1991). Imagined communities (2nd Ed.). Verso.
• Anderson, B. (2011). The American University of Beirut: Arab nationalism and liberal education. University of Texas Press.
• Anderson, R. (1872). History of the missions of the American Board of Commissioners for foreign missions to the oriental churches, C. 1. Congregational Publishing Society.
• Antakly, W. G. (1977). American Protestant educational missions: Their influence on Syria and Arab nationalism, 1820-1923. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), The American University.
• Auji, H. (2016). Printing Arab modernity: Book culture and the American press in nineteenth-century Beirut. Brill.
• Baktıaya, A. (2017). Osmanlı Suriyesi’nde Arapçılığın doğuşu: Sosyo-ekonomik değişim ve siyasi düşünce. İletişim Yayınları.
• Bliss, D. (1860). Letter from Mr. Bliss (17 February 1860), The Missionary Herald, 56(6), 166-168.
• Bliss, D. (1920). The reminiscences of Daniel Bliss. Fleming H. Revell Company.
• Bliss, F. J. (1912). The religions of modern Syria and Palestine: Lectures delivered before Lake Forest College on the Foundation of the Late William Bross. T. & T. Clark.
• Conklin, A. (1998). The French republican civilizing mission. A. Conklin and I. Fletcher (Eds.)., European imperialism: 1830 to 1930 içinde (s. 60-66). Houghton Mifflin Company.
• Cortas, W. M. (2010). O sevdiğim dünya. G. Varım (Çev.). Metis Yayınları.
• Doğan, M. A. (2011). From New England into new lands: The beginning of a long history. M. A. Doğan & H. J. Sharkey (Eds), American missionaries and the Middle East: Foundational encounters içinde (s. 3-32). University of Utah Press.
• Falk, E. A. (2017). Arabs into Frenchmen: Education and identity in late Ottoman Syria. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), University of California.
• Fawaz, L. (2000). Merchants and migrants in nineteenth-century Beirut. Harvard University Press.
• Grabill, J. L. (1971). Protestant diplomacy and the Near East: Missionary influence on American policy, 1810-1927. University of Minnesota Press.
• Gül, S. (2015). The French catholic missionaries in Lebanon between 1860 and 1914. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi.
• Harman, Ö. F. (2004). Mélanges de l’Université Saint Joseph. İslam Ansiklopedisi içinde (C. 29, s. 35-36).
• Herzstein, R. (2008). Saint-Joseph University of Beirut: An enclave of the French-speaking communities in the levant, 1875-1914. Itinerario, 32(2), 67-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0165115300001996.
• Herzstein, R. (2015). The oriental library and the Catholic press at Saint-Joseph University in Beirut, Journal of Jesuit Studies. 2(2), 248-264. DOI 10.1163/22141332-00202005.
• Hitti, P. (1961). The Near East in history: A 5000 year story. D. Van Nostrand Company.
• Hourani, A. (1990). The Arab awakening forty years after. D. Hopwood (Ed.), Studies in Arab History: The Antonius lectures, 1978-87 içinde (s. 21-40). Palgrave Macmillan.
• Irwin, R. (2008). Oryantalistler ve düşmanları. B. Tırnakcı (Çev.). Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
• Jalabert, H. (1987). Jésuites au proche-orient: Notices biographies. Dar el-Machreq.
• Jessup, H. (1910). Fifty-three years in Syria, C. I. Fleming H. Revell Company.
• Kavas, A. (2003).Lammens, henri. İslam Ansiklopedisi içinde (C. 27, s. 98).
• Lammens, H. (1902). Quarante ans d’Autonomie au Liban. Etudes, 92(1), 31-53.
• Lammens, H. (1910). Qoran et tradition, comment fur composée la Vie de Mahomet. Recherches de Science Religieuse, 1(1), 27-51.
• Lammens, H. (1921a). La Syrie: Précis historique, C. I. Imprimerie Catholique.
• Lammens, H. (1921b). La Syrie: Précis historique, C. II. Imprimerie Catholique.
• Lammens, H. (2008). Islam: Beliefs and institutions (2nd Ed.). D. Ross (Çev.). Routledge.
• Lane-Poole, S. (1880). The Life of the right honourable stratford canning: Viscount stratford de redcliffe. Longmans, Green and Co.
• Makdisi, U. (2008). Artillery of heaven: American missionaries and the failed conversion of the Middle East. Cornell University Press.
• Moosa, M. (1969). The relation of the maronites of Lebanon to the merdaites and Al-Jarajima. Speculum, 44(4), 597-608. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2850386.
• O’Malley, J. W. (2014). The jesuits: A history from Ignatius to the present. Rowman & Littlefield.
• Ouahes, I. (2017). Catholic missionary education in early mandate Syria and Lebanon. Social Sciences and Missions, 30(3-4), 225-253. DOI: 10.1163/18748945-03003005.
• Salameh, F. (2018). A Man for others: The Life and times of lebanese jesuit Henri Lammens (1862-1937). The Journal of the Middle East and Africa, 9(2), 213-236. DOI: 10.1080/21520844.2018.1500240.
• Salibi, K. (1962a). Islam and Syria in the writings of Henri Lammens. B. Lewis vd. (Eds.), Historians of the Middle East içinde (s. 330-343). Oxford University Press.
• Salibi, K. (1962b). The traditional historiography of the Maronites. B. Lewis vd. (Eds.), Historians of the Middle East içinde (s. 212-225). Oxford University Press.
• Spagnolo, J. P. (1974). The definition of a style of imperialism: The internal politics of the French educational investment in Ottoman Beirut. French Historical Studies, 8(4), 563-584. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/285853
• Strong, E. W. (1910). The story of the American Board: An account of the first hundred years of the American Board of Commissioners for foreign missions. The Pilgrim Press.
• Suleiman, Y. (2003). The Arabic language and national identity: A Study in ideology. Edinburgh University Press.
• Thomson, W. (1882). The land and the book, C. II. T. Nelson & Sons.
• Tibawi, A. L. (1966). The American interests in Syria, 1800-1901: A study of educational, literary and religious work. Clarendon Press.
• Tülücü, S. (2010). Şeyho, Luvîs. İslam Ansiklopedisi içinde (C.39, s. 86-88).
• Udías, A. (2015). Jesuit contribution to science: A History. Springer.
• Watt, M. (1986). Hz. Muhammed Mekke’de. R. Ayas & A. Yücel (Çev.). Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Yayınları.
• Wilcox, A. (2018). Orientalism and imperialism: From nineteenth-century missionary imaginings to the contemporary Middle East. Bloomsbury Academic.
• Womack, D. F. (2012). Lubnani, Libanais, Lebanese: Missionary education, language policy and identity formation in modern Lebanon. Studies in World Christianity, 18(1), 4-20. DOI: 10.3366/swc.2012.0003.
• Worcester, T. (2018). Jesuit dependence on the French monarchy. T. Worcester (Ed.), The Cambridge companion to the jesuits içinde (s. 104-120). Cambridge University Press.
• Zachs, F. (2001). Toward a proto-nationalist concept of Syria? Revisiting the American Presbyterian missionaries in the nineteenth-century levant. Die Welt des Islams, 41(2), 145-173.
• Zachs, F. (2005a). The making of a Syrian identity: Intellectuals and merchants in nineteenth-century Beirut. Brill.
• Zachs, F. (2005b). From the mission to the missionary: The Bliss family and the Syrian Protestant college (1866-1920). Die Welt des Islams, 45(2), 255-291.
• Zeine, N. Z. (1973). The emergence of Arab nationalism: With a background study of Arab-Turkish relations in the Near East. Caravan Books.