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Kent Ortamında Akıllı Telefon Kullanımı: Metrobüs Yolcuları Üzerine Etnografik Bir Araştırma

Year 2020, Volume: 7 Issue: 12, 161 - 182, 26.06.2020

Abstract

Mobil teknolojilerdeki gelişmelerle birlikte video içerik tüketimi giderek artmakta dolayısıyla bu tüketim pratiği sinema salonları ve evlerin sınırlarını aşarak gündelik yaşamın her alanına, kent ortamlarına taşmaktadır. Kanıksadığımız davranışlarda değişikliklere neden olan tüketimin elbette ki kişisel ve toplumsal ilişkilere ve mekânların ruhuna yansımaları olacaktır. Bu çalışmanın amacı mobil teknolojilerin bireysel, toplumsal ve mekânsal bağlamda etkilerini saptamak, ortaya çıkan yeni normalin durumunu analiz etmektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda kent gerçekliğinin tezahürü olan metrobüs, kent ortamlarının temsili olarak araştırma sahasına dönüşmüştür. Araştırma soruları; metrobüs yolcularının akıllı telefonlarına ayırdıkları vakit, akıllı telefon kullanmayan yolcuların çevreleri ile ilişkileri, yolcuların akıllı telefonlarında hangi platformları tercih ettikleri, yolcuların hangi platformlara daha uzun süre ve daha yoğun dikkat ayırdıkları çerçevesinde belirlenmiştir. Bu soruların yanıtları ve metrobüs ortamındaki davranışların tespiti için gözleme dayalı yöntem benimsenmiştir. Bu bağlamda yaklaşık 3 aylık süre boyunca metrobüste seyahat eden 211 bireyin, metrobüs ortamında akıllı telefonları ve çevreleri ile ilişkileri incelenmiştir. Elde edilen veriler, nitel ve nicel yöntemlerle analiz edilmiştir. Bulgulara göre, metrobüste akıllı telefon kullanımının yaygın olduğu, yolcuların en çok vakit ayırdığı ve en yoğun dikkat harcadığı platformların başında Youtube ile Netflix’in geldiği tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma, yeni tüketim pratiklerinin kent ortamında bireyselleşmenin artmasına ve ortak alanlarda yeni özel alanlar oluşmasına yol açtığını göstermektedir.

References

  • Adorno, T. (2000). Minima Moralia: Sakatlanmış Yaşamdan Yansımalar. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Alwin, D. F. (2002). Generations X, Y and Z: Are they Changing America? Contexts, 1(4), 42–51. https://doi.org/10.1525/ctx.2002.1.4.42
  • Bakardjieva, M. (2005). Internet Society. London: Sage Publications.
  • Bakardjieva, M. (2003). Virtual Togetherness: an Everyday-life Perspective. Media, Culture & Society, 25(3), 291–313. doi:10.1177/0163443703025003001
  • Baumann, Z. (2005). Bireyselleşmiş Toplum. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Bernard, H. R. (2006). Research Methods in Anthropology. Oxford: Altamira Press.
  • Bolton, R. N., Parasuraman, A., Hoefnagels, A., Migchels, N., Kabadayi, S., Gruber, T., … Solnet, D. (2013). Understanding Generation Y and their use of social media: a review and research agenda. Journal of Service Management, 24(3), 245–267. doi:10.1108/09564231311326987
  • Burgess, J., ve Green, J. (2018). YouTube: Online Video and Participatory Culture. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Bärtl, M. (2018). YouTube channels, uploads and views: A statistical analysis of the past 10 years. Convergence, 24(1), 16–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856517736979
  • Castells, M. (2000). The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Volume I: The Rise of Network Society. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
  • Castells, M. (2016). İletişimin Gücü. İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2016). Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Deuze, M. (2011). Media life. Media, Culture & Society, 33(1), 137–148. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443710386518
  • Dijk, J. W. (2016). Ağ Toplumu. İstanbul: Epsilon.
  • Green, N. (2002). On the Move: Technology, Mobility, and the Mediation of Social Time and Space. The Information Society, 18(4), 281–292. doi:10.1080/01972240290075129
  • İETT (t.y.) Metrobüs Tarihçe. Erişim adresi http://metrobus.iett.istanbul/tr/metrobus/pages/metrobus-tarihce/222
  • Habermas, J. (1997). Kamusallığın Yapısal Dönüşümü. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Hall, J. A., Kearney, M. W., & Xing, C. (2018). Two tests of social displacement through social media use. Information, Communication & Society, 1–18. doi:10.1080/1369118x.2018.1430162
  • Jenkins, H. (2009) Confronting the Challenges of Participatory Culture: Media Education for the 21st Century. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
  • Jenkins, H. (2016). Cesur Yeni Medya, Teknolojiler ve Hayran Kültürü. İstanbul: İletişim Yayıncılık.
  • Jenner, M. (2015). Binge-watching: Video-on-demand, quality TV and mainstreaming fandom. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 20(3), 304–320. doi:10.1177/1367877915606485
  • Kumar, K. (1995). From Post-Industrial to Post-Modern Society. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Lefebvre, H. (2010). Gündelik Hayatın Eleştirisi, İstanbul: Sel Yayıncılık.
  • Lister, M., Dovey, J., Giddings, S., Grant, I., Kelly, K. (2009). New Media. London: Routledge, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203884829
  • Lobato, R. (2018). Netflix Nations: The Geography of Digital Distribution. New York: New York University Press.
  • Madrigal, A. C. (2014). How Netflix Reverse-Engineered Hollywood. Erişim adresi https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/01/how-netflix-reverse-engineered-hollywood/282679/
  • Mandel, E. (2015). The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx: 1843 to Capital. London: Verso.
  • Manovich, L. (2002). The Language of New Media. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
  • Marcuse, H. (1990). Tek-Boyutlu İnsan. İstanbul:İdea Yayınları.
  • Marx, K. (2013). 1844 El Yazmaları. İstanbul: Birikim Yayınları.
  • Miller, D., Costa, E., Haynes, N., McDonald, T., Nicolescu, R., Sinanan, J., . . . Wang, X. (2016). How the World Changed Social Media. London: UCL Press. Retrieved May 14, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1g69z35
  • McLuhan, M. (2001). Gutenberg Galaksisi: Tipografik İnsanın Oluşumu. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • McQuail, D. (2010). McQuail’s Mass Communication Theory. London: Sage Publications.
  • Milliyet. (2019). Türkler Filmi Toplu Taşımada İzliyor. Erişim adresi https://www.milliyet.com.tr/cadde/turkler-filmi-toplu-tasimada-izliyor-6104706
  • Oh, E., & Reeves, T. C. (2013). Generational Differences and the Integration of Technology in Learning, Instruction, and Performance. Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology, 819–828. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3185-5_66
  • Rees, T. (1991). Ethical Issues. Allan G. ve Skinner C. (Ed). Handbook for Research Students in the Social Sciences (140–151 ss.) London: The Falmer Press
  • Rogers, E. (1986). Communication Technology: The New Media in Society. New York: The Free Press
  • Simmel, G. (2006). Modern Kültürde Çatışma, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Small, W., Maher, L., & Kerr, T. (2014). Institutional ethical review and ethnographic research involving injection drug users: A case study. Social Science & Medicine, 104, 157–162. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.12.010
  • Smith, M. A. ve Kollock, P. (2005). Communities in Cyberspace. New York: Routledge.
  • Snider, Z. (2016). The Cognitive Psychological Effects of Binge-Watching. D. Smith-Rowsey (Ed). The Netflix Effect: Technology and Entertainment in the 21st Century (117–128 ss.). New York: Bloomsbury Academic. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781501309410.ch-008
  • Spradley, J. P. (2016). Participant Observation. Illinois: Waveland Press.
  • Tolor, A. (1989). Boredom as related to alienation, assertiveness, internal-external expectancy, and sleep patterns. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45(2), 260–265. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198903)45:2<260::aid-jclp2270450213>3.0.co;2-g
  • Varnelis, K., & Annenberg Center for Communication (University of Southern California). (2008). Networked Publics. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
  • Vonderau, P. (2016). The video bubble: Multichannel networks and the transformation of YouTube. Convergence, 22(4), 361–375. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856516641882
  • Williams, R. (2004). Television: Technology and Cultural Form .London: Taylor & Francis e-Library

Smartphone Use in the Urban Environment: Etnographic Research on Metrobus Passengers

Year 2020, Volume: 7 Issue: 12, 161 - 182, 26.06.2020

Abstract

New communication technologies and the relationship of individuals with devices arising from these technologies have been on the agenda of many disciplines. In the studies carried out, the phenomenon of change is often encountered. In this study, it is aimed to understand the phenomenon of change that occurs due to the effect of new communication technologies. In this context, due to the use of smartphones, the focus is on the changes that occur in the soul of the spaces and in the relationships between individuals.
Of course, the widespread use of smartphones and the change associated with it did not occur spontaneously. Individualization and participatory cultural policies implemented by some platforms such as Youtube and Netflix, which are at the center of the study, contribute to change. Netflix's data-driven strategy and management aimed at individual customization have revealed new viewing experiences. Youtube, on the other hand, has come to prominence with its widespread genre structure and user density from its interactive nature. The strategies implemented by platforms such as Youtube and Netflix have caused video consumption practices to overrun the boundaries of homes and movie theaters, flooding the urban environment.
The attractiveness of content isn't the only reason individuals are "moving away" from physical spaces and getting closer to smartphones. Metrobus, where reflections of the realities and tension of the country can be seen, is already a crowded and dynamic environment. In such an environment, it is necessary to think that individuals may also be affected by the depressing images of the city, lack of money, fatigue and various concerns. So it is necessary to consider that individuals can become alienated to the urban environment via smartphone to avoid certain situations.
Various research questions have been created to determine the impact of smartphones on physical communication environments. These questions focused on the amount of time and attention devoted to smartphone use and the prevalence of smartphone use. Furthermore, the interaction of individuals using and not using smartphones with the environment has been questioned. Metrobus, which is a reflection of the city reality, has turned into a research area as a representation of urban environments for the answers of these questions. In this context, the behavior of 211 individuals traveling on the metrobus for a period of about 3 months was examined by adopting the observational method.
The data obtained were analyzed by qualitative and quantitative methods. The findings found that smartphone use on the Metrobus was widespread, with YouTube and Netflix at the top of the platforms where passengers spent the most time and the most intense attention. The study shows that new consumption practices lead to increased individualization in the urban environment and the creation of new private spaces in public spaces.

References

  • Adorno, T. (2000). Minima Moralia: Sakatlanmış Yaşamdan Yansımalar. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Alwin, D. F. (2002). Generations X, Y and Z: Are they Changing America? Contexts, 1(4), 42–51. https://doi.org/10.1525/ctx.2002.1.4.42
  • Bakardjieva, M. (2005). Internet Society. London: Sage Publications.
  • Bakardjieva, M. (2003). Virtual Togetherness: an Everyday-life Perspective. Media, Culture & Society, 25(3), 291–313. doi:10.1177/0163443703025003001
  • Baumann, Z. (2005). Bireyselleşmiş Toplum. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Bernard, H. R. (2006). Research Methods in Anthropology. Oxford: Altamira Press.
  • Bolton, R. N., Parasuraman, A., Hoefnagels, A., Migchels, N., Kabadayi, S., Gruber, T., … Solnet, D. (2013). Understanding Generation Y and their use of social media: a review and research agenda. Journal of Service Management, 24(3), 245–267. doi:10.1108/09564231311326987
  • Burgess, J., ve Green, J. (2018). YouTube: Online Video and Participatory Culture. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Bärtl, M. (2018). YouTube channels, uploads and views: A statistical analysis of the past 10 years. Convergence, 24(1), 16–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856517736979
  • Castells, M. (2000). The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Volume I: The Rise of Network Society. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
  • Castells, M. (2016). İletişimin Gücü. İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2016). Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Deuze, M. (2011). Media life. Media, Culture & Society, 33(1), 137–148. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443710386518
  • Dijk, J. W. (2016). Ağ Toplumu. İstanbul: Epsilon.
  • Green, N. (2002). On the Move: Technology, Mobility, and the Mediation of Social Time and Space. The Information Society, 18(4), 281–292. doi:10.1080/01972240290075129
  • İETT (t.y.) Metrobüs Tarihçe. Erişim adresi http://metrobus.iett.istanbul/tr/metrobus/pages/metrobus-tarihce/222
  • Habermas, J. (1997). Kamusallığın Yapısal Dönüşümü. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Hall, J. A., Kearney, M. W., & Xing, C. (2018). Two tests of social displacement through social media use. Information, Communication & Society, 1–18. doi:10.1080/1369118x.2018.1430162
  • Jenkins, H. (2009) Confronting the Challenges of Participatory Culture: Media Education for the 21st Century. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
  • Jenkins, H. (2016). Cesur Yeni Medya, Teknolojiler ve Hayran Kültürü. İstanbul: İletişim Yayıncılık.
  • Jenner, M. (2015). Binge-watching: Video-on-demand, quality TV and mainstreaming fandom. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 20(3), 304–320. doi:10.1177/1367877915606485
  • Kumar, K. (1995). From Post-Industrial to Post-Modern Society. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Lefebvre, H. (2010). Gündelik Hayatın Eleştirisi, İstanbul: Sel Yayıncılık.
  • Lister, M., Dovey, J., Giddings, S., Grant, I., Kelly, K. (2009). New Media. London: Routledge, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203884829
  • Lobato, R. (2018). Netflix Nations: The Geography of Digital Distribution. New York: New York University Press.
  • Madrigal, A. C. (2014). How Netflix Reverse-Engineered Hollywood. Erişim adresi https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/01/how-netflix-reverse-engineered-hollywood/282679/
  • Mandel, E. (2015). The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx: 1843 to Capital. London: Verso.
  • Manovich, L. (2002). The Language of New Media. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
  • Marcuse, H. (1990). Tek-Boyutlu İnsan. İstanbul:İdea Yayınları.
  • Marx, K. (2013). 1844 El Yazmaları. İstanbul: Birikim Yayınları.
  • Miller, D., Costa, E., Haynes, N., McDonald, T., Nicolescu, R., Sinanan, J., . . . Wang, X. (2016). How the World Changed Social Media. London: UCL Press. Retrieved May 14, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1g69z35
  • McLuhan, M. (2001). Gutenberg Galaksisi: Tipografik İnsanın Oluşumu. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • McQuail, D. (2010). McQuail’s Mass Communication Theory. London: Sage Publications.
  • Milliyet. (2019). Türkler Filmi Toplu Taşımada İzliyor. Erişim adresi https://www.milliyet.com.tr/cadde/turkler-filmi-toplu-tasimada-izliyor-6104706
  • Oh, E., & Reeves, T. C. (2013). Generational Differences and the Integration of Technology in Learning, Instruction, and Performance. Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology, 819–828. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3185-5_66
  • Rees, T. (1991). Ethical Issues. Allan G. ve Skinner C. (Ed). Handbook for Research Students in the Social Sciences (140–151 ss.) London: The Falmer Press
  • Rogers, E. (1986). Communication Technology: The New Media in Society. New York: The Free Press
  • Simmel, G. (2006). Modern Kültürde Çatışma, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Small, W., Maher, L., & Kerr, T. (2014). Institutional ethical review and ethnographic research involving injection drug users: A case study. Social Science & Medicine, 104, 157–162. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.12.010
  • Smith, M. A. ve Kollock, P. (2005). Communities in Cyberspace. New York: Routledge.
  • Snider, Z. (2016). The Cognitive Psychological Effects of Binge-Watching. D. Smith-Rowsey (Ed). The Netflix Effect: Technology and Entertainment in the 21st Century (117–128 ss.). New York: Bloomsbury Academic. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781501309410.ch-008
  • Spradley, J. P. (2016). Participant Observation. Illinois: Waveland Press.
  • Tolor, A. (1989). Boredom as related to alienation, assertiveness, internal-external expectancy, and sleep patterns. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45(2), 260–265. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198903)45:2<260::aid-jclp2270450213>3.0.co;2-g
  • Varnelis, K., & Annenberg Center for Communication (University of Southern California). (2008). Networked Publics. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
  • Vonderau, P. (2016). The video bubble: Multichannel networks and the transformation of YouTube. Convergence, 22(4), 361–375. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856516641882
  • Williams, R. (2004). Television: Technology and Cultural Form .London: Taylor & Francis e-Library
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Communication and Media Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sedat Erol 0000-0003-4650-213X

Publication Date June 26, 2020
Submission Date May 15, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 7 Issue: 12

Cite

APA Erol, S. (2020). Kent Ortamında Akıllı Telefon Kullanımı: Metrobüs Yolcuları Üzerine Etnografik Bir Araştırma. Intermedia International E-Journal, 7(12), 161-182.

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