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Iran-Iraq War: The Employment of Chemical Weapons

Year 2022, , 105 - 133, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.1084350

Abstract

The use of chemical weapons as a method of warfare can be traced back to the earliest dates of human history. However, modern historians accept that chemical substances have been used as weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) since the early twentieth century. Although the first convention which banned the use of chemicals as a tool of warfare was the Strasbourg Agreement in 1675, chemical weapons (CWs) were used on a mass scale in the First World War and repeatedly thereafter. The Iran-Iraq war in the 1980s was an experiment in the use of CWs and it was during this war that CWs started to be used as conventional weapons of war. In this study, examples of chemical attacks during the Iran-Iraq War are discussed. The development of CWs such as the armaments deployed in the Middle East cannot be isolated from international politics, and should therefore not be studied without taking the major world powers into consideration. Therefore, attitudes of the US, the UK, France, Israel, Germany, Italy, and Russia, none of which were participants in this war, are also to be examined. In order to create the chronological and informational groundwork of this study, a literature review was conducted and printed works were used. US national intelligence reports and diplomatic correspondence were examined. The media during the period, statements by politicians, United Nations Security Council reports, and the memories of witnesses exposed to chemical attacks during the war are included to advance the study.

Supporting Institution

TUBITAK

Thanks

The author acknowledges the support received from TÜBİTAK under grant 2219.

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İran-Irak Savaşı: Kimyasal Silahların Kullanımı

Year 2022, , 105 - 133, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.1084350

Abstract

Kimyasal silahların bir savaş yöntemi olarak kullanılması, insanlık tarihinin ilk zamanlarına kadar tarihlendirilebilir. Kimyasal maddelerin yirminci yüzyılın başlarından itibaren kitle imha silahları (KİS) olarak kullanıldığı modern dönem tarihçileri tarafından kabul etmektedir. Kimyasalların bir savaş aracı olarak kullanılmasını yasaklayan ilk sözleşme, 1675 yılında imzalanan Strasburg Anlaşması olmasına rağmen bu silahlar Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda kitlesel ölçekte ve sonrasında tekrar eden şekilde kullanılmıştır. 1980’li yıllarda İran-Irak Savaşı kimyasal silahların kullanımında bir deney süreci gibidir ve bu savaş sırasında kimyasal silahlar geleneksel savaş silahları olarak kullanılmaya başlamıştır. Bu çalışmada İran-Irak Savaşı sırasındaki kimyasal saldırı örnekleri ele alınmıştır. Ortadoğu’da konuşlandırılan silahlar gibi kimyasal silahların gelişimi de uluslararası politikadan izole edilemez bu nedenle büyük dünya güçlerinin politikaları dikkate alınarak bu süreci incelemek gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada İran-Irak Savaşı’nın resmi olarak tarafı olmayan ABD, İngiltere (Büyük Britanya), Fransa, İsrail, Almanya, İtalya ve Rusya’nın kimyasal silah üretimi ve kullanımına yönelik tutumları da değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmanın kronolojik ve bilgisel alt yapısını oluşturmak için literatür taraması yapılmış ve basılı eserlerden yararlanılmıştır. ABD Ulusal istihbarat raporları ve bazı diplomatik yazışmalar incelenmiş, dönem medyası, politikacıların açıklamaları ve Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi raporları ile savaş sırasında kimyasal saldırılara maruz kalan tanıkların ifadelerine çalışmayı geliştirmek için yer verilmiştir.

References

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  • Firouzkouhi, M., Zargham-Boroujeni, A., Nouraei, M., Yousefi, H., & Holmes, C. A. (2013). Nurses experiences in chemical emergency departments: Iran-Iraq war 1980-1988, International Emergency Nursing, 21(2), 123-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ienj.2012.03.002
  • Gay, H. (1987). Chemical and biological warfare. The International History Review, 9(3), 465-472, https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.1987.9640453
  • Ghazvinian, J. (2020). America and Iran: A history 1720 to the present. Oneworld Publications.
  • Guthrie, R. (1984). A chronology of events relating to Iraq and chemical & biological warfare. https://www.cbw-events.org.uk/EXIQ84Q1.PDF
  • Hajjar, S., G. (1998). Security implications of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction in the middle east. The Strategic Studies Institute. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep11596
  • Hiltermann, J. (2007). A poisonous affair America, Iraq and the gassing of Halabja. Cambridge University Press.
  • Hiltermann, J. (2010). Deep traumas, fresh ambitions: legacies of the Iran-Iraq war. (Report No. 257). Middle East Research and Information Project (MERIP). https://merip.org/2011/01/deep-traumas-fresh-ambitions/
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  • Karsh, E. (2002). The Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988. Osprey Publication.
  • Kelidar, A. (1992). The wars of Saddam Hussein. Middle Eastern Studies, 28(4), 778-798. https://doi.org/10.1080/00263209208700928
  • Kimyasal Silaha Gözaltı. (1988, March 27). Milliyet. p. 4.
  • Kimyasal Suçlama. (1987, May 14). Milliyet. p. 8.
  • Lewis, E. (2015). Abdolsamad Rajabi Dehkordi. Tehran Peace Museum. http://www.tehranpeacemuseum.org/index.php/en/oral-history/194-english/oral-history-en/1302-abdolsamad-rajab-dehkordi-oral-history-en.html.
  • Linstrum, E. (2019). Domesticating chemical weapons: tear gas and the militarization of policing in the British imperial world, 1919-1981. The Journal of Modern History, 91(3), 557–585. https://doi.org/10.1086/704383
  • McCamley, N. J. (2006). Secret history of chemical warfare. Yorkshire, Pen and Sword Military.
  • McNaugher, L. T. (1990). Ballistic missiles and chemical weapons: the legacy of the Iran-Iraq War. International Security, 15(2), 5-34. https://doi.org/10.2307/2538864
  • Organization for The Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. (2006). Remembering all victims of chemical warfare. https://www.opcw.org/fileadmin/OPCW/Victims_Network/Just_Orange/01851.pdf
  • Özdemir, S. (2017). İran devrimi sürecinde İran- ABD ilişkileri. (Kayıt No. 482182) [Doctoral dissertation, Istanbul University]. YOK Thesis Center.
  • Pelletiere, S., Douglas C., & Johnson, V. (1991). Lessons learned: Iran-Iraq war. U.S Department of The Navy, Strategic Studies Institute. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA232451.pdf
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  • Russel, R. L. (2005). Iraq’s chemical weapons legacy: what others might learn from Saddam. Middle East Journal, 59(2), 187- 208. https://doi.org/10.3751/59.2.11
  • Salaz, N. (2010). Ortadoğu’nun Hiroşiması Halepçe. Rezan Yayınları.
  • Sarıbeyoğlu, M. (2004). Kitle imha silahlarının kullanımının yasaklanmasına ilişkin uluslararası düzenlemeler. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Dergisi, 3(5), 21-53, http://www.acarindex.com/dosyalar/makale/acarindex-1423905096.pdf
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There are 73 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Secil Ozdemir 0000-0002-0488-1314

Publication Date June 30, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA Ozdemir, S. (2022). Iran-Iraq War: The Employment of Chemical Weapons. İran Çalışmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 105-133. https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.1084350

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