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Iran-Iraq War: The Employment of Chemical Weapons

Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1 30 Haziran 2022
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Iran-Iraq War: The Employment of Chemical Weapons

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The use of chemical weapons as a method of warfare can be traced back to the earliest dates of human history. However, modern historians accept that chemical substances have been used as weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) since the early twentieth century. Although the first convention which banned the use of chemicals as a tool of warfare was the Strasbourg Agreement in 1675, chemical weapons (CWs) were used on a mass scale in the First World War and repeatedly thereafter. The Iran-Iraq war in the 1980s was an experiment in the use of CWs and it was during this war that CWs started to be used as conventional weapons of war. In this study, examples of chemical attacks during the Iran-Iraq War are discussed. The development of CWs such as the armaments deployed in the Middle East cannot be isolated from international politics, and should therefore not be studied without taking the major world powers into consideration. Therefore, attitudes of the US, the UK, France, Israel, Germany, Italy, and Russia, none of which were participants in this war, are also to be examined. In order to create the chronological and informational groundwork of this study, a literature review was conducted and printed works were used. US national intelligence reports and diplomatic correspondence were examined. The media during the period, statements by politicians, United Nations Security Council reports, and the memories of witnesses exposed to chemical attacks during the war are included to advance the study.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Middle East, Iran-Iraq War, Weapons of Mass Destruction, Chemical Weapons, Halabja

Destekleyen Kurum

TUBITAK

Teşekkür

The author acknowledges the support received from TÜBİTAK under grant 2219.

Kaynakça

  1. Ahmadi, K., Reshadatjoo, M., Karami, G., Sepehrvand, N., Ahmadi, P., & Bazargan-Hejazi, S. (2011). Evaluation of secondary post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in the spouses of chemical warfare victims 20 years after the Iran–Iraq war. The Psychiatrist, 35(5), 168-175. https://doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.110.029587
  2. Ali, J. (2001). Chemical weapons and the Iran-Iraq War: A case study in noncompliance. The Nonproliferation Review, 8(1), 43-58, https://doi.org/10.1080/10736700108436837
  3. American Chemical Society. (2014). Origins of the chemical weapons convention and the OPCW. https://www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/events/program-in-a-box/documents/2016-global-security/cw-history.pdf
  4. Bakhash, S. (2006). The troubled relationship: Iran and Iraq: 1930-80. In Lawrence G. Potter & Gary G. Sick (Eds.), Iran, Iraq and the legacies of war (pp. 11-27). Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403980427_2
  5. Bar-Yaacov, N. (2015). Achieving universality of the chemical weapons convention in the Middle East. Survival, 57(6), 159-180. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2015.1116162
  6. Bothe, M. (1992). Convention on the prohibition of the development, production, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and on their destruction. United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law. http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/cpdpsucw/cpdpsucw.html
  7. Byrnes, M. E., David A., King Philip., & M, Tierno. (Eds.). (2000). Nuclear, chemical and biological terrorism. Lewis Publishers.
  8. Central Intelligence Agency Archive. (1984a). Iran-Iraq Military Situation Report 3. (Document Number: CIA-RDP86M00886R001100090010-3). https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP85T00287R001300900001-0.pdf
  9. Central Intelligence Agency Archive. (1984b). Prospects for use of chemical weapons by Iraq against Iran over the next six months. (Document Number: CIA-RDP86M00886R001100090010-3). https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp86m00886r001100090010-3.
  10. Chubin, S. (1989). The last phase of the Iran‐Iraq war: from stalemate to ceasefire, Third World Quarterly, 11(2), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436598908420154

Kaynak Göster

APA
Ozdemir, S. (2022). Iran-Iraq War: The Employment of Chemical Weapons. İran Çalışmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 105-133. https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.1084350
AMA
1.Ozdemir S. Iran-Iraq War: The Employment of Chemical Weapons. İÇD. 2022;6(1):105-133. doi:10.33201/iranian.1084350
Chicago
Ozdemir, Secil. 2022. “Iran-Iraq War: The Employment of Chemical Weapons”. İran Çalışmaları Dergisi 6 (1): 105-33. https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.1084350.
EndNote
Ozdemir S (01 Haziran 2022) Iran-Iraq War: The Employment of Chemical Weapons. İran Çalışmaları Dergisi 6 1 105–133.
IEEE
[1]S. Ozdemir, “Iran-Iraq War: The Employment of Chemical Weapons”, İÇD, c. 6, sy 1, ss. 105–133, Haz. 2022, doi: 10.33201/iranian.1084350.
ISNAD
Ozdemir, Secil. “Iran-Iraq War: The Employment of Chemical Weapons”. İran Çalışmaları Dergisi 6/1 (01 Haziran 2022): 105-133. https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.1084350.
JAMA
1.Ozdemir S. Iran-Iraq War: The Employment of Chemical Weapons. İÇD. 2022;6:105–133.
MLA
Ozdemir, Secil. “Iran-Iraq War: The Employment of Chemical Weapons”. İran Çalışmaları Dergisi, c. 6, sy 1, Haziran 2022, ss. 105-33, doi:10.33201/iranian.1084350.
Vancouver
1.Secil Ozdemir. Iran-Iraq War: The Employment of Chemical Weapons. İÇD. 01 Haziran 2022;6(1):105-33. doi:10.33201/iranian.1084350