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Yaşlanma, Gençlik ve Göç Ekseninde Küresel Demografik Dönüşüm Ve Refah Devleti

Year 2015, Volume: 17 Issue: 1, 0 - 1, 01.03.2015

Doç. Dr. Bünyamin Bacak Dr. Özgür Topkaya Araş. Gör. Gonca Gezer

Abstract

Çalışmada 2008 Küresel Ekonomik Krizi ve ardından Avrupa’da görülen Borç Krizi sonrası küresel demografik dönüşüm sürecinde yaşlanma, gençlik ve göç gibi bir takım faktörlerin refah devleti üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmaktadır. Başta Amerika ve Avrupa’da sosyal, siyasi ve akademik çevrelerde refah devleti uygulamalarının; kamu borç yükleri sebebiyle artık sürdürülemez olduğu yönünde görüşler dile getirilmektedir. Bununla birlikte küreselleşme süreci sonrası gayrisafi yurtiçi hasıla (GSYİH) içinde, sosyal hizmetler için ayrılan pay artış göstermesine karşın, demografik dönüşüm karşısında yetersiz kalmaktadır. Birçok devletin eğitim ve sağlık alanlarında sağladığı hizmetleri bırakarak küçülmeye gitmesi toplumun dezavantajlı kesimleri için sorunlar ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Özellikle Avrupa’da artan yaşlı nüfusa yönelik sağlık hizmetleri, gelişmekte olan ülkelerdeki genç nüfusun eğitimi, genç işsizliği sorunu ve göçmenlerin entegrasyonu önemli sosyal politika meseleleri olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Çalışmada sosyal harcamaların artarak devam edeceği öngörüsü yazarlarca yazın literatürü taranarak ve istatistiki veriler değerlendirilerek ortaya konmaktadır.

Keywords

Küreselleşme Refah Devleti Demografi Göç Gençlik Yaşlanma

References

  • Adema, W., P. Fron and M. Ladaique (2011)., “Is the European Welfare State Really More Expensive?: Indicators on Social Spending, 1980-2012; and a Manual to the OECD Social Expenditure Database (SOCX)”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 124, OECD Publishing, pp. 1-131.
  • Alper, Yusuf, (2013), ‘‘Küreselleşme ve Küreselleşmenin Sosyal Sorunları’’, Ed: Aysen Tokol-Yusuf Alper, Sosyal politika, 4. Baskı, Dora Yayınları, Bursa.
  • Bengtsson, Tommy and Kirk Scott (2011), “Population Ageing and the Swedish Welfare State”, Population and Development Review 37 (Supplement), pp. 158-170.
  • Brooks, Clem and Jeff Manza (2007). Why Welfare States Persist, The Importance of Public Opinion in Democracies, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.
  • Canbey, Özgüler, Verda, (2003), Yeni Ekonomi Anlayışı Kapsamında Gelişmiş ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler: Türkiye Örneği, T.C. Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları, Eskişehir.
  • Ceylan, Cengiz, (2011), Küreselleşmenin Sektörel Etkileri, İTO Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Clarke, John, (2012), “Managing and Delivering Welfare”, The Student’s Companion to Social Policy, Editors: Pete Alcock, Margaret May, Sharon Wright, Fourth Edition, Wiley Blackwell, USA, pp. 265-270.
  • US Statistics Bureau, (2014), http://data.bls.gov/ timeseries/LNS.14000000
  • Esping-Andersen, Gosta, (1996), “After the Goldan Age? Welfare State Dilemmas in a Global Economy”, Welfare States in Transition, National Adaptaions in Global Economics, Editor: Gosta Esping Andersen, SAGE Publications Idia Pvt Ltd, pp. 1-32.
  • Esping-Andersen, Gosta, (1990), The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
  • European Commission, (2014), “EU Measures to Tackle Youth Unemployment”, MEMO 14/466, Brussels, 8 July, pp. 1-10.
  • European Commission, (2012), The 2012 Ageing Report, Economic and Budgetary Projections for the 27 EU Member States (2010-2060), European Economy 2,2012, Economic And Financial Affairs, European Union, pp. 1-470.
  • Eurostat,http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode =tps00001&plugin=1, Erişim Tarihi: 3 Mayıs 2014.
  • Eurostat, http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode= teilm020& table Selection=1&plugin=1.
  • Eurostat, http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Unemployment_statistics.
  • European Commission, (2014), “EU Measures to Tackle Youth Unemployment”, MEMO 14/466, Brussels, 8 July, pp. 1-10.
  • Gerba, Eddie, (2013), “The Finance-Welfare State Nexus of the Crisis”, Panel: The Political Economy of Finance, The Network of European Union Centers of Excellence, EUCE, EUSA, Baltimore, May, pp. 1-23.
  • Harrison, Ann (2007), “Globalization and Poverty, An Introduction” , Globalization and Poverty, Editor: Ann Harrison, A National Bureau of Economic Research Conference Report, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, pp. 1-32.
  • Hemerijck, A.C., T. P. Palm, E. Entenmann and F. J. Van Hooren, (2013), “Changing European Welfare States and the Evolution of Migrant Incorparation Regimes”, Background Paper, IMPACIM, pp. 1-69.
  • Hürriyet Gazetesi, Internet Baskısı, http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/22750081.asp, erişim tarihi: 30.03.2013.
  • Işıklı, Alpaslan, (2001), ‘‘Küresel Saldırı Karşısında Ulusal Devlet ve Sendikalar’’, Emek Platformu, Emek Politikaları Sempozyumu, 24-25 Mart.
  • Kapar, Recep, (2005), Sosyal Korumanın İşgücü Piyasasına Etkisi, Birleşik Metal-İş Yayınları.
  • Kuhlmann, Ellen (2011), “Citizenship and Healthcare in Germany, Patchy Activation and Constrained Choices”, Participation, Responsibility and Choice, Editor: janet Newman and Evelien Tonkens, Amsterdam University Press, the Netherlands, pp. 29-45.
  • Mandell, Betty Reid, (2010), “Chapter 9: Alternatives to Welfare”, The Crisis of Caregiving, Social Welfare Policy in the United States, Ed. Betty Reid Mandell, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 207-231.
  • May, Margaret, (2012), “Comparative Analysis”, The Student’s Companion to Social Policy, Editors: Pete Alcock, Margaret May, Sharon Wright, Fourth Edition, Wiley Blackwell, USA, pp. 421-428.
  • Myles, John and Jill Quadagno, (2002), “Political Theories of the Welfare State”, Social Service Review, University of Chicago Press, Vol. 76, No. 1, 75th Anniversary Issue, March, pp. 34-57.
  • Özdemir, Süleyman (2009), “Küreselleşme ve Refah Devleti Üzerine Etkileri”, Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları, Sayı: 57; İ.Ü. İktisat Fakültesi Yayınları, ss. 55-86.
  • Özdemir, Süleyman (2007), Küreselleşme Sürecinde Refah Devleti, İstanbul Ticaret Odası, Yayın No: 2007:57, Genişletilmiş 2. Baskı.
  • Özdemir, Süleyman (2004), Küreselleşme Sürecinde Refah Devleti, İTO Yayınları.
  • Quadagno, Jill, (1987), “Theories of the Welfare”, Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 13, 1987, pp. 109-128.
  • Reinharz, Shulamit (1986), “Chapter 2: Loving and Hating One’s Elders: Twin Themes in Legend and Literature”, Elder Abuse, Conflict in the Family, Ed.: Karl A. Pillemer, Rosalie S. Wolf, Auburn House Publishing Company, USA, pp. 25-49.
  • SALDRU, (2013), “Youth Unemployment and Social Protection”, Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit, UCT, Research Brief, December, pp. 1-6.
  • Şanlıoğlu, Ömer, (2011) Sosyal Refah Devletinin Dünü, Bugünü ve Geleceği: Almanya Örneği, 1.Baskı, Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Scarpetta, Stefano, Anne Sonnet and Thomas Manfredi, (2010), “Rising Youth Unemployment During the Crisis: How to Prevent Negative Long-term Consequences on a Generation?”, OECD Social, E m p l o y m e n t a n d M i g r a t i o n W o r k i n g P a p e r s , N o . 1 0 6 , O E C D P u b l i s h i n g , d o i : 10.1787/5kmh79zb2mmv-en, 2010, pp. 1-34.
  • Schwartz, Pedro (2013), “The Welfare State as an Underlying Cause of Spain’s Debt Crisis”, Cato Journal, Vol. 33, No. 2, (Spring/Summer).
  • Skeldon, Ronald, (2013), “Global Migration: Demographic Aspects and Its Relevance for Development”, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division Technical Paper, No. 2013/6, New York, 2013, pp. 1- 32.
  • Şahin, İbrahim Fevzi, (2011), Küreselleşme Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye, 1. Baskı, Pegem Akademi Yayınları.
  • Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü (ILO) (2014), Veritabanı Programı KILM8 (Key Indicators of Labor Market), Veritabanı Erişim Tarihi: 26 Nisan 2014, Cuma.
  • United Nations (2013), Profiles of Ageing, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population D i v i s i o n V e r i t a b a n ı n d a n d e r l e n m i ş t i r . (h t t p : / / e s a . u n . o r g / u n p d / p o p d e v / AgingProfiles2013/default.aspx, Erişim Tarihi: 11 Nisan 2014).
  • United Nations, Population Division (2013), Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2013 Revision, Table 1,3, September.
  • Walker, Alan, Tony Maltby, (2012), “Active Ageing: A Strategic Policy Solution to Demographic Ageing in the European Union”, International Journal of Social Welfare, ISSN 1369-6866, 21, pp. 117-130.
  • Yardımcı, Pınar, (2012), Küreselleşme ve Bölgeselleşme Ekseninde Uluslararası Ekonomik Entegrasyonar, Detay Yayıncılık, 1.Baskı, Ankara.

Year 2015, Volume: 17 Issue: 1, 0 - 1, 01.03.2015

Doç. Dr. Bünyamin Bacak Dr. Özgür Topkaya Araş. Gör. Gonca Gezer

Abstract

The study investigates effects of several factors of demographic transition such as ageing, young population and immigration over the welfare state following the 2008 Global Economic Crisis and European Debt Crisis Opinions about the sustainability of welfare state applications due to public debt stocks are expressed among social, political and academic fronts after 2008 Global Economic Crisis and the following European Debt crisis. In spite of the increase in the ratio of social spendings to gross domestic product (GDP) after globalization, the increase has been insufficient for demographic transformation. Many countries’ abandonment of their services in the fields of education and health would cause problems for several disadvantaged groups in the society. Particularly, healthcare issues for the elderly in Europe, youth unemployment and training and integration of the immigrants are serious issues for social policy. The authors of the study attempt to put forward that the social spendings will continue to increase by conducting literature review and available statistical data.

Keywords

Globalization Welfare State Demographics Immigration Youth Ageing

References

  • Adema, W., P. Fron and M. Ladaique (2011)., “Is the European Welfare State Really More Expensive?: Indicators on Social Spending, 1980-2012; and a Manual to the OECD Social Expenditure Database (SOCX)”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 124, OECD Publishing, pp. 1-131.
  • Alper, Yusuf, (2013), ‘‘Küreselleşme ve Küreselleşmenin Sosyal Sorunları’’, Ed: Aysen Tokol-Yusuf Alper, Sosyal politika, 4. Baskı, Dora Yayınları, Bursa.
  • Bengtsson, Tommy and Kirk Scott (2011), “Population Ageing and the Swedish Welfare State”, Population and Development Review 37 (Supplement), pp. 158-170.
  • Brooks, Clem and Jeff Manza (2007). Why Welfare States Persist, The Importance of Public Opinion in Democracies, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.
  • Canbey, Özgüler, Verda, (2003), Yeni Ekonomi Anlayışı Kapsamında Gelişmiş ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler: Türkiye Örneği, T.C. Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları, Eskişehir.
  • Ceylan, Cengiz, (2011), Küreselleşmenin Sektörel Etkileri, İTO Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Clarke, John, (2012), “Managing and Delivering Welfare”, The Student’s Companion to Social Policy, Editors: Pete Alcock, Margaret May, Sharon Wright, Fourth Edition, Wiley Blackwell, USA, pp. 265-270.
  • US Statistics Bureau, (2014), http://data.bls.gov/ timeseries/LNS.14000000
  • Esping-Andersen, Gosta, (1996), “After the Goldan Age? Welfare State Dilemmas in a Global Economy”, Welfare States in Transition, National Adaptaions in Global Economics, Editor: Gosta Esping Andersen, SAGE Publications Idia Pvt Ltd, pp. 1-32.
  • Esping-Andersen, Gosta, (1990), The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
  • European Commission, (2014), “EU Measures to Tackle Youth Unemployment”, MEMO 14/466, Brussels, 8 July, pp. 1-10.
  • European Commission, (2012), The 2012 Ageing Report, Economic and Budgetary Projections for the 27 EU Member States (2010-2060), European Economy 2,2012, Economic And Financial Affairs, European Union, pp. 1-470.
  • Eurostat,http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode =tps00001&plugin=1, Erişim Tarihi: 3 Mayıs 2014.
  • Eurostat, http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode= teilm020& table Selection=1&plugin=1.
  • Eurostat, http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Unemployment_statistics.
  • European Commission, (2014), “EU Measures to Tackle Youth Unemployment”, MEMO 14/466, Brussels, 8 July, pp. 1-10.
  • Gerba, Eddie, (2013), “The Finance-Welfare State Nexus of the Crisis”, Panel: The Political Economy of Finance, The Network of European Union Centers of Excellence, EUCE, EUSA, Baltimore, May, pp. 1-23.
  • Harrison, Ann (2007), “Globalization and Poverty, An Introduction” , Globalization and Poverty, Editor: Ann Harrison, A National Bureau of Economic Research Conference Report, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, pp. 1-32.
  • Hemerijck, A.C., T. P. Palm, E. Entenmann and F. J. Van Hooren, (2013), “Changing European Welfare States and the Evolution of Migrant Incorparation Regimes”, Background Paper, IMPACIM, pp. 1-69.
  • Hürriyet Gazetesi, Internet Baskısı, http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/22750081.asp, erişim tarihi: 30.03.2013.
  • Işıklı, Alpaslan, (2001), ‘‘Küresel Saldırı Karşısında Ulusal Devlet ve Sendikalar’’, Emek Platformu, Emek Politikaları Sempozyumu, 24-25 Mart.
  • Kapar, Recep, (2005), Sosyal Korumanın İşgücü Piyasasına Etkisi, Birleşik Metal-İş Yayınları.
  • Kuhlmann, Ellen (2011), “Citizenship and Healthcare in Germany, Patchy Activation and Constrained Choices”, Participation, Responsibility and Choice, Editor: janet Newman and Evelien Tonkens, Amsterdam University Press, the Netherlands, pp. 29-45.
  • Mandell, Betty Reid, (2010), “Chapter 9: Alternatives to Welfare”, The Crisis of Caregiving, Social Welfare Policy in the United States, Ed. Betty Reid Mandell, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 207-231.
  • May, Margaret, (2012), “Comparative Analysis”, The Student’s Companion to Social Policy, Editors: Pete Alcock, Margaret May, Sharon Wright, Fourth Edition, Wiley Blackwell, USA, pp. 421-428.
  • Myles, John and Jill Quadagno, (2002), “Political Theories of the Welfare State”, Social Service Review, University of Chicago Press, Vol. 76, No. 1, 75th Anniversary Issue, March, pp. 34-57.
  • Özdemir, Süleyman (2009), “Küreselleşme ve Refah Devleti Üzerine Etkileri”, Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları, Sayı: 57; İ.Ü. İktisat Fakültesi Yayınları, ss. 55-86.
  • Özdemir, Süleyman (2007), Küreselleşme Sürecinde Refah Devleti, İstanbul Ticaret Odası, Yayın No: 2007:57, Genişletilmiş 2. Baskı.
  • Özdemir, Süleyman (2004), Küreselleşme Sürecinde Refah Devleti, İTO Yayınları.
  • Quadagno, Jill, (1987), “Theories of the Welfare”, Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 13, 1987, pp. 109-128.
  • Reinharz, Shulamit (1986), “Chapter 2: Loving and Hating One’s Elders: Twin Themes in Legend and Literature”, Elder Abuse, Conflict in the Family, Ed.: Karl A. Pillemer, Rosalie S. Wolf, Auburn House Publishing Company, USA, pp. 25-49.
  • SALDRU, (2013), “Youth Unemployment and Social Protection”, Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit, UCT, Research Brief, December, pp. 1-6.
  • Şanlıoğlu, Ömer, (2011) Sosyal Refah Devletinin Dünü, Bugünü ve Geleceği: Almanya Örneği, 1.Baskı, Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Scarpetta, Stefano, Anne Sonnet and Thomas Manfredi, (2010), “Rising Youth Unemployment During the Crisis: How to Prevent Negative Long-term Consequences on a Generation?”, OECD Social, E m p l o y m e n t a n d M i g r a t i o n W o r k i n g P a p e r s , N o . 1 0 6 , O E C D P u b l i s h i n g , d o i : 10.1787/5kmh79zb2mmv-en, 2010, pp. 1-34.
  • Schwartz, Pedro (2013), “The Welfare State as an Underlying Cause of Spain’s Debt Crisis”, Cato Journal, Vol. 33, No. 2, (Spring/Summer).
  • Skeldon, Ronald, (2013), “Global Migration: Demographic Aspects and Its Relevance for Development”, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division Technical Paper, No. 2013/6, New York, 2013, pp. 1- 32.
  • Şahin, İbrahim Fevzi, (2011), Küreselleşme Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye, 1. Baskı, Pegem Akademi Yayınları.
  • Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü (ILO) (2014), Veritabanı Programı KILM8 (Key Indicators of Labor Market), Veritabanı Erişim Tarihi: 26 Nisan 2014, Cuma.
  • United Nations (2013), Profiles of Ageing, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population D i v i s i o n V e r i t a b a n ı n d a n d e r l e n m i ş t i r . (h t t p : / / e s a . u n . o r g / u n p d / p o p d e v / AgingProfiles2013/default.aspx, Erişim Tarihi: 11 Nisan 2014).
  • United Nations, Population Division (2013), Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2013 Revision, Table 1,3, September.
  • Walker, Alan, Tony Maltby, (2012), “Active Ageing: A Strategic Policy Solution to Demographic Ageing in the European Union”, International Journal of Social Welfare, ISSN 1369-6866, 21, pp. 117-130.
  • Yardımcı, Pınar, (2012), Küreselleşme ve Bölgeselleşme Ekseninde Uluslararası Ekonomik Entegrasyonar, Detay Yayıncılık, 1.Baskı, Ankara.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA22UE85AS
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Doç. Dr. Bünyamin Bacak This is me

Dr. Özgür Topkaya This is me

Araş. Gör. Gonca Gezer This is me

Publication Date March 1, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 17 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Bacak, D. D. B., Topkaya, D. Ö., & Gezer, A. G. G. (2015). Yaşlanma, Gençlik ve Göç Ekseninde Küresel Demografik Dönüşüm Ve Refah Devleti. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, 17(1), 0-1.
AMA Bacak DDB, Topkaya DÖ, Gezer AGG. Yaşlanma, Gençlik ve Göç Ekseninde Küresel Demografik Dönüşüm Ve Refah Devleti. isguc. March 2015;17(1):0-1.
Chicago Bacak, Doç. Dr. Bünyamin, Dr. Özgür Topkaya, and Araş. Gör. Gonca Gezer. “Yaşlanma, Gençlik Ve Göç Ekseninde Küresel Demografik Dönüşüm Ve Refah Devleti”. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources 17, no. 1 (March 2015): 0-1.
EndNote Bacak DDB, Topkaya DÖ, Gezer AGG (March 1, 2015) Yaşlanma, Gençlik ve Göç Ekseninde Küresel Demografik Dönüşüm Ve Refah Devleti. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources 17 1 0–1.
IEEE D. D. B. Bacak, D. Ö. Topkaya, and A. G. G. Gezer, “Yaşlanma, Gençlik ve Göç Ekseninde Küresel Demografik Dönüşüm Ve Refah Devleti”, isguc, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 0–1, 2015.
ISNAD Bacak, Doç. Dr. Bünyamin et al. “Yaşlanma, Gençlik Ve Göç Ekseninde Küresel Demografik Dönüşüm Ve Refah Devleti”. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources 17/1 (March 2015), 0-1.
JAMA Bacak DDB, Topkaya DÖ, Gezer AGG. Yaşlanma, Gençlik ve Göç Ekseninde Küresel Demografik Dönüşüm Ve Refah Devleti. isguc. 2015;17:0–1.
MLA Bacak, Doç. Dr. Bünyamin et al. “Yaşlanma, Gençlik Ve Göç Ekseninde Küresel Demografik Dönüşüm Ve Refah Devleti”. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, vol. 17, no. 1, 2015, pp. 0-1.
Vancouver Bacak DDB, Topkaya DÖ, Gezer AGG. Yaşlanma, Gençlik ve Göç Ekseninde Küresel Demografik Dönüşüm Ve Refah Devleti. isguc. 2015;17(1):0-1.