Research Article
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Motivation for E-Sport Participation in Higher Education: The Case of Turkey

Year 2023, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 45 - 75, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.47615/issej.1379936

Abstract

The aim of this study is to determine the motivations for e-sport (Electronic Sports) participation of university students and to compare them according to different variables. In this survey model study, purposeful sampling was used and the principle of easy accessibility was adopted. One hundred (38 female, 62 male) university students, who play e-sport, living in Nevşehir, Kayseri, Osmaniye, Adana, Niğde, Balıkesir, Hatay and Yozgat provinces and studying at different faculties of universities (Education, Sports Sciences, Theology, Science and Literature, Engineering and Architecture, Economics and Administrative Sciences, Fine Arts, Health Sciences, Foreign Languages) participated in the study. The data was obtained by the "Participation Motivation Scale for E-sports (PMSES)" developed by Öz and Üstün (2019). The research data were collected through social media via Google form after ethics committee approval was obtained. The Cronbach Alpha values calculated for the data obtained from the research were α=0.962 for the total scale and ranged from α=0.780 to α=0.944 for the subscales. Independent samples t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) techniques were used to analyze the data. According to the findings of the study, the total scale mean score of the university students was 3.95 ± .86. When compared in terms of gender and income level, it was seen that there was no statistically significant difference between the mean of motivation for e-sports participation (p>.05). However, in the comparison made in terms of years of e-sports experience, it was revealed that there was a significant difference (p<.05) between those with 1-2 years of experience and those with more years of experience in the "taxonomic" subscale, and that this difference was due to the fact that those with 1-2 years of experience had a lower mean. As a result, it can be said that university students have high motivation to participate in e-sports, their motivation to participate does not vary according to gender and income level, but beginners have lower motivation to define cognitive, affective and psychomotor characteristics.

References

  • Akkaya, S., Gezer Şen, B., Kapıdere, M. (2021). A Multi-directional assessment related to e-sports as a new game experience field and socialising tool. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 25 (3), 968- 988.
  • Argan, M., Özer, A., Akın, E. (2006). Elektronik spor: Türkiye’deki siber sporcuların tutum ve davranışları. Spor Yönetimi ve Bilgi Teknolojileri Dergisi, 1(2), 1-11, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sybtd/issue/11437/136524.
  • Arslan, S., Bulut, M. (2021). Spor bilimleri alanı akademisyenlerinin e-spora bakış açılarının incelenmesi. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 18(41), 3448-3470. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.835215
  • Ayas, E.B. (2020). Comparison of the attitudes towards learning with the participation motivation level in e-sports players. African Educational Research Journal, 8(1), 83-89.
  • Bányai, F., Griffiths, M.D., Demetrovics, Z., Király, O. (2019). The mediating effect of motivations between psychiatric distress and gaming disorder among esport gamers and recreational gamers. Comprehensive psychiatry, 94, 152117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.152117
  • Bayrakdar, A., Yıldız, Y., Bayraktar, I. (2020). Do e-athletes move? A study on physical activity level and body composition in elite e-sports. Physical education of students, 24(5), 259-264. https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2020.0501
  • Calfas, K.J., Sallis, J.F., Lovato, C.Y., Campbell, J. (1994). Physical activity and its determinants before and after college graduation. Medicine, Exercise, Nutrition and Health, 3, 323-334.
  • Chung, P.K., Ou, K.L., Wong, M.Y.C., Lau, K.L., Leung, K.M. (2022). Investigation of Hong Kong students’ esports participation intentions using the theory of planned behavior approach: A structural equation model. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6405085
  • Cranmer, E.E., Han, D.I.D., van Gisbergen, M., Jung, T. (2021). Esports matrix: Structuring the esports research agenda. Computers in Human Behavior, 117, 106671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106671
  • Giakoni-Ramírez, F., Merellano-Navarro, E., Duclos-Bastías, D. (2022). Professional esports players: Motivation and physical activity levels. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(4), 2256. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042256
  • Hallmann, K., Giel, T. (2018). eSports–Competitive sports or recreational activity? Sport Management Review, 21(1), 14-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2017.07.011
  • Himmelstein, D., Liu, Y., Shapiro, J. L. (2017). An exploration of mental skills among competitive league of legend players. International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations, 9(2), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJGCMS.2017040101
  • Hua, Y.T., Liu, K.Y., Huang, H.C., Rotherham, I.D., Ma, S.C. (2023). Testing variation in esports spectators’ motivations in relation to consumption behaviour. Sustainability, 15, 2028. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032028
  • Karasar, N. (2007). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi: Kavramlar, İlkeler, Teknikler: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım. Kartal, M., Temel, C. (2021). Metaphors regarding the concept of e-sports produced by university students in Turkey. Rocznik Lubuski, 47(2), 86-100. https://doi.org/10.34768/rl.2021.v472.07
  • Kauweloa, S., Winter, J.S. (2016). Collegiate e-sports as work or play. Paper presented at the Proceedings of 1st International Joint Conference of DiGRA and FDG.
  • Khan, Z., Haider, Z., Ahmad, N., Khan, S. (2011). Sports achievement motivation and sports competition anxiety: A relationship study. Journal of Education and Practice, 2(4), 1-5.
  • Kilpatrick, M., Herbert, E., Bartholomew, J. (2005). College student's motivation for physical activity: Differentiating men's and women's motives for sport participation and exercise. Journal of American College Health, 54(2), 88-94. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.54.2.87-94
  • Leis, O., Raue, C., Dreiskämper, D., Lautenbach, F. (2021). To be or not to be (e) sports? That is not the question! Why and how sport and exercise psychology could research esports. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 51(2), 241-247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-021-00715-9
  • Lopez-Gonzalez, H., Griffiths, M.D. (2018). Understanding the convergence of markets in online sports betting. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 53 (7), 807–823.
  • Mustafaoğlu, R. (2018). E-spor, spor ve fiziksel aktivite. Ulusal Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 84-96. https://doi.org/10.30769/usbd.457545
  • Naraine, M. L. (2021). Actually, esports is sport: a response to Parry’s (2019) misguided view. Sports Innovation Journal, 2, 33-44. https://doi.org/10.18060/24812
  • Nuyens, F.M., Kuss, D.J., Lopez-Fernandez, O., Griffiths, M.D. (2019). The empirical analysis of non-problematic video gaming and cognitive skills: A systematic review. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 17, 389-414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-9946-0
  • Öz, N.D., Üstün, F. (2019). E-spor katılım motivasyonu ölçeği’nin (EKMÖ) geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 115-125.
  • Parry, J. (2019). E-sports are not sports. Sport, ethics and philosophy, 13(1), 3-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/17511321.2018.1489419
  • Reitman, J. G., Anderson-Coto, M. J., Wu, M., Lee, J. S., Steinkuehler, C. (2020). Esports research: A literature review. Games and Culture, 15(1), 32-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412019840892
  • Rothwell, G., Shaffer, M. (2019). esports in K-12 and post-secondary schools. Education Sciences, 9(2), 105. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci9020105
  • Ryan, R.M., Deci, E.L. (2000). Self-Determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social Development, and well-Being. American Psychologist, 55, 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
  • Seo, Y. (2016). Professionalized consumption and identity transformations in the field of eSports. Journal of Business Research, 69(1), 264-272, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.07.039.
  • Tabachnick B., Fidell L. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics. 6th International Edition. Pearson Education Company, Boston, USA.
  • Trotter, M.G., Coulter, T.J., Davis, P.A., Poulus, D.R., Polman, R. (2022). Examining the impact of school e-sports program participation on student health and psychological development. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.807341
  • Türkiye E-spor Federasyonu (TESFED). (2018). E-spor branşları. 24 Mayıs 2021 tarihinde http://tesfed.gov.tr/branslar adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Uluslararası E-spor Federasyonu-International E-Sports Federation (IESF). (2008). Esports. 24 Mayıs 2021 tarihinde https://iesf.org/esports adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Uzuner, M.E., Kahveci, M.S. (2023). Bireylerin rekreatif amaçlı e-spora katılım motivasyonlarının incelenmesi. Spor ve Rekreasyon Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 63-77. https://doi.org/10.52272/srad.1264190
  • Üstün, F., Öz, N.D., Önal, F., Demirci, Y.E., Akbaba, S. (2022). Üniversite öğrencilerinin e-spor katılım motivasyonlarının incelenmesi. Düzce Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 128-137.
  • Yalman, E., Uzunöz, A. (2021). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri ve Araştırmada Güncel Desenler. Ankara: PegemAkademi
  • Yıldırım, A., Simsek, H. (2006). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri (5 edt.). Ankara: Seçkin Yayınevi.
  • Yıldız, M., Kırtepe, A. Baydili, K.N. (2020). Lisanslı e-spor katılımcıların motivasyon düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Journal of History School, 13(47), 2823- 2835. http://dx.doi.org/10.29228/Joh.43237

Yükseköğretimde E-Spora Katılım Motivasyonu: Türkiye Örneği

Year 2023, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 45 - 75, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.47615/issej.1379936

Abstract

Araştırmanın amacı, e-spor (Elektronik Spor) ile ilgilenen üniversite öğrencilerinin E-spora katılım motivasyonlarının belirlenmesi ve farklı değişkenlere göre karşılaştırılmasıdır. Tarama modelinin kullanıldığı bu araştırmada amaçlı örneklem kullanılmış ve kolay ulaşılabilirlik ilkesiyle hareket edilmiştir. Nevşehir, Kayseri, Osmaniye, Adana, Niğde, Balıkesir, Hatay ve Yozgat illerinde yaşayan ve üniversitelerin farklı fakültelerinde (Eğitim, Spor Bilimleri, İlahiyat, Fen Edebiyat, Mühendislik ve Mimarlık, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler, Güzel Sanatlar, Sağlık Bilimleri, Yabancı Diller) öğrenim gören ve e-spor yapan 100 (38 kadın, 62 erkek) üniversite öğrencisi araştırmaya katılmıştır. Verilerin elde edilmesinde, Öz ve Üstün (2019) tarafından geliştirilen “E-spor Katılım Motivasyonu Ölçeği (EKMÖ)” kullanılmıştır. Araştırma verileri etik kurul onayı alındıktan sonra Google form aracılığıyla sosyal medya üzerinden toplanmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen verilere ilişkin hesaplanan Cronbach Alpha değerleri toplam ölçek için α=0.962, alt ölçekler için ise α=0.780 ile α=0.944 aralığında bulunmuştur. Verilerin analizinde bağımsız gruplarda t testi ve tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) teknikleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına göre, üniversite öğrencilerinin ölçek toplam puanları ortalamaları 3.95 ± .86’dır. Cinsiyet ve gelir düzeyi açısından yapılan karşılaştırmada, öğrencilerin e-spor katılım motivasyonu ortalamaları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark olmadığı görülmüştür (p>.05). E-spor deneyim yılı açısından yapılan karşılaştırmada, “taksonomik” alt ölçeğinde 1-2 yıllık deneyimi olanlar ile daha fazla yıllık deneyimi olanlar arasında anlamlı fark olduğu (p<.05), bu farkın 1-2 yıllık deneyimi olanların daha düşük ortalamaya sahip olmalarından kaynaklandığı ortaya konulmuştur. Sonuç olarak, üniversite öğrencilerinin e-spor katılım motivasyonlarının yüksek olduğu, cinsiyet ve gelir düzeyine göre katılım motivasyonlarının değişiklik göstermediği, ancak yeni başlayanların bilişsel, duyuşsal ve psikomotor özellikleri tanımlama konusunda daha düşük motivasyona sahip oldukları söylenebilir.

References

  • Akkaya, S., Gezer Şen, B., Kapıdere, M. (2021). A Multi-directional assessment related to e-sports as a new game experience field and socialising tool. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 25 (3), 968- 988.
  • Argan, M., Özer, A., Akın, E. (2006). Elektronik spor: Türkiye’deki siber sporcuların tutum ve davranışları. Spor Yönetimi ve Bilgi Teknolojileri Dergisi, 1(2), 1-11, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sybtd/issue/11437/136524.
  • Arslan, S., Bulut, M. (2021). Spor bilimleri alanı akademisyenlerinin e-spora bakış açılarının incelenmesi. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 18(41), 3448-3470. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.835215
  • Ayas, E.B. (2020). Comparison of the attitudes towards learning with the participation motivation level in e-sports players. African Educational Research Journal, 8(1), 83-89.
  • Bányai, F., Griffiths, M.D., Demetrovics, Z., Király, O. (2019). The mediating effect of motivations between psychiatric distress and gaming disorder among esport gamers and recreational gamers. Comprehensive psychiatry, 94, 152117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.152117
  • Bayrakdar, A., Yıldız, Y., Bayraktar, I. (2020). Do e-athletes move? A study on physical activity level and body composition in elite e-sports. Physical education of students, 24(5), 259-264. https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2020.0501
  • Calfas, K.J., Sallis, J.F., Lovato, C.Y., Campbell, J. (1994). Physical activity and its determinants before and after college graduation. Medicine, Exercise, Nutrition and Health, 3, 323-334.
  • Chung, P.K., Ou, K.L., Wong, M.Y.C., Lau, K.L., Leung, K.M. (2022). Investigation of Hong Kong students’ esports participation intentions using the theory of planned behavior approach: A structural equation model. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6405085
  • Cranmer, E.E., Han, D.I.D., van Gisbergen, M., Jung, T. (2021). Esports matrix: Structuring the esports research agenda. Computers in Human Behavior, 117, 106671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106671
  • Giakoni-Ramírez, F., Merellano-Navarro, E., Duclos-Bastías, D. (2022). Professional esports players: Motivation and physical activity levels. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(4), 2256. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042256
  • Hallmann, K., Giel, T. (2018). eSports–Competitive sports or recreational activity? Sport Management Review, 21(1), 14-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2017.07.011
  • Himmelstein, D., Liu, Y., Shapiro, J. L. (2017). An exploration of mental skills among competitive league of legend players. International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations, 9(2), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJGCMS.2017040101
  • Hua, Y.T., Liu, K.Y., Huang, H.C., Rotherham, I.D., Ma, S.C. (2023). Testing variation in esports spectators’ motivations in relation to consumption behaviour. Sustainability, 15, 2028. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032028
  • Karasar, N. (2007). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi: Kavramlar, İlkeler, Teknikler: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım. Kartal, M., Temel, C. (2021). Metaphors regarding the concept of e-sports produced by university students in Turkey. Rocznik Lubuski, 47(2), 86-100. https://doi.org/10.34768/rl.2021.v472.07
  • Kauweloa, S., Winter, J.S. (2016). Collegiate e-sports as work or play. Paper presented at the Proceedings of 1st International Joint Conference of DiGRA and FDG.
  • Khan, Z., Haider, Z., Ahmad, N., Khan, S. (2011). Sports achievement motivation and sports competition anxiety: A relationship study. Journal of Education and Practice, 2(4), 1-5.
  • Kilpatrick, M., Herbert, E., Bartholomew, J. (2005). College student's motivation for physical activity: Differentiating men's and women's motives for sport participation and exercise. Journal of American College Health, 54(2), 88-94. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.54.2.87-94
  • Leis, O., Raue, C., Dreiskämper, D., Lautenbach, F. (2021). To be or not to be (e) sports? That is not the question! Why and how sport and exercise psychology could research esports. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 51(2), 241-247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-021-00715-9
  • Lopez-Gonzalez, H., Griffiths, M.D. (2018). Understanding the convergence of markets in online sports betting. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 53 (7), 807–823.
  • Mustafaoğlu, R. (2018). E-spor, spor ve fiziksel aktivite. Ulusal Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 84-96. https://doi.org/10.30769/usbd.457545
  • Naraine, M. L. (2021). Actually, esports is sport: a response to Parry’s (2019) misguided view. Sports Innovation Journal, 2, 33-44. https://doi.org/10.18060/24812
  • Nuyens, F.M., Kuss, D.J., Lopez-Fernandez, O., Griffiths, M.D. (2019). The empirical analysis of non-problematic video gaming and cognitive skills: A systematic review. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 17, 389-414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-9946-0
  • Öz, N.D., Üstün, F. (2019). E-spor katılım motivasyonu ölçeği’nin (EKMÖ) geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 115-125.
  • Parry, J. (2019). E-sports are not sports. Sport, ethics and philosophy, 13(1), 3-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/17511321.2018.1489419
  • Reitman, J. G., Anderson-Coto, M. J., Wu, M., Lee, J. S., Steinkuehler, C. (2020). Esports research: A literature review. Games and Culture, 15(1), 32-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412019840892
  • Rothwell, G., Shaffer, M. (2019). esports in K-12 and post-secondary schools. Education Sciences, 9(2), 105. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci9020105
  • Ryan, R.M., Deci, E.L. (2000). Self-Determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social Development, and well-Being. American Psychologist, 55, 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
  • Seo, Y. (2016). Professionalized consumption and identity transformations in the field of eSports. Journal of Business Research, 69(1), 264-272, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.07.039.
  • Tabachnick B., Fidell L. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics. 6th International Edition. Pearson Education Company, Boston, USA.
  • Trotter, M.G., Coulter, T.J., Davis, P.A., Poulus, D.R., Polman, R. (2022). Examining the impact of school e-sports program participation on student health and psychological development. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.807341
  • Türkiye E-spor Federasyonu (TESFED). (2018). E-spor branşları. 24 Mayıs 2021 tarihinde http://tesfed.gov.tr/branslar adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Uluslararası E-spor Federasyonu-International E-Sports Federation (IESF). (2008). Esports. 24 Mayıs 2021 tarihinde https://iesf.org/esports adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Uzuner, M.E., Kahveci, M.S. (2023). Bireylerin rekreatif amaçlı e-spora katılım motivasyonlarının incelenmesi. Spor ve Rekreasyon Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 63-77. https://doi.org/10.52272/srad.1264190
  • Üstün, F., Öz, N.D., Önal, F., Demirci, Y.E., Akbaba, S. (2022). Üniversite öğrencilerinin e-spor katılım motivasyonlarının incelenmesi. Düzce Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 128-137.
  • Yalman, E., Uzunöz, A. (2021). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri ve Araştırmada Güncel Desenler. Ankara: PegemAkademi
  • Yıldırım, A., Simsek, H. (2006). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri (5 edt.). Ankara: Seçkin Yayınevi.
  • Yıldız, M., Kırtepe, A. Baydili, K.N. (2020). Lisanslı e-spor katılımcıların motivasyon düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Journal of History School, 13(47), 2823- 2835. http://dx.doi.org/10.29228/Joh.43237
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Urban and Regional Planning Education
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Fatma Saçlı Uzunöz 0000-0002-2246-4952

Early Pub Date December 29, 2023
Publication Date December 31, 2023
Submission Date October 24, 2023
Acceptance Date December 3, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Saçlı Uzunöz, F. (2023). Yükseköğretimde E-Spora Katılım Motivasyonu: Türkiye Örneği. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Eğitimi Dergisi, 9(2), 45-75. https://doi.org/10.47615/issej.1379936
AMA Saçlı Uzunöz F. Yükseköğretimde E-Spora Katılım Motivasyonu: Türkiye Örneği. ISSEJ. December 2023;9(2):45-75. doi:10.47615/issej.1379936
Chicago Saçlı Uzunöz, Fatma. “Yükseköğretimde E-Spora Katılım Motivasyonu: Türkiye Örneği”. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Eğitimi Dergisi 9, no. 2 (December 2023): 45-75. https://doi.org/10.47615/issej.1379936.
EndNote Saçlı Uzunöz F (December 1, 2023) Yükseköğretimde E-Spora Katılım Motivasyonu: Türkiye Örneği. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Eğitimi Dergisi 9 2 45–75.
IEEE F. Saçlı Uzunöz, “Yükseköğretimde E-Spora Katılım Motivasyonu: Türkiye Örneği”, ISSEJ, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 45–75, 2023, doi: 10.47615/issej.1379936.
ISNAD Saçlı Uzunöz, Fatma. “Yükseköğretimde E-Spora Katılım Motivasyonu: Türkiye Örneği”. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Eğitimi Dergisi 9/2 (December 2023), 45-75. https://doi.org/10.47615/issej.1379936.
JAMA Saçlı Uzunöz F. Yükseköğretimde E-Spora Katılım Motivasyonu: Türkiye Örneği. ISSEJ. 2023;9:45–75.
MLA Saçlı Uzunöz, Fatma. “Yükseköğretimde E-Spora Katılım Motivasyonu: Türkiye Örneği”. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Eğitimi Dergisi, vol. 9, no. 2, 2023, pp. 45-75, doi:10.47615/issej.1379936.
Vancouver Saçlı Uzunöz F. Yükseköğretimde E-Spora Katılım Motivasyonu: Türkiye Örneği. ISSEJ. 2023;9(2):45-7.

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