Derleme
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

İçecek Sektöründe Yükselen Yeni Trend: Süt Benzeri Bitkisel Bazlı İçecekler

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 83 - 101, 31.12.2022

Öz

Günümüzde tüketiciler, değişen yaşam tarzlarının yanı sıra sağlık, çevresel ve etik yaklaşımlar nedeniyle alternatif diyetleri denemeye yönelmişlerdir. Bu bağlamda, yeni geliştirilen gıda ürünleri kategorisinde hızla büyüyen bir segmentin temsilcisi olan bitkisel bazlı içeceklere yönelik talep artmıştır. Bitkisel bazlı içecekler tahıl, sert kabuklu meyve, baklagil ve tohum gibi çeşitli hammaddelerin suda ekstrakte edilmesi ile üretilmektedir. Bu içecekler görünüş bakımından inek sütüne benzemesi sebebiyle "içecek", "bitkisel süt", "süt ikamesi", "süt alternatifi", "imitasyon süt", "süt analogu" ve "süt benzeri içecek" gibi farklı isimlerle anılmaktadırlar. Bu makalede, bitkisel bazlı içecek türleri, üretim metotları, tüketici beklentileri ve kabul edilebilirliği ile birlikte küresel pazar durumu hakkında bilgi verilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Alozie-Yetunde, E., U. S. Udofia (2015) Nutritional and sensory properties of almond (Prunus amygdalu Var Dulcis) seed milk. World Journal of Dairy & Food Sciences, 10(2), 117–121.
  • Amini, R. K., M. Z. Islam, Y. Kitamura, M. Kokawa (2019) Utilization of fermented rice milk as a novel coagulant for development of paneer (soft cheese). Foods 8 (8):339. doi: 10.3390/ foods8080339.
  • Anonim (2010) European Parliament and Council (2010) 2010/791/EU: Commission Decision of 20 December 2010 listing the products referred to in the second subparagraph of point III (1) of Annex XII to Council Regulation (EC) No 1234/2007 (notified under document C (2010) 8434) (2010). Orkesterjournalen L, 336, 55–59. https://doi.org/ 10.3000/17252555.L_2010.336.eng, 21.12.2010, p. 55. Official Journal of the European Union, L 336, 21 December 2010, 53.
  • Anonim (2011) European Parliament and Council (2011) Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 of the European Parliamanent and Council of 25 October 2011 on the provision of food information to consumers (2011). Official Journal, L304, 18–63. https://doi.org/ 10.3000/19770677.L_2011.304.eng, 22.11.2011, pp. 18–63. Official Journal of the European Union, L 304, 22 November 2011, 54.
  • Anonim (2013) European Parliament and Council (2013) Regulation (EU) No 1308/2013 of the European Parliament and Council of 17 December 2013 establishing a common organisation of the markets in agricultural products (2013) Official Journal, L347 20, 671–854. https://doi.org/10.3000/19770677.L_2013.347.eng, 12.2013, pp. 671–854. Official Journal of the European Union, L 347, 20 December 2013, 56.
  • Anonim (2014) Food Standards Agency (2014) Food information regulations 2014: Summary guidance for food business operators and enforcement officers in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Retrieved from: https://www.food.gov.uk/sites/default/files/medi a/document/fir-guidance2014.pdf.
  • Anonim (2017) Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (2017) Guidance: Naming food products.
  • Anonim (2018) Statement from FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D., on modernizing standards of identity and the use of dairy names for plant based substitutes, Food and Drug Administration, September 27, 2018 available at: https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm621824.htm;
  • Anonim (2019a) International Organization for Standardization (2019) ISO/CD 23662 Food suitable for vegetarians/vegans. Retrieved from: https://www.iso.org/ standard/76574.html.
  • Anonim (2019b) Non-Dairy Milk Market-Global Outlook and Forecast (2019–2024) https://www.reportbuyer.com/product/5758037/non-dairy-milk-marketglobal-outlook-and-forecast-2019-2024.html?utm_source=PRN.
  • Arya, S. S., A. R. Salve, S. Chauhan (2016) Peanuts as functional food: a review. Journal of Food Science and Technology 53 (1):31–41. doi: 10.1007/s13197-015-2007-9.
  • Aydar, E.F., S. Tutuncu, B. Ozcelik (2020) Plant-based milk substitutes: Bioactive compounds, conventional and novel processes, bioavailability studies, and health effects. Journal of Functional Foods 70 (2020) 103975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2020.103975.
  • Bailey, T. (2018). Dare not to dairy. Retrieved from: https://services.rabobank.com/ publicationservice/download/publication/token/tRJL6VMr6xTTT5eFd6m0.
  • Bernat, N., M. Chafer, A. Chiralt, J. M. Laparra, C. Gonzalez-Martinez (2015) Almond milk fermented with different potentially probiotic bacteria improves iron uptake by intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells. International Journal of Food Studies, 4, 49–60.
  • Brady, K., C. Ho, R. T. Rosen, S. Sang, M. V. Karwe (2007) Effects of processing on the nutraceutical profile of quinoa. Food Chemistry 2007;100(3):1209-1216. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.12.001.
  • Bridges, M. (2018) Moo-ove Over, Cow’s Milk: The Rise of Plant-Based Dairy Alternatives. Nutrition Issues in GastroEnterology, Series #171.
  • Chhabra, G. S., C. Liu, M. Su, M. Venkatachalam, K. H. Roux, S. K. Sathe (2017) Effects of the Maillard reaction on the immunoreactivity of amandin in food matrices. Journal of Food Science 82 (10):2495–503. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.13839.
  • Clark, B. E., L. Pope, E. H. Belarmino (2022) Personal bias in nutrition advice: A survey of health professionals' recommendations regarding dairy and plant-based dairy alternatives. PEC Innovation 1 (2022) 100005.
  • Clark, J. (1996) Tocopherols and sterols from soybeans. Lipid Technol. 1996; 8:111-114.
  • Crescente, G., S. Piccolella, A. Esposito, M. Scognamiglio, A. Fiorentino, S. Pacifico (2018) Chemical composition and nutraceutical properties of hemp seed:an ancient food with actual functional value. Phytochemistry Reviews 17 (4):733–49. doi: 10.1007/ s11101-018-9556-2.
  • Cruz, N., M. Capellas, M. Hernandez, A. J. Trujillo, B. Guamis, V. Ferragut (2007) Ultra high-pressure homogenization of soymilk: microbiological, physicochemical and microstructural characteristics. Food Res Int 40:725–732.
  • Dai, C., H. Ma, R. He, L. Huang, S. Zhu, Q. Ding, L. Luo (2017) Improvement of nutritional value and bioactivity of soybean meal by solid-state fermentation with Bacillus subtilis. LWT- Food Science and Technology 86:1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.07.041.
  • Dietrych-Szostak, D., W. Oleszek (1999) Effect of Processing on the Flavonoid Content in Buckwheat (FagopyrumesculentumMöench) Grain. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1999; 47(10):4384-4387. doi:10.1021/jf990121m.
  • do Amaral Santos, C. C. A., B. da Silva Libeck, R. F. Schwan (2014) Co-culture fermentation of peanut-soy milk for the development of a novel functional beverage. International Journal of Food Microbiology 186:32–41. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.06.011.
  • Domke, F. (2018) Vegetarian and Vegan Products - Labelling and Definitions. European Food and Feed Law Review , 2018, Vol. 13, No. 2 (2018), pp. 102-107.
  • Fleischer, D. M., M. Greenhawt, G. Sussman, P. Begin, A. Nowak-Wegrzyn, D. Petroni, K. Beyer, T. Brown-Whitehorn, J. Hebert, J. O. B. Hourihane (2019) Effect of epicutaneous immunotherapy vs placebo on reaction to peanut protein ingestion among children with peanut allergy: the PEPITES randomized clinical trial. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 321 (10): 946–55. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.1113.
  • Fonseca Maciel, L., A. L. D. S. M. Felicio, E. Y. Hirooka (2017) Bioactive compounds by UPLC-PDA in different cocoa clones (Theobroma cacao L.) developed in the Southern region of Bahia. Brazil. British Food Journal 119 (9):2117–27. doi: 10.1108/BFJ-09- 2016-0423.
  • Gallagher, E., T. R. Gormley, E. K. Arendt (2004) Recent advances in the formulation of gluten-free cereal-based products. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2004; 15(3-4):143-152.
  • Global Market Insights (2019) Soy milk market size, industry analysis report, regional outlook (U.S., Canada, UK, Spain, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, China, India, Korea, Australia, Saudi Arabia, UAE, South Africa, Brazil, Chile), Application Development Potential, Price Trends, Competitive Market Share & Forecast, 2019–2025. https://www.gminsights.com/industry-analysis/soy-milk-market.
  • Gorji, N., R. Moeini, Z. Memariani (2018) Almond, hazelnut and walnut, three nuts for neuroprotection in Alzheimer’s disease: a neuropharmacological review of their bioactive constituents. Pharmacological Research 129:115–27. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.12.003.
  • Grand View Research, Inc (2019) Almond milk market size, share & trends analysis report by application (beverages, personal care), by distribution channel (hypermarkets & supermarkets, convenience stores, online), and segment forecasts, 2019–2025. https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/almond-milk-market.
  • Hall, A. E. (2004) Comparative ecophysiology of cowpea, common bean and peanut. Physiology and biotechnology integration for plant breeding, 2004, 271-325.
  • Horbowicz, M., R. L. Obendorf (1992) Changes in sterols and fatty acids of buckwheat endosperm and embryo during seed development. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1992; 40(5):745-750.
  • Iorio, M. C., A. Bevilacqua, M. R. Corbo, D. Campaniello, M. Sinigaglia, C. Altieri (2019) A case study on the use of ultrasound for the inhibition of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes in almond milk. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 52, 477–483.
  • Janssen, M., C. Busch, M. Rödiger, U. Hamm (2016) Motives of consumers following a vegan diet and their attitudes towards animal agriculture. Appetite, 105, 643–651.
  • Jemaa M. B., R. Gamra, H. Falleh, R. Ksouri, R. S. Beji (2021) Plant-Based Milk Alternative: Nutritional Profiling, Physical Characterization and Sensorial Assessment. Curr. Pers. MAPs, (2021); 4(2): 108-120.
  • Katz, A. C. (2018) Milk nutrition and perceptions. Honors Theses - Providence Campus, Johnson & Wales University – Providence; 29. http://scholarsarchive.jwu.edu/student_scholarship/29.
  • Lau, W. C. P., M. A. Latif (2019) Current breeding approaches for developing rice with improved grain and nutritional qualities. In Quality breeding in field crops, 199–216. Cham: Springer.
  • Lea, E., A. Worsley, D. Crawford (2005) Australian Adult Consumers’ Beliefs About Plant Foods: A Qualitative Study. Health Educ. Behav. 2005, 32(6), 795–808. DOI: 10.1177/ 1090198105277323.
  • Lee, J., J. A. Townsend, T. Thompson, T. Garitty, A. De, Q. Yu, B. M. Peters, Z. T. Wen (2018) Analysis of the cariogenic potential of various almond milk beverages using a Streptococcus mutans biofilm model in vitro. Caries Research 52 (1–2):51–7. doi: 10.1159/ 000479936.
  • Lopes, Mariana, C. Pierrepont, C. M. Duarte, A. Filipe, B. Medronho, I. Sousa (2020) Legume Beverages from Chickpea and Lupin, as New Milk Alternatives. Foods 2020, 9, 1458; doi:10.3390/foods9101458.
  • Makinen, O. E., V. Wanhalinna, E. Zannini, et al. (2015) Foods for special dietary needs: non-dairy plant-based milk substitutes and fermented dairy type products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015;56:339–49.
  • Makinen, O. E., Wanhalinna, V., Zannini, E., & Arendt, E. K. (2016). Foods for special dietary needs: Non-dairy plant-based milk substitutes and fermented dairy-type products. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 56(3), 339–349.
  • Manassero, C. A., M. S. Anon, F. Speroni (2020) Development of a High Protein Beverage Based on Amaranth. Plant Foods Hum Nutr (2020) 75:599–607. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-020-00853-9.
  • Marazza, J. A., M. A. Nazareno, G. S. de Giori, M. S. Garro (2012) Enhancement of the antioxidant capacity of soymilk by fermentation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Journal of Functional Foods 4 (3): 594–601. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2012.03.005.
  • Market Research Future (2019) Coconut milk market research report forecast to 2023. https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/ coconut-milk-market-3024.
  • Mishra, S., J. David, S. Shukla, S. N. Thakur, S. G. M. Prasd (2021) Effect of different levels of safflower milk and inulin on microbial analysis of Srikhand. The Pharma Innovation Journal 2021; 10(4): 755-758.
  • Mordor Intelligence (2019) Rice milk market, segmented by application (snacks, bakery & confectionery, beverages and others), by form (powder rice milk and fluid rice milk), by source (organic and conventional) and geography - growth, trends and forecasts (2019–2024). https://mordorintelligence.com:81/industry-reports/ rice-milk-market.
  • Munekata, P., R. Dominguez, S. Budaraju, E. Rosello-Soto, F. Barba, K. Mallikarjunan, S. Roohinejad, J. Lorenzo (2020) Effect of Innovative Food Processing Technologies on the Physicochemical and Nutritional Properties and Quality of Non-Dairy Plant-Based Beverages. Foods 2020, 9, 288; doi:10.3390/foods9030288.
  • Namiki, M. (2007) Nutraceutical functions of sesame: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 47(7):651–673.
  • Oomah, B. D., G. Mazza (1996) Flavonoids and antioxidative activities in buckwheat. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1996; 44(7):1746-1750.
  • Park, Y. W. (2018) Recent Trend in the Dairy Industry. J. Adv. Dairy Res 2018, 6:4. DOI: 10.4172/2329-888X.1000-134.
  • Paul, A. A., S. Kumar, V. Kumar, R. Sharma (2019) Milk Analog: Plant based alternatives to conventional milk, production, potential and health concerns. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2019.1674243.
  • Peyer, L. C., E. Zannini, E. K. Arendt (2016) Lactic acid bacteria as sensory biomodulators for fermented cereal-based beverages. Trends Food Sci Technol 54:17–25.
  • Praveena, M., R. Subaratinam (2021) Formulation and evaluation of sapota flavoured cotton seed milk. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in Arts, Science & Commerce (IJMRASC) Vol. 1(2), July 2021, pp. 20-28.
  • Rasika, D., J. K. Vidanarachchi, R. S. Rocha, C. F. Balthazar, A. G. Cruz, A. S. Sant’Ana, C. S. Ranadheera (2021) Plant-based milk substitutes as emerging probiotic carriers.
  • Sang, S., C. YiFang (2017) Whole grain oats, more than just a fiber: Role of unique phytochemicals. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, Volume61, Issue7. Special Issue: The Chemistry behind Health Effects of Whole Grains. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201600715.
  • Sanjukta, S., A. K. Rai, K. A. Muhammed, K. Jeyaram, N. C. Talukdar (2015) Enhancement of antioxidant properties of two soybean varieties of Sikkim Himalayan region by proteolytic Bacillus subtilis fermentation. Journal of Functional Foods 14:650–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.02.033.
  • Sansone, J. (2017). Dairy farmers lobby for ban on soy and almond drinks being called “milk”. Advances in Dairy Research, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-888x.1000197.
  • Sebastiani, G., A. Herranz Barbero, C. Borrás-Novell, M. Alsina Casanova, V. Aldecoa Bilbao, V. Andreu-Fernández, O. García-Algar (2019) The effects of vegetarian and vegan diet during pregnancy on the health of mothers and offspring. Nutrients, 11(3), https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030557.
  • Sethi, S., S. Tyagi, R. Anurag (2016) Plant-based milk alternatives an emerging segment of functional beverages: A review. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 53(9), 3408–3423.
  • Sidhu, J. S., R. K. Singh (2016) Ultra high-pressure homogenization of soy milk: Effect on quality attributes during storage beverages. Beverages 2 (2):15. doi: 10.3390/beverages2020015.
  • Singh, B. P., S. Vij (2018) α- galactosidase activity and oligosaccharides reduction pattern of indigenous lactobacilli during fermentation of soy milk. Food Bioscience 22:32–7. doi: 10.1016/j.fbio.2018.01.002.
  • Swinburne, M. (2019) Plant-Based Beverages Labeled as Milk and the FDA’s Standard of Identity Regulations. The Network for Public Health Law. Available at: https://www.networkforphl.org/resources/issue-brief-plant-based-beverages-labeled-as-milk-and-the-fdas-standard-of-identity-regulations/.
  • Tangyu, M., J. Muller, C. Bolten, C. Wittmann (2019) Fermentation of plant-based milk alternatives for improved flavour and nutritional value. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (2019) 103:9263–9275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-10175-9.
  • Teh, S. S., E. J. Birch (2014) Effect of ultrasonic treatment on the polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of extract from defatted hemp, flax and canola seed cakes. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 21 (1): 346–53. doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.08.002.
  • Topcuoglu, E., L. Yilmaz‐Ersan, (2020) Effect of fortification with almond milk on quality characteristics of probiotic yoghurt Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 44 (12):e14943.
  • Transparency Market Research [TMR] (2019) Global industry analysis, size, share, growth, trends, and forecast, 2019–2029. TMR, Albany, NY, USA.
  • Vogelsang-O’Dwyer, M., E. Zannini, E. K. Arendt (2021) Production of pulse protein ingredients and their application in plant-based milk alternatives. Trends in Food Science & Technology 110 (2021) 364-374.
  • Wang, Q., J. Jiang, Y. L. Xiong (2018) High pressure homogenization combined with pH shift treatment: A process to produce physically and oxidatively stable hemp milk. Food Research International 106:487–94. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.01.021.
  • Wansink, B., S. Sonka, P. Goldsmith, J. Chiriboga, N. Eren (2005) Increasing the acceptance of soy-based foods. J Int Food Agribus Mark 17(1): 35–55.
  • Wongthaweewatana, I., T. R. Srinophakun, I. Saramala, K. Kasemwong (2021) Production of milk analogues from rice bran protein hydrolysate using the subcritical water technique. Food Sci. Technol, Campinas, 41(3): 722-729, July-Sep 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.16520.
  • Yadav, N. D., Bansal, S., K Jaiswal, A., Singh, R. (2017) Plant Based Dairy Analogues: An Emerging Food. Agricultural Research and Technology. DOI: 10.19080/ARTOAJ.2017.10.555781.
  • Yuliana, N., A. Rangga (2010) Manufacture of fermented coco milk-drink containing lactic acid bacteria cultures. African Journal of Food Science 4:558–62.
  • Zaaboul, F., H. Raza, C. Cao, L. Yuanfa (2019) The impact of roasting, high pressure homogenization and sterilization on peanut milk and its oil bodies. Food Chemistry, 280, 270–277.
  • Zahra, A. K., M. Varidi, M. J. Varidi, H. Pourazarang (2014) Influence of processing conditions on the physicochemical and sensory properties of sesame milk: a novel nutritional beverage. LWT Food Sci Technol 57(1):299–305.
  • Zhou, Y., S. Wang, J. Ji, H. Lou, P. Fan (2018) Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seed phenylpropionamides composition and effects on memory dysfunction and biomarkers of neuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice. ACS Omega 3 (11):15988–95. doi: 10. 1021/acsomega.8b02250.
  • Zhu, N., S. Sheng, D. Li, E. J. Lavoie, M. V. Karwe, R. T. Rosen (2001) Antioxidative flavonoid glycosides from quinoa seeds (Chenopodium quinoa Willd). Journal of Food Lipids. 2001; 8(1):37-44.
  • Ziarno, M. (2021) Milk Substitutes. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.87527.
  • Zion Market Research (2019) Global hemp milk market will reach over USD 527 million by 2026: Zion market research. New York, United States. https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2019/06/13/1868305/0/en/Global-Hemp-Milk-Market-Will-Reach-Over-USD-527-MillionBy-2026-Zion-Market-Research.html.
Toplam 80 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

İlay Bengü

Lütfiye Yılmaz Ersan 0000-0002-8482-5055

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Bengü, İ., & Yılmaz Ersan, L. (2022). İçecek Sektöründe Yükselen Yeni Trend: Süt Benzeri Bitkisel Bazlı İçecekler. Uluslararası Bilim Teknoloji Ve Tasarım Dergisi, 3(2), 83-101.
AMA Bengü İ, Yılmaz Ersan L. İçecek Sektöründe Yükselen Yeni Trend: Süt Benzeri Bitkisel Bazlı İçecekler. Uluslararası Bilim Teknoloji ve Tasarım Dergisi. Aralık 2022;3(2):83-101.
Chicago Bengü, İlay, ve Lütfiye Yılmaz Ersan. “İçecek Sektöründe Yükselen Yeni Trend: Süt Benzeri Bitkisel Bazlı İçecekler”. Uluslararası Bilim Teknoloji Ve Tasarım Dergisi 3, sy. 2 (Aralık 2022): 83-101.
EndNote Bengü İ, Yılmaz Ersan L (01 Aralık 2022) İçecek Sektöründe Yükselen Yeni Trend: Süt Benzeri Bitkisel Bazlı İçecekler. Uluslararası Bilim Teknoloji ve Tasarım Dergisi 3 2 83–101.
IEEE İ. Bengü ve L. Yılmaz Ersan, “İçecek Sektöründe Yükselen Yeni Trend: Süt Benzeri Bitkisel Bazlı İçecekler”, Uluslararası Bilim Teknoloji ve Tasarım Dergisi, c. 3, sy. 2, ss. 83–101, 2022.
ISNAD Bengü, İlay - Yılmaz Ersan, Lütfiye. “İçecek Sektöründe Yükselen Yeni Trend: Süt Benzeri Bitkisel Bazlı İçecekler”. Uluslararası Bilim Teknoloji ve Tasarım Dergisi 3/2 (Aralık 2022), 83-101.
JAMA Bengü İ, Yılmaz Ersan L. İçecek Sektöründe Yükselen Yeni Trend: Süt Benzeri Bitkisel Bazlı İçecekler. Uluslararası Bilim Teknoloji ve Tasarım Dergisi. 2022;3:83–101.
MLA Bengü, İlay ve Lütfiye Yılmaz Ersan. “İçecek Sektöründe Yükselen Yeni Trend: Süt Benzeri Bitkisel Bazlı İçecekler”. Uluslararası Bilim Teknoloji Ve Tasarım Dergisi, c. 3, sy. 2, 2022, ss. 83-101.
Vancouver Bengü İ, Yılmaz Ersan L. İçecek Sektöründe Yükselen Yeni Trend: Süt Benzeri Bitkisel Bazlı İçecekler. Uluslararası Bilim Teknoloji ve Tasarım Dergisi. 2022;3(2):83-101.