İklim Kriziyle Mücadele mi, Sermaye İçin Piyasa Mekanizmaları mı? Türkiye’nin İklim Değişikliği Kanunu Teklifi Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1, 37 - 52, 31.05.2025

Selçuk Gürçam

Öz

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin iklim kriziyle mücadelesine yönelik mevzuat hazırlık sürecinin temel taşı olan İklim Kanunu Teklifi’ni, neoliberal çevre yönetişimi ve iklim adaleti perspektifinden eleştirel bir biçimde analiz etmektedir. Türkiye’nin Paris Anlaşması sonrası artan yükümlülükleri bağlamında geliştirilen bu yasa, piyasa temelli mekanizmalarla emisyon azaltımı hedeflerini merkeze alırken, sosyal eşitlik, kurumsal şeffaflık ve toplumsal katılım gibi temel unsurları ikincil plana itmektedir. Çalışmada nitel analiz yöntemi kullanılarak, kanun metninin çevre politikalarında görülen yeşil aklama eğilimlerini nasıl pekiştirebileceği, karbon piyasaları ve emisyon denkleştirme araçlarının şeffaflık ve hesap verebilirlikten uzak biçimde uygulanması halinde doğurabileceği olumsuz sonuçlarla birlikte ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca kanun teklifinin mevcut haliyle, çevresel sürdürülebilirlikten ziyade ekonomik büyüme odaklı bir yaklaşımı sürdürdüğünü ve bu bağlamda neoliberal çevre yönetişiminin sınırlarını yeniden ürettiğini savunmaktadır. Bununla beraber, merkeziyetçi bir iklim yönetimi anlayışının yerel yönetimler ve kırılgan gruplar üzerindeki dışlayıcı etkilerine de dikkat çekilerek, daha gerçekçi ve uygulanabilir bir kanununun nasıl olması gerektiğine dair öneriler sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Türkiye İklim Kanunu Teklifi , iklim adaleti , neoliberalizm , yeşil aklama , karbon piyasaları

Kaynakça

• Acar, E. (2010). Kamu yönetiminde dönüşüm kapsamında su dağıtım hizmetlerinin çözümlenmesi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kamu Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi.
• Akın, C., & Doğan, E. (2024). Türkiye’de Neoliberal Belediyecilik: Büyükşehir Belediyeleri Üzerine Analitik Bütçe Sınıflandırması Temelinde Çözümleme. Memleket Siyaset Yönetim, 19(42), 215–242. https://doi.org/10.56524/msydergi.1350423
• Algül, F. (2016). Yeni toplumsal hareketler ve sosyal medya: Kuzey ormanları savunması hareketine yönelik bir örnek olay incelemesi. Marmara İletişim Dergisi, 22, 139–152.
• Anwar, N., & Sur, M. (2021). Climate Change, Urban Futures, and the Gendering of Cities in South Asia. In Climate Justice and Migration Mobility, Development, and Displacement in the Global South. Heinrich Böll Foundation.
• Arora-Jonsson, S. (2023). The sustainable development goals: A universalist promise for the future. Futures, 146, 103087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2022.103087
• Arora-Jonsson, S., & Gurung, J. (2023). Changing business as usual in global climate and development action: Making space for social justice in carbon markets. World Development Perspectives, 29, 100474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2022.100474
• Asgarov, V. (2024). Neoliberal Ekonomi Politikaların Katı Atık Yönetimi Üzerindeki Etkisi: Eskişehir Tepebaşı Belediyesi Örneği. Eskişehir Anadolu Üniversitesİ, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
• Avcı, S. (2005). Türkiye’de termik santraller ve çevresel etkileri. Coğrafya Dergisi, 13, 1–26.
• Aydoğdu, M. H. (2024). İklim Değişikliğinin Sosyal ve Ekonomik Yapı Üzerine Etkilerinin Genel Değerlendirmesi. In Sürdürülebilir Gelecek İçin İklim Perspektifleri. Özgür Yayınları. https://doi.org/10.58830/ozgur.pub564.c2270
• Bachram, H. (2004). Climate fraud and carbon colonialism: the new trade in greenhouse gases. Capitalism Nature Socialism, 15(4), 5–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/1045575042000287299
• Bailey, I., & Maresh, S. (2009). Scales and networks of neoliberal climate governance: the regulatory and territorial logics of European Union emissions trading. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 34(4), 445–461. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5661.2009.00355.x
• Bal, H. Ç. (2013). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Kirlilik İzinleri Piyasaları ve Çevre Sorunlarının Çözümünde Bu Piyasaların Etkinliği, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(7), 196–217.
• Barbato, C. T., & Strong, A. L. (2023). Farmer perspectives on carbon markets incentivizing agricultural soil carbon sequestration. Npj Climate Action, 2(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44168-023-00055-4
• Barrett, S. R. H., Speth, R. L., Eastham, S. D., Dedoussi, I. C., Ashok, A., Malina, R., & Keith, D. W. (2015). Impact of the Volkswagen emissions control defeat device on US public health. Environmental Research Letters, 10(11), 114005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/11/114005
• Bernier, A. K. (2016). Neoliberalism and the Environmental Movement: Contemporary Considerations for the CounterHegemonic Struggle [University of Colorado at Boulder]. file:///C:/Users/istan/Downloads/neoliberalismAndTheEnvironmentalMovementContemporaryConsid (1).pdf
• Bezgrebelna, M., Hajat, S., Njenga, S., Settembrino, M. R., Vickery, J., & Kidd, S. A. (2024). Neoliberalism, Climate Change, and Displaced and Homeless Populations: Exploring Interactions Through Case Studies. Humanity & Society, 48(2–4), 107–129. https://doi.org/10.1177/01605976231219232
• Bilgili, M. Y., & Firidin, E. (2017). Çevre Politikasının Ekonomik ve Mali Araçları: Çevre Vergileri Üzerine Teorik Bir İnceleme. Journal of Life Economics, 4(2), 125–140.
• Binboğa, G. (2014). Uluslararası Karbon Ticareti ve Türkiye. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 9(34), 5732–5759.
• Bogert, J. M., Ellers, J., Lewandowsky, S., Balgopal, M. M., & Harvey, J. A. (2022). Reviewing the relationship between neoliberal societies and nature: implications of the industrialized dominant social paradigm for a sustainable future. Ecology and Society, 27(2), art7. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-13134-270207
• Böhm, S., Misoczky, M. C., & Moog, S. (2012). Greening Capitalism? A Marxist Critique of Carbon Markets. Organization Studies, 33(11), 1617–1638. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840612463326
• Bozkurt, A. U. (2008). Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklarının Enerji Verimliliği Açısından Değerlendirilmesi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İşletme Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
• Bracking, S., & Leffel, B. (2021). Climate finance governance: Fit for purpose? WIREs Climate Change, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.709
• Brecher, J. (2015). Climate Insurgency. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315635514,ISBN9781315635514.
• Brooks, M. L., & Kessy, A. T. (2017). Neo-liberalism and the state: lessons from the Tanzania coffee industry. The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs, 44(2), 1–28.
• Bumpus, A. G., & Liverman, D. M. (2008). Accumulation by Decarbonization and the Governance of Carbon Offsets. Economic Geography, 84(2), 127–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-8287.2008.tb00401.x
• Cairney, P., Timonina, I., & Stephan, H. (2023). How can policy and policymaking foster climate justice? A qualitative systematic review. Open Research Europe, 3, 51. https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.15719.2
• Can, F. (2018). Türkiye’de Uygulanan ve Gönüllü Karbon Piyasalarında Faaliyette Bulunan Projelerin Paydaş Katılımı Açısından Değerlendirilmesi. Ekonomi, Politika & Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.408988
• Çankaya, F., & Şeker, Y. (2013). Karbon Sertifikalarının Türkiye Muhasebe Standartlarına Göre Muhasebeleştirilmesi. World of Accounting Science, 15(4), 105.
• Carrington, D. (2022). Oil firms’ climate claims are greenwashing, study concludes. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/feb/16/oil-firms-climate-claims-are-greenwashing-study-concludes
• Çelikkol, H., & Özkan, N. (2011). Karbon Piyasaları ve Türkiye Perspektifi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 31, 203–222.
• Center for Climate Justice. (2025). What is Climate Justice? https://centerclimatejustice.universityofcalifornia.edu/what-is-climate-justice/
• Çetintaş, H., & Türköz, K. (2017). İklim Değişikliği İle Mücadelede Karbon Piyasalarinin Rolü. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 20(37), 147–168.
• Ciplet, D., & Roberts, J. T. (2017). Climate change and the transition to neoliberal environmental governance. Global Environmental Change, 46, 148–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.09.003
• UK Climate Change Act, 108 (2008). https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/27/pdfs/ukpga_20080027_en.pdf
• Connell, R. (2010). Understanding Neoliberalism. In Neoliberalism and Everyday Life (pp. 22–36). McGill-Queen’s University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780773581050-004
• Corporate Europe Observatory. (2015). EU emissions trading: 5 reasons to scrap the ETS. https://corporateeurope.org/en/environment/2015/10/eu-emissions-trading-5-reasons-scrap-ets
• Cortes-Vazquez, J. A., & Apostolopoulou, E. (2019). Against Neoliberal Natures: Environmental Movements, Radical Practice and “the Right to Nature.” Geoforum, 98, 202–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.01.007
• Czarnezki, J. J., & Fiedler, K. (2016). The Neoliberal Turn in Environmental Regulation. Utah Law Review, 2016(1). https://dc.law.utah.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1019&context=ulr
• Çevre Kanunu, Pub. L. No. 2872, 38 (1983). https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.2872.pdf
• DB Energy. (2025). EU ETS - Emissions Trading System in the European Union. https://www.dbenergy.pl/en/knowledge-base/eu-ets-emissions-trading-system
• Demirel, M. (2009). Su Kaynakları Yönetimindeki Politika ve Sorunlar: Denizli Örneğinde Bir Değerlendirme. Pamukkale Üniversitesi, Kamu Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
• Demirtaş, E. (2025). Kanal İstanbul raporu: Çevresel ve ekonomik tehditler kapıda. Gazete Kadıköy. https://www.gazetekadikoy.com.tr/cevre/kanal-istanbul-raporu-cevresel-ve-ekonomik-tehditler-kapida
• Dent, C. M. (2022). Neoliberal Environmentalism, Climate Interventionism and the Trade-Climate Nexus. Sustainability, 14(23), 15804. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315804
• Doğru, A. Ö., Sözen, S., & Orhon, D. (2020). İstanbul’un Kuzey Ormanları’ndaki kayıplar ve etkileri. Sarkaç. https://sarkac.org/2020/11/istanbulun-kuzey-ormanlarindaki-kayiplar-ve-etkileri/
• Dong, F., Wang, Y., Su, B., Hua, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2019). The process of peak CO2 emissions in developed economies: A perspective of industrialization and urbanization. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 141, 61–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.10.010
• Durmuş Şenyapar, H. N. (2024). Unveiling Greenwashing Strategies: A Comprehensive Analysis of Impacts on Consumer Trust and Environmental Sustainability. Journal of Energy Systems, 8(3), 164–181. https://doi.org/10.30521/jes.1436875
• Duro, J. A., & Padilla, E. (2006). International inequalities in per capita CO2 emissions: A decomposition methodology by Kaya factors. Energy Economics, 28(2), 170–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2005.12.004 Ellerman, D. A., Convery, F., & Perthuis, C. De. (2010). Pricing Carbon: The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme. Cambridge University Press.
• Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı. (2024). Bu Ülkenin Enerjiye İhtiyacı Var. https://enerji.gov.tr/haber-detay?id=21264
• European Commission. (2019). The European Green Deal. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:b828d165-1c22-11ea-8c1f-01aa75ed71a1.0002.02/DOC_1&format=PDF
• Fairhead, J., Leach, M., & Scoones, I. (2012). Green Grabbing: a new appropriation of nature? Journal of Peasant Studies, 39(2), 237–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2012.671770
• Fieldman, G. (2011). Neoliberalism, the production of vulnerability and the hobbled state: Systemic barriers to climate adaptation. Climate and Development, 3(2), 159–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2011.582278
• Fisher, S. (2015). The emerging geographies of climate justice. The Geographical Journal, 181(1), 73–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12078
• Foster, J. B., & Clark, B. (2018). The Expropriation of Nature. Monthly Review, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.14452/MR-069-10-2018-03_1
• Frank, S. (2023). Does carbon offsetting do more harm than good? Carbon Market Watch. https://carbonmarketwatch.org/2023/07/06/does-carbon-offsetting-do-more-harm-than-good/
• Fremstad, A., & Paul, M. (2022). Neoliberalism and climate change: How the free-market myth has prevented climate action. Ecological Economics, 197, 107353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107353
• Ganti, T. (2014). Neoliberalism. Annual Review of Anthropology, 43(1), 89–104. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-092412-155528
• Gencelli, A., Uncu, B. A., & Cantaş, İ. (2024). İklim Krizini Dezavantajlı Gruplar Üzerinden Okumak: Türkiye ve İstanbul’da İklim Adaletine Yönelik Bir Değerlendirme. https://ipa.istanbul/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/KENT_GUNDEMI-IklimKriziniDezavantajliGruplarUzerindenOkumak.pdf
• Green, F., & Healy, N. (2022). How inequality fuels climate change: The climate case for a Green New Deal. One Earth, 5(6), 635–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2022.05.005
• Gündüz, İ. O. (2013). Bir Çevre Vergisi Türü Olarak Enerji Vergisi: Fosil Yakıtların Vergilendirilmesi-I. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22(2), 111–125.
• Güngör, G. (2012). Tarihi Açıdan Türkiye’de Özelleştirme Uygulamalarının Değerlendirilmesi. Sakarya Üniversitesi İktisat Dergisi, 1(2), 100–119.
• Gunningham, N. (2020). A Quiet Revolution: Central Banks, Financial Regulators, and Climate Finance. Sustainability, 12(22), 9596. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229596 Gürçam, S. (2022a). Analysing the Global Fight Against Climate Change and the Turkish Context. Lectio Socialis, 6(2), In-press. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.47478/lectio.1004359
• Gürçam, S. (2022b). The Neoliberal Initiative of the Aviation Industry to Fight the Climate Crisis: Greenwashing. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 9(3), 178–186. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1083921
• Gürçam, S. (2023a). İklim Krizi ve Egemenlik Çerçevesinde İklim Mağdurları. Journal of International Relations and Political Science Studies, 7, 19–36.
• Gürçam, S. (2023b). Z Kuşağının İklim Krizi Hassasiyeti: 2023 Cumhurbaşkanlığı Seçimleri Öncesi Akp ve Chp’nin Yaklaşımları Üzerine Bir İnceleme. In Siyaset Bilimi, Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Kamu Yönetimi Alanında Uluslararası Araştırmalar (pp. 46–65). Platanus Yayın Grubu.
• Gürçam, S., & Konuralp, E. (2022). Küreselden Yerele Çevresel Politika Yapımı: Iğdır İl Özel İdaresi Üzerine Bir Memorandum. Iğdır Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6, 65–84.
• Hans, V. B. (2024). Neo-Liberalism and Climate Change. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4652329
• Harvey, D. (2005). A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199283262.001.0001
• Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung. (2017). License to pollute - Carbon markets and the new economy of nature. https://www.boell.de/en/2017/04/13/tipping-point-license-pollute-carbon-markets-and-new-economy-nature
• Holemans, D. (2020). Emancipation in the Neoliberal Era: Rethinking Transition with Karl Polanyi. Green European Journal. https://www.greeneuropeanjournal.eu/emancipation-in-the-neoliberal-era-rethinking-transition-with-karl-polanyi/
• İklim Kanunu Teklifi, Pub. L. No. 84, 42 (2025). https://cdn.tbmm.gov.tr/KKBSPublicFile/D28/Y3/T2/WebOnergeMetni/c0986a6f-d636-4c89-a92f-5db951eeeb09.pdf
• In, S. Y., & Schumacher, K. (2021). Carbonwashing: A New Type of Carbon Data-related ESG Greenwashing. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353549078_Carbonwashing_A_New_Type_of_Carbon_Data-related_ESG_Greenwashing
• IPCC. (2021). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_FullReport.pdf
• IPCC. (2022). Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability Summary for Policymakers. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844.001
• Ivers, L. (2023). Social Dimensions of Climate Change. World Bank Group. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/social-dimensions-of-climate-change#1
• Klein, N. (2015). This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. The Climate. Simon & Schuster. ISBN13: 9781451697391, 576 pages.
• Konuralp, E. (2020). Between neoliberal appetence and environmentalist reservations: the political economy of sustainable aviation. International Journal of Sustainable Aviation, 6(2), 134. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSA.2020.110603
• Lindwall, C. (2023). What Is Greenwashing? NRDC (Natural Resources Defense Council). https://www.nrdc.org/stories/what-greenwashing
• Lohmann, L. (2010). Neoliberalism and the calculable world : the rise of carbon trading. In The Rise and Fall of Neoliberalism: The Collapse of an Economic Order? Zed Books.
• MacNeil, R., & Paterson, M. (2012). Neoliberal climate policy: from market fetishism to the developmental state. Environmental Politics, 21(2), 230–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2012.651900
• Maizland, L., & Fong, C. (2025). Global Climate Agreements: Successes and Failures. Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/paris-global-climate-change-agreements.
• Matt, E., & Okereke, C. (2014). A neo-Gramscian account of carbon markets. In The Politics of Carbon Markets (p. 20). Routledge.
• McAdam, J. (2012). Climate Change, Forced Migration, and International Law. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199587087.001.0001
• McCarthy, J., & Prudham, S. (2004). Neoliberal nature and the nature of neoliberalism. Geoforum, 35(3), 275–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2003.07.003
• Meckling, J. (2018). The developmental state in global regulation: Economic change and climate policy. European Journal of International Relations, 24(1), 58–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066117700966
• Menton, M., Larrea, C., Latorre, S., Martinez-Alier, J., Peck, M., Temper, L., & Walter, M. (2020). Environmental justice and the SDGs: from synergies to gaps and contradictions. Sustainability Science, 15(6), 1621–1636. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-020-00789-8
• Michaelowa, A., Shishlov, I., & Brescia, D. (2019). Evolution of international carbon markets: lessons for the Paris Agreement. WIREs Climate Change, 10(6). https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.613
• Moe-Lobeda, C. D. (2016). Climate Change as Climate Debt: Forging a Just Future. Journal of the Society of Christian Ethics, 36(1), 27–49. https://doi.org/10.1353/sce.2016.0014
• Mullard, S. (2023). Greenwashing: A form of corruption? The U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre. https://www.u4.no/blog/greenwashing-a-form-of-corruption
• Net Sıfır Türkiye. (2025). 2053 Net-Sıfır Hedefi ve Türkiye’nin Uzun Dönemli İklim Değişikliği Stratejisi. İklim Değişikliği Başkanlığı. https://netsifirturkiye.org/2053-net-sifir-hedefi-ve-turkiyenin-uzun-donemli-iklim-degisikligi-stratejisi/
• Newell, P. (2008). The political economy of global environmental governance. Review of International Studies, 34(3), 507–529. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210508008140
• Newell, P., & Mulvaney, D. (2013). The political economy of the ‘just transition.’ The Geographical Journal, 179(2), 132–140. https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12008
• Newell, P., & Paterson, M. (2010). Climate Capitalism. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511761850
• Newell, P., Srivastava, S., Naess, L. O., Torres Contreras, G. A., & Price, R. (2021). Toward transformative climate justice: An emerging research agenda. WIREs Climate Change, 12(6). https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.733
• Ogunbode, C. A., Doran, R., Ayanian, A. H., Park, J., Utsugi, A., van den Broek, K. L., Ghorayeb, J., Aquino, S. D., Lins, S., Aruta, J. J. B. R., Reyes, M. E. S., Zick, A., & Clayton, S. (2024). Climate justice beliefs related to climate action and policy support around the world. Nature Climate Change, 14(11), 1144–1150. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-024-02168-y
• Öner, Ş. (2023). İklim Değişikliği Sorununun Uluslararası Gelişmeler Eşliğinde Türkiye’nin Politika ve Kurumlarına Yansıması. Ombudsman Akademik, 18, 13–47.
• Özlüer, I. Ö. (2018). Çevresel Konularda Bilgiye Erişim Rehberi ve Aarhus Sözleşmesi. https://dogadernegi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/cevresel-konularda-bilgiye-erisim-ve-aarhus-sozlesmesi.pdf
• Paterson, M. (2012). Who and what are carbon markets for? Politics and the development of climate policy. Climate Policy, 12(1), 82–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2011.579259
• Pearse, R. (2014). Climate Capitalism and its Discontents. Global Environmental Politics, 14(1), 130–135. https://doi.org/10.1162/GLEP_r_00217
• Pickering, J., & Barry, C. (2014). On the concept of climate debt: its moral and political value. In Global Political Justice (p. 19).
• Plec, E., & Pettenger, M. (2012). Greenwashing Consumption: The Didactic Framing of ExxonMobil’s Energy Solutions. Environmental Communication, 6(4), 459–476. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2012.720270
• Portney, P. R. (2020). Market-Based Approaches to Environmental Policy: A “Refresher” Course. Resources,https://www.resources.org/archives/market-based-approaches-to-environmental-policy-a-refresher-course/.
• Randalls, S. (2017). Assembling Climate Expertise: Carbon Markets, Neoliberalism and Science. In Assembling Neoliberalism (pp. 67–85). Palgrave Macmillan US. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58204-1_4 Rao, M. (2018). Reframing the Environment in Neoliberal India: Introduction to the Theme. Sociological Bulletin, 67(3), 259–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038022918796377
• Resmî Gazete. (2021). Milletlerarası Andlaşma. T.C Cumhurbaşkanlığı. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2021/10/20211007M1-1.pdf
• Roberts, J. T., & Parks, B. (2006). A Climate of Injustice Global Inequality, North-South Politics, and Climate Policy. The MIT Press.
• Schendler, A. (2021). The Complicity of Corporate Sustainability. Stanford University. https://ssir.org/articles/entry/the_complicity_of_corporate_sustainability#
• Schlosberg, D. (2012). Climate Justice and Capabilities: A Framework for Adaptation Policy. Ethics & International Affairs, 26(4), 445–461. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0892679412000615
• Schlosberg, D., & Collins, L. B. (2014). From environmental to climate justice: climate change and the discourse of environmental justice. WIREs Climate Change, 5(3), 359–374. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.275
• Scott, M., & Lan, X. (2023). Does it matter how much the United States reduces its carbon dioxide emissions if China doesn’t do the same? NOAA. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/climate-qa/does-it-matter-how-much-united-states-reduces-its-carbon-dioxide-emissions
• Shanor, A., & Light, S. E. (2022). Greenwashing and the first amendment. Columbia Law Review, 122(7), 2033–2118.
• Shash, N. (2015). Carbon markets as regulation strategy: States, non-state market actors and public-private climate governance. The American University in Cairo.
• Sheerer, C. (2024). Türkiye drops coal plans but remains alone among OECD without a ban on new coal plant permits. Global Energy Monitor. https://globalenergymonitor.org/press-release/turkiye-drops-coal-plans-but-remains-alone-among-oecd-without-a-ban-on-new-coal-plant-permits/
• Sovacool, B. K. (2011). Four Problems with Global Carbon Markets: A Critical Review. Energy & Environment, 22(6), 681–694. https://doi.org/10.1260/0958-305X.22.6.681
• Spash, C. L. (2022). Conservation in conflict: Corporations, capitalism and sustainable development. Biological Conservation, 269, 109528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109528
• Tamzok, N. (2017). Yerli Kömüre Dayalı Termik Santral Potansiyeli, Darboğazlar ve Çözüm Önereleri. In Türkiye’de Termik Santraller 2017 (p. 172). TMMOB Makina Mühendisleri Odası.
• Tang, Y., Duan, H., & Yu, S. (2023). Mitigating climate change to alleviate economic inequality under the Paris Agreement. IScience, 26(1), 105734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.105734
• Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasası, Pub. L. No. 2709, 75 (2018). https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.2709.pdf
• Temiz Hava Hakkı Platformu. (2025). THHP Bülteni Aralık 2024. https://temizhavahakki.org/thhp-bulteni-aralik-2024/
• Timmons Roberts, J., & Parks, B. C. (2007). Fueling Injustice: Globalization, Ecologically Unequal Exchange and Climate Change. Globalizations, 4(2), 193–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747730701345218
• TMMOB. (2017). Türkiye’de Termik Santraller 2017. https://www.mmo.org.tr/sites/default/files/Sayfa159_0.pdf
• Türkeş, M. (2012). Türkiye’de Gözlenen ve Öngörülen İklim Değişikliği, Kuraklık ve Çölleşme. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, 4(2), 1–32.
• Türkeş, M., Sümer, U. M., & Çetiner, G. (2000). Küresel iklim değişikliği ve olasi etkiler. Çevre Bakanlığı, Birleşmiş Milletler İklim Değişikliği Çerçeve Sözleşmesi Seminer Notları, (13 Nisan 2000, İstanbul Sanayi Odası), 7-24, ÇKÖK Gn. Md. Ankara.
• United Nations. (2015). Paris Agreement. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf
• US Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), 274 (2022). https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/5376/text
• Üste, R. B. (2014). Neoliberal Politikaların Çevre Konusuna Etkileri Açısından Bir Değerlendirme. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(1), 155–176.
• Victor, D. G., & Dollar, D. (2020). Market-based solutions to climate change have failed to deliver. The Brookings Institution.
• Vigna, L., Friedrich, J., & Damassa, T. (2024). The History of Carbon Dioxide Emissions. World Resources Institute. https://www.wri.org/insights/history-carbon-dioxide-emissions
• Vollero, A. (2022). Understanding Greenwashing. In Greenwashing (pp. 1–20). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80117-966-920221001
• Warlenius, R. (2018). Climate debt. In Climate Justice and the Economy (p. 16).
• Weiskopf, S. R., Rubenstein, M. A., Crozier, L. G., Gaichas, S., Griffis, R., Halofsky, J. E., Hyde, K. J. W., Morelli, T. L., Morisette, J. T., Muñoz, R. C., Pershing, A. J., Peterson, D. L., Poudel, R., Staudinger, M. D., Sutton-Grier, A. E., Thompson, L., Vose, J., Weltzin, J. F., & Whyte, K. P. (2020). Climate change effects on biodiversity, ecosystems, ecosystem services, and natural resource management in the United States. Science of The Total Environment, 733, 137782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137782
• Williams, J. (2024). Greenwashing: Appearance, illusion and the future of ‘green’ capitalism. Geography Compass, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12736
• World Bank. (2021). Groundswell Acting on Internal Climate Migration Part II. https://hdl.handle.net/10986/36248 World Bank. (2025). Towards a Greener and More Resilient Türkiye. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/turkey/brief/towards-a-greener-and-more-resilient-turkiye
• Wright, C., & Nyberg, D. (2024). Corporations and climate change: An overview. WIREs Climate Change, 15(6). https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.919
• Yalçın, A. Z. (2010). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma İçin Düşük Karbon Ekonomisinin Önemi ve Türkiye İçin Bir Değerlendirme. Balıkesir University The Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 13(24), 186–203.
• Yavan, S. (2016). Çevre Küresel Kamusal Malının Finansmanına Alternatif Bir Yöntem: Uluslararası Sosyal Regülasyonla. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 50, 1–25.
• Yildirim, S. (2023). Greenwashing: a rapid escape from sustainability or a slow transition? LBS Journal of Management & Research, 21(1), 53–63. https://doi.org/10.1108/LBSJMR-11-2022-0077