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THE EARLY NEO-ASSYRIAN PROVINCIAL ARMY OF GŪZĀNA

Year 2017, Issue: 20, 37 - 76, 12.11.2017

Abstract

The Neo-Assyrian army is generally known from sources discovered in the core of the empire, i.e., palace reliefs, correspondence from the royal archives and royal inscriptions. Most of these sources date back to the Sargonid period. The archaeological and textual records from the ancient city of Gūzāna provide an opportunity to balance the picture drawn from these sources. Based on its relatively peaceful transition from an independent Aramean kingdom to an Assyrian province at the turn of the 9th–8th century BC, it can be supposed that the Aramean-type army had a significant influence on the troops stationed in the province during the early Neo-Assyrian period.

The subjects of the present reconstruction are, on one hand, the bas-reliefs from the Temple Palace of Kapara, that serve as the main source of our knowledge on the Aramean armies. On the other hand, the archive of Mannu-kī-Aššūr from the early 8th century BC provides information about the Assyrian provincial army of the same period. By means of a detailed analysis, the texts from this archive give a more detailed and complex insight to the less-known provincial army in the early NeoAssyrian period. This paper also provides arguments for the existence of a workshop manufacturing composite bows.

References

  • Abou-Assaf, A. – Bordreuil, P. – Millard, A. R. 1982 La statue de Tell Fekherye et son inscription bilingue assyro-araméenne. Études Assyriologiques 7, Paris.
  • Baker, H. D. 2001 “Mannu-kī-māt-Aššūr”, Baker, H. D. (ed.), The Prosopography of the NeoAssyrian Empire 2/II: L–N, Helsinki: 693–694.
  • Barnett, R. D. 1976 Sculptures from the North Palace of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh (668–627 B.C.), London.
  • Barron, A. E., 2010 Late Assyrian Arms and Armour: Art versus Artifact. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation (University of Toronto), Toronto.
  • Bonatz, D., 2013 “Tell Fekheriye – Renewed Excavations at the ‘Head of the Spring’” Bonatz, D. – Martin, L. (eds), 100 Jahre Archäologische Feldforschungen In NordostSyrien – Eine Bilanz. Internationales Symposium des Instituts für Vorderasiatische Archäologie der Freien Universität Berlin und des Vorderasiatischen Museums der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin vom 21. Juli bis 23. Juli 2011 im Pergamonmuseum für das Institut für Vorderasiatische Archäologie der Freien Universität Berlin und das Vorderasiatische Museum der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin, Schriften der Max Freiherr von Oppenheim–Stiftung 18, Wiesbaden: 209–234.
  • CAD: Oppenheim, A. L. – Reiner, E. et al. (eds) The Assyrian Dictionary of the University of Chicago, Chicago, 1956–2010.
  • Cole, S. W. – Machinist, P. 1998 Letters from Priests to the Kings Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal, State Archives of Assyria 13, Helsinki.
  • Collon, D. 2008 “Le developpement de l’arc en Mésopotamie”, Abrahami, Ph. – Battini, L., (eds), Les armées du Proche-Orient ancien (IIIe–Ier mill. av. J.-C.): Actes du colloque international organisé à Lyon les 1er et 2e décembre 2006. Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée. BAR International Series 1855, Oxford: 93–112.
  • Curtis, J. 2013 An Examination of Late Assyrian Metalwork: with special reference to Nimrud, Oxford.
  • Dalley, S. – Postgate, J. N. 1984 The Tablets from Fort Shalmaneser. Cuneiform Texts from Nimrud 3, London.
  • Deller, K. 1990 “Bēt-Adad-erība, Provinz Tamūnu”, Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires 1990/66: 50–51.
  • Dezső T. 2011 “Hosszú az út a győzelemig”, Bács T. – Dezső T. – Niederreiter Z. (eds), 100 év után. Emlékkonferencia a Keleti Népek Ókori Története Tanszék alapításának 100. Évfordulójára. Antiqua et Orientalia 1, Budapest: 123–138.
  • 2012a The Assyrian Army: I. Structure of the Neo-Assyrian Army. 1 Infantry. Antiqua et Orientalia 2, Assyriologia 8/1, Budapest.
  • 2012b The Assyrian Army: I. Structure of the Neo-Assyrian Army. 2 Cavalry. Antiqua et Orientalia 3, Assyriologia 8/2, Budapest.
  • Dion, P.-E. 1997 Les Araméens à l’âge du fer: Histoire politique et structures sociales. Études Bibliques 34, Paris.
  • Donbaz, V. – Parpola, S. 2001 Neo-Assyrian Legal Texts in Istanbul, Studien zu den Assur-Texten 2, Saarbrücken.
  • Dornauer, A. 2010 “Die Geschichte von Guzana im Lichte der schriftlichen Quellen”, Cholidis, N. – Martin, L. (eds), Tell Halaf V. Im Krieg zerstörte Denkmäler und ihre Restaurierung, Berlin – New York: 47–67.
  • 2014 Das Archiv des assyrischen Statthalters. Mannu-kī-Aššūr von Gūzāna / Tall Ḥalaf, Vorderasiatische Forschungen der Max Freiherr von Oppenheim-Stiftung 3; Ausgrabungen auf dem Tell Halaf in Nordost-Syrien 3, Wiesbaden.
  • Fales, F. M., 1979 “Studies on Neo-Assyrian Texts I: Joins and Collations to the Tell Halaf Documents”, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie 69: 192–216.
  • 1983 “Studies on Neo-Assyrian Texts II: ‘Deeds and documents’ from the British Museum”, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie 73: 232–254.
  • 2009 “The Assyrian Words for ‘(Foot)soldier’”, Galil, G. – Geller, M. – Millard, A. R. (eds), Homeland and Exile. Biblical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of Bustenay Oded. Vetus Testamentum, Supplements 130, Leiden: 71–94.
  • Fales, F. M. – Postgate, J. N. 1992 Imperial Administrative Records I: Provincial and Military Administration, State Archives of Assyria 7, Helsinki.
  • 1995 Imperial Administrative Records II: Provincial and Military Administration, State Archives of Assyria 11, Helsinki.
  • Favaro, S. 2007 Voyages et voyageurs à l’époque néo-assyrienne. State Archives of Assyria Studies 18, Helsinki.
  • Finkel, I. L. – Reade, J. E. 1998 “Assyrian eponyms, 873-649 B.C.”, Orientalia NS 67: 248–254.
  • Frahm, E. 2002 “Assur 2001: Die Schriftfunde”, Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 134: 47–86.
  • Friedrich, J. – Meyer, G. R. – Ungnad, A. – Weidner, E. F. (eds) 1940 Die Inschriften vom Tell Halaf: Keilschrifttexte und aramäische Urkunden aus einer assyrischen Provinzhauptstadt. Archiv für Orientforschung, Beiheft 6, Berlin.
  • Grayson, A. K. 1996 Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC. II (858—745 B.C.), The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Assyrian Periods 3, Toronto.
  • Hrouda, B. – Oppenheim, M. F. von 1962 Tell Halaf IV: Die Kleinfunde aus historischer Zeit, Berlin.
  • Ismail, B. K. 1989 “Two Neo-Assyrian Tablets”, State Archives of Assyria Bulletin 3: 61–64.
  • Jankowska, N. B. 1969 “The Economic Structure of the Assyrian Empire”, Diakonoff, I. M. (ed.), Ancient Mesopotamia. Socio-Economic History. A Collection of Studies by Soviet Scholars, Moscow: 253–276.
  • Kendal, T. 1981 “gurpisu ša awēli: The Helmets of the Warriors at Nuzi”, Morrison, M. A. – Owen, D. I. (eds), Studies in the Civilization and Culture of Nuzi and the Hurrians, In Honor of Ernest R. Lacheman on his Seventy-Fifth Birthday, April 29, 1981, Winona Lake: 201–231.
  • Kinnier Wilson, J. V. 1972 The Nimrud Wine Lists: A study of men and administration at the Assyrian capital in the Eighth Century, B.C. Cuneiform Texts from Nimrud 1, London.
  • Layard, A. H. 1849 Nineveh and its Remains: with an account of a visit to the Chaldaean Christians of Kurdistan, and the Yezidis, or devil-worshippers; and an enquiry into the manners and arts of the ancient Assyrians, London.
  • 1853 The Monuments of Nineveh. Illustrated in One Hundred Plates, London.
  • Lipiński, E. 2000 The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 100, Leuven.
  • Llop, J. 2016 “L’armement des forces assyriennes à l’époque médio-assyrienne d’après les sources écrites”, Abrahami, Ph. – Wolff, C. (eds), kakkēka rukusma (« Ceins tes armes ! »), 2e Rencontre d’Histoire militaire du Proche-Orient ancien (Lyon, 17-18 octobre 2013), Revue Internationale d’Histoire Militaire Ancienne N°3: 199–121.
  • Luukko, M. 2012 The Correspondence of Tiglath-pileser III and Sargon II from Calah/Nimrud, State Archives of Assyria 19, Helsinki.
  • Martin, L. 2016 “Tell Halaf”, Kanjou, Y. – Tsuneki, A. (eds), A History of Syria in One Hundred Sites, Oxford: 268–271.
  • Millard, A. 1994 The Eponyms of the Assyrian Empire 910-612 BC, State Archives of Assyria Studies 2, Helsinki.
  • Miller, R. F. – McEwen, E. – Bergman, C. 1986 “Experimental Approaches to Ancient Near Eastern Archery”, World Archeology 18/2: 178–195.
  • Moortgat, A. – Oppenheim, M. F. von – Opitz, D. (eds) 1955 Tell Halaf III: Die Bildwerke, Berlin.
  • Novák, M. 2013a “Between the Mušku and the Arameans: The Early History of Guzana/Tell Halaf”, Yener, A. K. (ed.): Across the Border: Late Bronze-Iron Age Relations Between Syria and Anatolia. Proceedings of a Symposium Held at the Research Center of Anatolian Studies, Koç University, Istanbul May 31–June 1, 2010, Ancient Near Eastern Studies Supplement Series 42, Leuven – Paris – Walpole: 293–310.
  • 2013b “Gōzān And Gūzāna. Anatolians, Aramaeans, and Assyrians In Tell Halaf”, Bonatz, D. – Martin, L. (eds), 100 Jahre Archäologische Feldforschungen In NordostSyrien – Eine Bilanz. Internationales Symposium des Instituts für Vorderasiatische Archäologie der Freien Universität Berlin und des Vorderasiatischen Museums der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin vom 21. Juli bis 23. Juli 2011 im Pergamonmuseum für das Institut für Vorderasiatische Archäologie der Freien Universität Berlin und das Vorderasiatische Museum der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin, Schriften der Max Freiherr von Oppenheim–Stiftung 18, Wiesbaden: 259-280.
  • Özyar, A. 1991 Architectural Relief Sculpture at Karkamish, Malatya, and Tell Halaf: A Technical and Iconographic Study. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation (Bryn Mawr College), Ann Arbor.
  • Parker, B. 1961 “Administrative Tablets from the North-West Palace, Nimrud”, Iraq 23: 15–67.
  • Parpola, S. 1970 Letters from Assyrian Scholars to the Kings Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal, I: Texts. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 5/1, Neukirchen-Vluyn.
  • 1983 Letters from Assyrian Scholars to the Kings Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal, II: Commentary and Appendices. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 5/2, NeukirchenVluyn.
  • Philip, G. 1989 Metal Weapons of the Early and Middle Bronze Ages in Syria-Palestine, Part I, BAR International Series 526, Oxford.
  • Postgate, J. N. 1974 Taxation and Conscription in the Assyrian Empire, Studia Pohl: Series Maior 3, Rome.
  • 1995 “Assyria: the Home Provinces”, Liverani, Mario (ed.), Neo-Assyrian Geography. Quaderni de Geografica Storica 5, Rome: 1–17.
  • 2000 “The Assyrian Army in Zamua”, Iraq 62: 89–108.
  • 2001 “Assyrian Uniforms”, van Soldt, W. H. (ed.), Veenhof Anniversary Volume. Studies presented to Klaas R. Veenhof on the Occasion of his Sixty-Fifth Birthday. Uitgaven van het Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul 89, Leiden: 373–388.
  • 2004 “Pfeil und Bogen”, Edzard, D. O. et al. (eds), Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie X, Leipzig: 456–458.
  • Rouault, O. 2008 “Recent excavations in Terqa and Masaikh (2001-2003)”, Kühne, H. – Czichon, R. M. – Kreppner, F. J. (eds), Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, 29 March – 3 April 2004, Freie Universität Berlin II: Social and Cultural Transformation: The Archaeology of Transitional Periods and Dark Ages Excavation Reports. Weisbaden: 399–410.
  • Salonen, E. 1966 Die Waffen der Alten Mesopotamier: Eine lexikalische und kulturgeschichtliche Untersuchung. Studia Orientalia 33, Helsinki.
  • Schrakamp, I. 2009a “Schild”, Streck, M. P. (ed.), Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie XII, Berlin: 176–179.
  • 2009b “Schleuder. B”, Streck, M. P. (ed.), Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie XII, Berlin: 222–225.
  • 2011 “Speer und Lanze”, Streck, M. P. (ed.), Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie XII, Berlin: 630–633.
  • Scurlock, J. 2014 “kallāpu: a New Proposal for a Neo-Assyrian Military Term”, Neumann, H. et al. (eds), Krieg und Frieden im Alten Vorderasien. 52e Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale / International Congress of Assyriology and Near Eastern Archaeology, Münster, 17.–21. Juli 2006, Alter Orient und Altes Testament 401, Münster.
  • Siddall, L. R. 2013 The Reign of Adad-nīrarī III: An Historical and Ideological Analysis of An Assyrian King and His Times, Cuneiform Monographs 45, Leiden, Boston.
  • Thureau-Dangin, F. 1912 Une relation de la huitième campagne de Sargon, Textes cunéiformes du Louvre 3, Paris.
  • Wilcke, C. 1975 “Helm”, Edzard, D. O. (ed.), Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie IV, Berlin: 311–313.
  • Winter, I. J. 1989 “North Syrian Ivories and Tell Halaf Reliefs: The Impact of Luxury Goods upon ‘Major’ Arts”, Leonard, A. – Williams, B. B., (eds), Essays in Ancient Civilization: Presented to Helene J. Kantor. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 47, Chicago: 321–337.
  • Wiseman, D. J. 1953 “The Nimrud Tablets, 1953”, Iraq 15: 135–160.
Year 2017, Issue: 20, 37 - 76, 12.11.2017

Abstract

References

  • Abou-Assaf, A. – Bordreuil, P. – Millard, A. R. 1982 La statue de Tell Fekherye et son inscription bilingue assyro-araméenne. Études Assyriologiques 7, Paris.
  • Baker, H. D. 2001 “Mannu-kī-māt-Aššūr”, Baker, H. D. (ed.), The Prosopography of the NeoAssyrian Empire 2/II: L–N, Helsinki: 693–694.
  • Barnett, R. D. 1976 Sculptures from the North Palace of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh (668–627 B.C.), London.
  • Barron, A. E., 2010 Late Assyrian Arms and Armour: Art versus Artifact. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation (University of Toronto), Toronto.
  • Bonatz, D., 2013 “Tell Fekheriye – Renewed Excavations at the ‘Head of the Spring’” Bonatz, D. – Martin, L. (eds), 100 Jahre Archäologische Feldforschungen In NordostSyrien – Eine Bilanz. Internationales Symposium des Instituts für Vorderasiatische Archäologie der Freien Universität Berlin und des Vorderasiatischen Museums der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin vom 21. Juli bis 23. Juli 2011 im Pergamonmuseum für das Institut für Vorderasiatische Archäologie der Freien Universität Berlin und das Vorderasiatische Museum der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin, Schriften der Max Freiherr von Oppenheim–Stiftung 18, Wiesbaden: 209–234.
  • CAD: Oppenheim, A. L. – Reiner, E. et al. (eds) The Assyrian Dictionary of the University of Chicago, Chicago, 1956–2010.
  • Cole, S. W. – Machinist, P. 1998 Letters from Priests to the Kings Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal, State Archives of Assyria 13, Helsinki.
  • Collon, D. 2008 “Le developpement de l’arc en Mésopotamie”, Abrahami, Ph. – Battini, L., (eds), Les armées du Proche-Orient ancien (IIIe–Ier mill. av. J.-C.): Actes du colloque international organisé à Lyon les 1er et 2e décembre 2006. Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée. BAR International Series 1855, Oxford: 93–112.
  • Curtis, J. 2013 An Examination of Late Assyrian Metalwork: with special reference to Nimrud, Oxford.
  • Dalley, S. – Postgate, J. N. 1984 The Tablets from Fort Shalmaneser. Cuneiform Texts from Nimrud 3, London.
  • Deller, K. 1990 “Bēt-Adad-erība, Provinz Tamūnu”, Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires 1990/66: 50–51.
  • Dezső T. 2011 “Hosszú az út a győzelemig”, Bács T. – Dezső T. – Niederreiter Z. (eds), 100 év után. Emlékkonferencia a Keleti Népek Ókori Története Tanszék alapításának 100. Évfordulójára. Antiqua et Orientalia 1, Budapest: 123–138.
  • 2012a The Assyrian Army: I. Structure of the Neo-Assyrian Army. 1 Infantry. Antiqua et Orientalia 2, Assyriologia 8/1, Budapest.
  • 2012b The Assyrian Army: I. Structure of the Neo-Assyrian Army. 2 Cavalry. Antiqua et Orientalia 3, Assyriologia 8/2, Budapest.
  • Dion, P.-E. 1997 Les Araméens à l’âge du fer: Histoire politique et structures sociales. Études Bibliques 34, Paris.
  • Donbaz, V. – Parpola, S. 2001 Neo-Assyrian Legal Texts in Istanbul, Studien zu den Assur-Texten 2, Saarbrücken.
  • Dornauer, A. 2010 “Die Geschichte von Guzana im Lichte der schriftlichen Quellen”, Cholidis, N. – Martin, L. (eds), Tell Halaf V. Im Krieg zerstörte Denkmäler und ihre Restaurierung, Berlin – New York: 47–67.
  • 2014 Das Archiv des assyrischen Statthalters. Mannu-kī-Aššūr von Gūzāna / Tall Ḥalaf, Vorderasiatische Forschungen der Max Freiherr von Oppenheim-Stiftung 3; Ausgrabungen auf dem Tell Halaf in Nordost-Syrien 3, Wiesbaden.
  • Fales, F. M., 1979 “Studies on Neo-Assyrian Texts I: Joins and Collations to the Tell Halaf Documents”, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie 69: 192–216.
  • 1983 “Studies on Neo-Assyrian Texts II: ‘Deeds and documents’ from the British Museum”, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie 73: 232–254.
  • 2009 “The Assyrian Words for ‘(Foot)soldier’”, Galil, G. – Geller, M. – Millard, A. R. (eds), Homeland and Exile. Biblical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of Bustenay Oded. Vetus Testamentum, Supplements 130, Leiden: 71–94.
  • Fales, F. M. – Postgate, J. N. 1992 Imperial Administrative Records I: Provincial and Military Administration, State Archives of Assyria 7, Helsinki.
  • 1995 Imperial Administrative Records II: Provincial and Military Administration, State Archives of Assyria 11, Helsinki.
  • Favaro, S. 2007 Voyages et voyageurs à l’époque néo-assyrienne. State Archives of Assyria Studies 18, Helsinki.
  • Finkel, I. L. – Reade, J. E. 1998 “Assyrian eponyms, 873-649 B.C.”, Orientalia NS 67: 248–254.
  • Frahm, E. 2002 “Assur 2001: Die Schriftfunde”, Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 134: 47–86.
  • Friedrich, J. – Meyer, G. R. – Ungnad, A. – Weidner, E. F. (eds) 1940 Die Inschriften vom Tell Halaf: Keilschrifttexte und aramäische Urkunden aus einer assyrischen Provinzhauptstadt. Archiv für Orientforschung, Beiheft 6, Berlin.
  • Grayson, A. K. 1996 Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC. II (858—745 B.C.), The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Assyrian Periods 3, Toronto.
  • Hrouda, B. – Oppenheim, M. F. von 1962 Tell Halaf IV: Die Kleinfunde aus historischer Zeit, Berlin.
  • Ismail, B. K. 1989 “Two Neo-Assyrian Tablets”, State Archives of Assyria Bulletin 3: 61–64.
  • Jankowska, N. B. 1969 “The Economic Structure of the Assyrian Empire”, Diakonoff, I. M. (ed.), Ancient Mesopotamia. Socio-Economic History. A Collection of Studies by Soviet Scholars, Moscow: 253–276.
  • Kendal, T. 1981 “gurpisu ša awēli: The Helmets of the Warriors at Nuzi”, Morrison, M. A. – Owen, D. I. (eds), Studies in the Civilization and Culture of Nuzi and the Hurrians, In Honor of Ernest R. Lacheman on his Seventy-Fifth Birthday, April 29, 1981, Winona Lake: 201–231.
  • Kinnier Wilson, J. V. 1972 The Nimrud Wine Lists: A study of men and administration at the Assyrian capital in the Eighth Century, B.C. Cuneiform Texts from Nimrud 1, London.
  • Layard, A. H. 1849 Nineveh and its Remains: with an account of a visit to the Chaldaean Christians of Kurdistan, and the Yezidis, or devil-worshippers; and an enquiry into the manners and arts of the ancient Assyrians, London.
  • 1853 The Monuments of Nineveh. Illustrated in One Hundred Plates, London.
  • Lipiński, E. 2000 The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 100, Leuven.
  • Llop, J. 2016 “L’armement des forces assyriennes à l’époque médio-assyrienne d’après les sources écrites”, Abrahami, Ph. – Wolff, C. (eds), kakkēka rukusma (« Ceins tes armes ! »), 2e Rencontre d’Histoire militaire du Proche-Orient ancien (Lyon, 17-18 octobre 2013), Revue Internationale d’Histoire Militaire Ancienne N°3: 199–121.
  • Luukko, M. 2012 The Correspondence of Tiglath-pileser III and Sargon II from Calah/Nimrud, State Archives of Assyria 19, Helsinki.
  • Martin, L. 2016 “Tell Halaf”, Kanjou, Y. – Tsuneki, A. (eds), A History of Syria in One Hundred Sites, Oxford: 268–271.
  • Millard, A. 1994 The Eponyms of the Assyrian Empire 910-612 BC, State Archives of Assyria Studies 2, Helsinki.
  • Miller, R. F. – McEwen, E. – Bergman, C. 1986 “Experimental Approaches to Ancient Near Eastern Archery”, World Archeology 18/2: 178–195.
  • Moortgat, A. – Oppenheim, M. F. von – Opitz, D. (eds) 1955 Tell Halaf III: Die Bildwerke, Berlin.
  • Novák, M. 2013a “Between the Mušku and the Arameans: The Early History of Guzana/Tell Halaf”, Yener, A. K. (ed.): Across the Border: Late Bronze-Iron Age Relations Between Syria and Anatolia. Proceedings of a Symposium Held at the Research Center of Anatolian Studies, Koç University, Istanbul May 31–June 1, 2010, Ancient Near Eastern Studies Supplement Series 42, Leuven – Paris – Walpole: 293–310.
  • 2013b “Gōzān And Gūzāna. Anatolians, Aramaeans, and Assyrians In Tell Halaf”, Bonatz, D. – Martin, L. (eds), 100 Jahre Archäologische Feldforschungen In NordostSyrien – Eine Bilanz. Internationales Symposium des Instituts für Vorderasiatische Archäologie der Freien Universität Berlin und des Vorderasiatischen Museums der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin vom 21. Juli bis 23. Juli 2011 im Pergamonmuseum für das Institut für Vorderasiatische Archäologie der Freien Universität Berlin und das Vorderasiatische Museum der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin, Schriften der Max Freiherr von Oppenheim–Stiftung 18, Wiesbaden: 259-280.
  • Özyar, A. 1991 Architectural Relief Sculpture at Karkamish, Malatya, and Tell Halaf: A Technical and Iconographic Study. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation (Bryn Mawr College), Ann Arbor.
  • Parker, B. 1961 “Administrative Tablets from the North-West Palace, Nimrud”, Iraq 23: 15–67.
  • Parpola, S. 1970 Letters from Assyrian Scholars to the Kings Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal, I: Texts. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 5/1, Neukirchen-Vluyn.
  • 1983 Letters from Assyrian Scholars to the Kings Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal, II: Commentary and Appendices. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 5/2, NeukirchenVluyn.
  • Philip, G. 1989 Metal Weapons of the Early and Middle Bronze Ages in Syria-Palestine, Part I, BAR International Series 526, Oxford.
  • Postgate, J. N. 1974 Taxation and Conscription in the Assyrian Empire, Studia Pohl: Series Maior 3, Rome.
  • 1995 “Assyria: the Home Provinces”, Liverani, Mario (ed.), Neo-Assyrian Geography. Quaderni de Geografica Storica 5, Rome: 1–17.
  • 2000 “The Assyrian Army in Zamua”, Iraq 62: 89–108.
  • 2001 “Assyrian Uniforms”, van Soldt, W. H. (ed.), Veenhof Anniversary Volume. Studies presented to Klaas R. Veenhof on the Occasion of his Sixty-Fifth Birthday. Uitgaven van het Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul 89, Leiden: 373–388.
  • 2004 “Pfeil und Bogen”, Edzard, D. O. et al. (eds), Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie X, Leipzig: 456–458.
  • Rouault, O. 2008 “Recent excavations in Terqa and Masaikh (2001-2003)”, Kühne, H. – Czichon, R. M. – Kreppner, F. J. (eds), Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, 29 March – 3 April 2004, Freie Universität Berlin II: Social and Cultural Transformation: The Archaeology of Transitional Periods and Dark Ages Excavation Reports. Weisbaden: 399–410.
  • Salonen, E. 1966 Die Waffen der Alten Mesopotamier: Eine lexikalische und kulturgeschichtliche Untersuchung. Studia Orientalia 33, Helsinki.
  • Schrakamp, I. 2009a “Schild”, Streck, M. P. (ed.), Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie XII, Berlin: 176–179.
  • 2009b “Schleuder. B”, Streck, M. P. (ed.), Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie XII, Berlin: 222–225.
  • 2011 “Speer und Lanze”, Streck, M. P. (ed.), Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie XII, Berlin: 630–633.
  • Scurlock, J. 2014 “kallāpu: a New Proposal for a Neo-Assyrian Military Term”, Neumann, H. et al. (eds), Krieg und Frieden im Alten Vorderasien. 52e Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale / International Congress of Assyriology and Near Eastern Archaeology, Münster, 17.–21. Juli 2006, Alter Orient und Altes Testament 401, Münster.
  • Siddall, L. R. 2013 The Reign of Adad-nīrarī III: An Historical and Ideological Analysis of An Assyrian King and His Times, Cuneiform Monographs 45, Leiden, Boston.
  • Thureau-Dangin, F. 1912 Une relation de la huitième campagne de Sargon, Textes cunéiformes du Louvre 3, Paris.
  • Wilcke, C. 1975 “Helm”, Edzard, D. O. (ed.), Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie IV, Berlin: 311–313.
  • Winter, I. J. 1989 “North Syrian Ivories and Tell Halaf Reliefs: The Impact of Luxury Goods upon ‘Major’ Arts”, Leonard, A. – Williams, B. B., (eds), Essays in Ancient Civilization: Presented to Helene J. Kantor. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 47, Chicago: 321–337.
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There are 65 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Miklos Kerekes

Publication Date November 12, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Issue: 20

Cite

APA Kerekes, M. (2017). THE EARLY NEO-ASSYRIAN PROVINCIAL ARMY OF GŪZĀNA. Anadolu Araştırmaları(20), 37-76.

Since 1955

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