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Yüzey Araştırmaları Verileriyle Güneybatı İran-Huzistan Ramhormoz Ovası'nda Akhaimenid Dönem Yerleşimlerinin Dağılımı

Year 2021, Issue: 25, 103 - 115, 24.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/anar.2021.1029738

Abstract

İran’ın güney ve güneybatısındaki Ramhormoz bölgesi ve onun geniş ölçekli coğrafyası bugünkü modern Huzistan’nın kuzey dağlık kısmına kadar uzanmaktadır. Bölge 1948 yılına kadar arkeolojik açıdan dikkati çekmemekteydi. Halbuki bu bölge Akhaimenid döneminde Susa-Persepolis yolu üzerinde yer alması oldukça büyük öneme sahiptir. Wright ve Carter’in 1969 yılında gerçekleştirdiği yüzey araştırmaları sonucunda bu bölgenin güneybatı İran’ın ovalık ve dağlık kısımları arasında bağlantının olduğunu göstermektedir. Yeni arkeolojik veriler ve başkanlığımda gerçekleştirilen yüzey araştırmasıyla Ramhormoz ovasındaki Akhaimenid yerleşim karakteri tekrar analiz edilmiştir. Büyük nehirlerin ve verimli tarımsal araziler gibi coğrafi faktörler ile yerleşik, kırsal ve göçebe topluluklar arasındaki ilişkilerin iskana etkisi sorgulanmaya çalışılmıştır. Akhaimenid yerleşimlerinin dağılım modelinde ticari yollara yakınlık, su kaynaklarına ve meraya erişimin belirleyici olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Göçebeler için zengin meralar, yerleşikler için sulu tarım potansiyeli ve iletişim yollarına erişim, her iki yaşam biçimi için de avantaj sağlamıştır. Geç Elam Dönemi’ndeki sosyo-politik kontrol ve yerleşme modeli Akhaimenid döneminde de devam etmiştir. Yerleşim örüntüsü daha çok yollarla ilişkilidir. Yerleşmelerin konumlarını ve birbirilerine göre mesafelerini göz önüne aldığımızda Susa-Persepolis Kral Yolu güzergahındaki yerleşme sıklığının da fazla olduğu ortaya çıkar. Yol üzerinde kısa mesafelerle yerleşmeler konumlanmıştır. Bu da yolun sosyo-ekonomik avantajları nedeniyle bölgedeki iskân anlayışında belirleyici olduğunu gösterir. Akhaimenid döneminde, önceki dönemde olduğu gibi, dağların yamaçlarında ve ova kenarında yerleşmeler devam ederken, ana odağı ovanın merkezindedir. Bu dönemde, yerleşimlerin büyüklüğü artmıştır ve bu da Akhaimenid döneminde Ramhormoz ovasında nüfus artışının göstergesidir.

References

  • Alizadeh, A. (1979), “Baztab-e Nagsh-e Jografiyayi, Zistmohiti va Egtesadi dar Tahavolat-e Jonoub-e Bakhtari Iran (Az Pish az Tarikh ta Eslam)”, Majale Asar 21, 29-42. google scholar
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  • Alizadeh, A. & Ahmadzadeh, L. And Omidfar, M. (2016), Sistemhaye Estegrari va Farhanghaye Bastani Dashte Ramhormoz Jonoub Garbi Iran (Natayej Kavosh dar Tell Geser va Barresi Mantageyi Ramhormoz). google scholar
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Distribution of Achaemenid Period Settlements on the Southwest Iran-Khuzestan Ramhormoz Plain with Survey Data

Year 2021, Issue: 25, 103 - 115, 24.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/anar.2021.1029738

Abstract

The Ramhormoz region in south and southwest Iran and its large-scale geography extends to the northern highlands of present-day modern Khuzestan. Despite its significance for its connection with the Susa-Persopolis Road during the Achaemenid period, the region did not attract archaeological attention until 1948s. Even in its brevity, the results of the 1969 Wright-Carter survey showed that the Ramhormoz region is promising in shedding light on the relation between the highlands and lowlands of southwest Iran. As a result of new archaeological data and the survey conducted under my supervision, the characteristics of the Achaemenid settlements on the Ramhormoz plain in Southwest Iran were reanalyzed. The influence of geographical factors such as the presence of large rivers and fertile lands on the formation and prosperity of the settlements, and the relations between sedentary, rural, and nomadic communities were examined. It was thus revealed that proximity to commercial roads and access to water resources and pasture were the main determinants in the distribution model of Achaemenid settlements. Rich pastures for nomads, the potential for irrigated agriculture for settlers, and access to communication routes provided advantages for both lifestyles (Alizadeh, 1979). The socio-political control and settlement pattern organized by the central political power in the Late Elamite Period continued in the Achaemenid period as well. Therefore, the settlement pattern is more associated with roads. When the location of the settlements and their distance to each other are examined, it is seen that the frequency of settlements on the Susa-Persepolis Royal Road is very high. Settlements are located on the road within short distances of each other, which shows that the road is a determining factor on settlements in the region due to its socio-economic advantages. During the Achaemenid period, as in the previous period, while settlements continued their development on the slopes of the mountains and on the edge of the plain, they were mainly concentrated in the center of the plain. During this period, the size of the settlements increased, which is indicative of population growth on the Ramhormoz plain during the Achaemenid period.

References

  • Alizadeh, A. (1979), “Baztab-e Nagsh-e Jografiyayi, Zistmohiti va Egtesadi dar Tahavolat-e Jonoub-e Bakhtari Iran (Az Pish az Tarikh ta Eslam)”, Majale Asar 21, 29-42. google scholar
  • Alizadeh, A. & Ahmadzadeh, L. and Omidfar M. (2014), Ancient Settlement Patterns and Cultures in the Ram Hormuz Plain, Southwestern Iran: Excavations at Tall-e Geser and Reginal Survey in the Ram Hormuz Area, Chicago: Oriental Institute Publications 140. google scholar
  • Alizadeh, A. & Ahmadzadeh, L. And Omidfar, M. (2016), Sistemhaye Estegrari va Farhanghaye Bastani Dashte Ramhormoz Jonoub Garbi Iran (Natayej Kavosh dar Tell Geser va Barresi Mantageyi Ramhormoz). google scholar
  • Bocchieriyan, S. (2016). The Achaemenid Satrapy of Armenia. Colorado: University of Colorado. google scholar
  • Egtedari, A. (1996). Khuzestan va Kogilouyeh va Mamesani-Jografyaye Tarikhi va Asar Bastani, Jeld 3 dar Majmoe Asar Khuzestan, Anjoman Asar va Mafakher Farhangi. google scholar
  • Graf, D. F (1994). The Persian Royal Road System. in: Sancisi-Weerdenburg, H. & Kuhrt, A. and Root, M. C. (Eds.). Achaemenid History VIII: Continuity and Change, Leiden, Nederland Instituut Foor Het Nabije Oosten, 167-189. google scholar
  • Imanpour, M. T. (2010). The Communication Roads in Parsa during the Achaemenid Period. İn Macuch, M & Weber, D. and Meisterernst D. (Eds), Ancient and Middle Iranian Studies, Proceedings of the 6 th European Conference of Iranian Studies, Held in Vienna, 18-22 September 2007, 87-99. google scholar
  • Koch, H. (2001) Az Zabane Darius, (Çev. Parviz Rajabi), Entesharat Karang, Tehran. google scholar
  • McCown, D. E. (1949). “The Iranian project”, American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 53/1:54. google scholar
  • McCown D. E. (1954). “The Relative Stratigraphy and Chronology of Iran” In Relative Chronologies in Old World Archaeology, Robert W.Ehrich (Edt), Chicago University of Chicago Press, 56-67. google scholar
  • Meadows, A. R. (2005). The Administration of the Achaemenid Empire», in John Curtis & Nigel Tallis (Ed.), in forgotten Persian Empire: The World of Ancient Persia. London: British Museum, 181-210. google scholar
  • Saidian, S. (2019). Gozaresh-e Barresi va Shenasayi Bastan Shenasi Mahdoudeh Projeye tosea va Bahrebardari az Roudkhaneh Aras dar Azarbayjan garbai (Sad-e Karam Abad Poldasht). Gozareshte Barresi, Arşiv-e Pazhoheshkade Bastan shenasi. google scholar
  • Summers, G.D. (1993). Archaeological Evidence for the Achaemenid Period in Eastern Turkey. Anatolian Studies 43, 85-108. google scholar
  • Tuna, A. (2015). “Arkeolojik Sitelerde Peyzaj Tasarımı”, I. Ulusal Ankara Üniversitesi Pyzaj Mimarlığı Kongresi, 15-17 Ekim, 173-181. google scholar
  • Wright, H. T. & Carter E. (2003). Archaeological Survey on the Western Ram Hormuz Plain, 1969. İn Naomi F. Miller & Kamyar A. (Eds) Yeki Bud, Yeki Nabud: Essays on the Archaeology of Iran in Honor of William M. Sumner. Los Angeles Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Monograph 48, University of California Press, 61-82. google scholar
  • Yagmaei, E. (2016). Gozaresh-e Asib Shenasi Barkhi az Mohavatehaye Motalea Shode dar Barname “ Shenasayi Rah-e Shahi Hakhamaneshi Shush-Takhte Jamshid” Fasl-e Dovom, Zemestan, Pazhoheshgah Miras Farhangi va Gardeshgari. google scholar
There are 16 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Archaeology
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Leila Afsharı 0000-0002-7673-6132

Publication Date January 24, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 25

Cite

APA Afsharı, L. (2022). Distribution of Achaemenid Period Settlements on the Southwest Iran-Khuzestan Ramhormoz Plain with Survey Data. Anadolu Araştırmaları(25), 103-115. https://doi.org/10.26650/anar.2021.1029738

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