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Khorsabad/Dūr-Šarrukin Kazısı ve Asar-ı Atika Nizamnamelerine Etkisi

Year 2021, Issue: 25, 117 - 139, 24.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/anar.2021.904234

Abstract

Musul’a Fransa konsolosu olarak atanan Paolo Emilio Botta ile 19. yüzyılın son çeyreğinde Mezopotamya Arkeolojisi’nde önemli değişimler yaşanmaya başlar. Botta’nın Musul çevresinde yaptığı araştırmalar sırasında Khorsabad köyünden gelen bir kişi, bir tepenin üzerine inşa edilmiş kabartmalarla bezeli taşlar ve yazıtlardan bahseder. Kuyunjik’teki üç ay süren yorucu çalışmalardan sonra Botta, 20 Mart 1843’te bir grup işçisini Khorsabad’a göndererek kazıya başlatır. Ancak Botta’nın Musul’daki çalışmalarında bir süre sonra bazı problemler baş göstermeye başlar. Özellikle vilayetteki Mehmed Paşa’nın çeşitli engeller oluşturduğu görülmektedir. Bu bağlamda Botta’nın kazı izin ve belgelerini, Musul Paşası’nın engellerini ve Botta’nın Khorsabad’ta yaşadığı hikâyenin ayrıntılarını, arka planını ve konu ile ilgili yazışmalarını öğrenmek için Osmanlı Arşivi’nde araştırmalarda bulunduk. Botta’nın Khorsabad’da yaşadığı problemler, kazı iznine ve kazı evi inşasına dair şartlar, Botta’nın bahsettiği ve köy evlerinin yanında bir kale gibi çizilerek İstanbul’a gönderilen kazı evinin planı ve köylülerin Botta’nın çalışmalarına ve kazı evine karşı sunduğu dilekçeler gibi belgelerle karşılaştık. Bu makalede söz konusu belgeler üzerinden Botta’nın kazı dönemlerini, izin belgelerini ve karşılaştığı problemleri yeniden okumaya çalışarak bu dönemin nasıl ele alındığını ve nasıl değerlendirildiğini anlamaya çalıştık. Özellikle Khorsabad bağlamında Botta’ya verilen kazı iznini ve maddelerini gözden geçirerek sonraki Asar-ı Atika Nizamnameleri’ne katkısını irdeledik.

References

  • İ.MSM : İrade Mesail-i Mühimme google scholar
  • Bahrani, Z. (2011). Mezopotamya’nın Keşfinin Anlatılmamış Hikayesi. Geçmişe Hücum: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Arkeolojinin Öyküsü 1753-1914. Z. Bahrani, Z. Çelik ve E. Eldem. (Ed), (s. 125155). İstanbul: Salt/Garanti Kültür A.Ş. google scholar
  • Bonomi, J. (1857). Nineveh and Its Palaces: The Discoveries of Botta and Layard, Applied to the Elucidation of Holy Writ. London: H. G. Bohn. google scholar
  • Botta, P. E., & Flandin E. N. (1849). Monument de Ninive: decouvert et decrit par M.P.E. Botta; mesure et dessine par M.E. Flandin. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. google scholar
  • Botta, P. E., & Flandin E. N. (1850). Monument de Ninive: decouvert et decrit par M.P.E. Botta; mesure et dessine par M.E. Flandin. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. google scholar
  • Buckingham, J. S. (1851). The buried city of the East, Nineveh: a narrative of the discoveries of Mr. Layard and M. Botta at Nimroud and Khorsabad; with descriptions of the exhumed sculptures, and particulars of the early history of the ancient Ninevite kingdom. London: Office of the National Illustrated Library. google scholar
  • Bunnens, G. (1996). Syro-Anatolian influence on Neo-Assyrian town planning. Cultural Interactions in the Ancient Near East: Papers Read at a Symposium Held at the University of Melbourne, Department of Classics and Archaeology (29-30 September 1994). G. Bunnens (Ed), (s. 113-128). Louvain: Peeters. google scholar
  • Çal, H. (1997). Osmanlı Devletinde Asar-ı Atika Nizamnameleri. Vakıflar Dergisi, Ankara 26, 391-400. google scholar
  • Eldem, E. (2011). Huzurlu Bir İlgisizlikten Sıkıntılı Bir Kaygıya: Osmanlıların Gözünde Eski Eserler, 17991869. Geçmişe Hücum: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Arkeolojinin Öyküsü 1753-1914. Z. Bahrani, Z. Çelik ve E. Eldem (Ed). (s. 281-329), İstanbul: Salt/Garanti Kültür A.Ş. google scholar
  • Eriş, M. Ü. (2012). Asar-ı Atika Nizamnamelerinden 2863 Sayılı Kültür ve Tabiat Varlıklarını Koruma Kanununa Mevzuatın Karşılaştırmalı Bir İncelemesi Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Kültür Varlıkları ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü. Ankara. google scholar
  • Fuchs, A. (1994). Die Inschriften Sargons II. aus Khorsabad Göttingen: Cuvillier. google scholar
  • Gates, C. (2011). Ancient Cities. The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece, and Rome. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, Routledge. google scholar
  • Genç, B. (2018). Archaeology of Destruction: Toprakkale. Iraq, 80, 113-137. google scholar
  • Genç, B. (2019). First Steps in the Archaeology of Assyria: Botta’s Letters and the “Excavation House” at Khorsabad. Iraq, 81, 145-171. google scholar
  • Genç, B. (2021). Memory of destroyed Khorsabad, Victor Place, and the story of a shipwreck. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 31(4), 759-774. google scholar
  • Hilprecht, H. V. (1903). Explorations in Bible Lands: During the 19th Century. Philadelphia: A. J. Homan and Company. google scholar
  • Karaduman, H. (2004). Belgelerle İlk Türk Asar-ı Atika Nizamnamesi. Belgeler, XXV(29), 73-92. google scholar
  • Kuneralp, S. (2003). Son Dönem Osmanlı Erkân ve Ricali (1839-1922). Prosopoprafik Rehber. (2 bs). Istanbul: Isis. google scholar
  • Larsen, M. T. (1996). The Conquest of Assyria: Excavations in an Antique Land, 1840-1860. London: Routledge. google scholar
  • Livingstone, A. (1989). Court Poetry and Literary Miscellanea. Helsinki - Finland: Helsinki University Press. google scholar
  • Loud, G. & Altman C. B. (1938). Khorsabad, Part II: The Citadel and the Town. Chicago: The University of Chicago. google scholar
  • Loud, G., et al. (1936). Khorsabad, Part I: Excavations in the palace and at a city gate. Chicago: The University of Chicago. google scholar
  • McGovern, F. H. & McGovern J. N. (1986). “BA” Portrait: Paul Emile Botta. The Biblical Archaeologist, 49(2), 109-113. google scholar
  • Mohl, J. (1843). Lettres de M. Botta. Journal Asiatique, II(7): 61-72. google scholar
  • Mohl, J. (1845). Lettres de M. Botta sur ses decouvertes a Khorsabad, pres de Ninive. Paris: Imprimerie royale. google scholar
  • Niebuhr, C. (1778). Reisebeschreibung nach Arabien und den umliegenden Landern. Kopenhagen: Nicolaus Möller. google scholar
  • Rich, C. J. (1836). Narrative of a Residence in Koordistan, and on the Site of Ancient Nineveh, Vol. I. London: James Duncan. google scholar
  • Rich, C. J. (1836 ). Narrative of a Residence in Koordistan, and on the Site of Ancient Nineveh, Vol. II. London, James Duncan. google scholar
  • Russell, J. M. (2017). Assyrian Art. A companion to Assyria. E. Frahm (Ed). (s. 453-510). Hoboken, NJ, John Wiley & Sons: google scholar
  • Tadmor, H., et al. (1989). The Sin of Sargon and Sennacherib’s Last Will. State Archives of Assyria Bulletin, 3(I), 3-51. google scholar
  • Thompson, R. C. (1934). The Buildings on Quyunjiq, the Larger Mound of Nineveh. Iraq, 1(1), 95-104. google scholar
  • Turner, G. (1970). Tell Nebi Yunus: The ekal mâsarti of Nineveh. Iraq, 32(1), 68-85. google scholar

The Khorsabad/Dūr-Šarrukin Excavation and Its Impact on the Asar-ı Atika Nizamname’s

Year 2021, Issue: 25, 117 - 139, 24.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/anar.2021.904234

Abstract

When Paolo Emilio Botta was appointed to Mosul as the French consul in the last quarter of the 19th century, significant developments in Mesopotamian archeology occurred. During Botta's studies in the Mosul area, a resident of the village of Khorsabad mentioned reliefs and inscriptions on top of a hill. Botta dispatched a group of workmen to Khorsabad on March 20, 1843, after three months of arduous work in Kuyunjik. However, problems began to arise shortly after his work in Mosul. Particularly Mehmed Pasha in the province creates various obstacles. In this context, we searched the Ottoman Archives to learn more about Botta's excavation permits and documents, the obstacles created by the Pasha of Mosul, and the details, background, and correspondence of Botta's story in Khorsabad. We came across many documents, which included details as to the problems Botta experienced in Khorsabad, the conditions about the excavation permit and the construction of the excavation house, the plan of the excavation house mentioned by Botta, which was shown to be like a castle next to the village houses and sent to Istanbul, and the petitions of the villagers against Botta's research and the excavation house. In this article, we tried to understand how this period was understood and handled by re-reading Botta's excavation periods, permit documents, and the problems he encountered through the available documents. In particular, in the context of Khorsabad, we reviewed the excavation permission and articles given to Botta and examined its contribution to the Asar-ı Atika Regulations.

References

  • İ.MSM : İrade Mesail-i Mühimme google scholar
  • Bahrani, Z. (2011). Mezopotamya’nın Keşfinin Anlatılmamış Hikayesi. Geçmişe Hücum: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Arkeolojinin Öyküsü 1753-1914. Z. Bahrani, Z. Çelik ve E. Eldem. (Ed), (s. 125155). İstanbul: Salt/Garanti Kültür A.Ş. google scholar
  • Bonomi, J. (1857). Nineveh and Its Palaces: The Discoveries of Botta and Layard, Applied to the Elucidation of Holy Writ. London: H. G. Bohn. google scholar
  • Botta, P. E., & Flandin E. N. (1849). Monument de Ninive: decouvert et decrit par M.P.E. Botta; mesure et dessine par M.E. Flandin. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. google scholar
  • Botta, P. E., & Flandin E. N. (1850). Monument de Ninive: decouvert et decrit par M.P.E. Botta; mesure et dessine par M.E. Flandin. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. google scholar
  • Buckingham, J. S. (1851). The buried city of the East, Nineveh: a narrative of the discoveries of Mr. Layard and M. Botta at Nimroud and Khorsabad; with descriptions of the exhumed sculptures, and particulars of the early history of the ancient Ninevite kingdom. London: Office of the National Illustrated Library. google scholar
  • Bunnens, G. (1996). Syro-Anatolian influence on Neo-Assyrian town planning. Cultural Interactions in the Ancient Near East: Papers Read at a Symposium Held at the University of Melbourne, Department of Classics and Archaeology (29-30 September 1994). G. Bunnens (Ed), (s. 113-128). Louvain: Peeters. google scholar
  • Çal, H. (1997). Osmanlı Devletinde Asar-ı Atika Nizamnameleri. Vakıflar Dergisi, Ankara 26, 391-400. google scholar
  • Eldem, E. (2011). Huzurlu Bir İlgisizlikten Sıkıntılı Bir Kaygıya: Osmanlıların Gözünde Eski Eserler, 17991869. Geçmişe Hücum: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Arkeolojinin Öyküsü 1753-1914. Z. Bahrani, Z. Çelik ve E. Eldem (Ed). (s. 281-329), İstanbul: Salt/Garanti Kültür A.Ş. google scholar
  • Eriş, M. Ü. (2012). Asar-ı Atika Nizamnamelerinden 2863 Sayılı Kültür ve Tabiat Varlıklarını Koruma Kanununa Mevzuatın Karşılaştırmalı Bir İncelemesi Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Kültür Varlıkları ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü. Ankara. google scholar
  • Fuchs, A. (1994). Die Inschriften Sargons II. aus Khorsabad Göttingen: Cuvillier. google scholar
  • Gates, C. (2011). Ancient Cities. The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece, and Rome. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, Routledge. google scholar
  • Genç, B. (2018). Archaeology of Destruction: Toprakkale. Iraq, 80, 113-137. google scholar
  • Genç, B. (2019). First Steps in the Archaeology of Assyria: Botta’s Letters and the “Excavation House” at Khorsabad. Iraq, 81, 145-171. google scholar
  • Genç, B. (2021). Memory of destroyed Khorsabad, Victor Place, and the story of a shipwreck. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 31(4), 759-774. google scholar
  • Hilprecht, H. V. (1903). Explorations in Bible Lands: During the 19th Century. Philadelphia: A. J. Homan and Company. google scholar
  • Karaduman, H. (2004). Belgelerle İlk Türk Asar-ı Atika Nizamnamesi. Belgeler, XXV(29), 73-92. google scholar
  • Kuneralp, S. (2003). Son Dönem Osmanlı Erkân ve Ricali (1839-1922). Prosopoprafik Rehber. (2 bs). Istanbul: Isis. google scholar
  • Larsen, M. T. (1996). The Conquest of Assyria: Excavations in an Antique Land, 1840-1860. London: Routledge. google scholar
  • Livingstone, A. (1989). Court Poetry and Literary Miscellanea. Helsinki - Finland: Helsinki University Press. google scholar
  • Loud, G. & Altman C. B. (1938). Khorsabad, Part II: The Citadel and the Town. Chicago: The University of Chicago. google scholar
  • Loud, G., et al. (1936). Khorsabad, Part I: Excavations in the palace and at a city gate. Chicago: The University of Chicago. google scholar
  • McGovern, F. H. & McGovern J. N. (1986). “BA” Portrait: Paul Emile Botta. The Biblical Archaeologist, 49(2), 109-113. google scholar
  • Mohl, J. (1843). Lettres de M. Botta. Journal Asiatique, II(7): 61-72. google scholar
  • Mohl, J. (1845). Lettres de M. Botta sur ses decouvertes a Khorsabad, pres de Ninive. Paris: Imprimerie royale. google scholar
  • Niebuhr, C. (1778). Reisebeschreibung nach Arabien und den umliegenden Landern. Kopenhagen: Nicolaus Möller. google scholar
  • Rich, C. J. (1836). Narrative of a Residence in Koordistan, and on the Site of Ancient Nineveh, Vol. I. London: James Duncan. google scholar
  • Rich, C. J. (1836 ). Narrative of a Residence in Koordistan, and on the Site of Ancient Nineveh, Vol. II. London, James Duncan. google scholar
  • Russell, J. M. (2017). Assyrian Art. A companion to Assyria. E. Frahm (Ed). (s. 453-510). Hoboken, NJ, John Wiley & Sons: google scholar
  • Tadmor, H., et al. (1989). The Sin of Sargon and Sennacherib’s Last Will. State Archives of Assyria Bulletin, 3(I), 3-51. google scholar
  • Thompson, R. C. (1934). The Buildings on Quyunjiq, the Larger Mound of Nineveh. Iraq, 1(1), 95-104. google scholar
  • Turner, G. (1970). Tell Nebi Yunus: The ekal mâsarti of Nineveh. Iraq, 32(1), 68-85. google scholar
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Archaeology
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Bülent Genç 0000-0001-9328-1339

Publication Date January 24, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 25

Cite

APA Genç, B. (2022). Khorsabad/Dūr-Šarrukin Kazısı ve Asar-ı Atika Nizamnamelerine Etkisi. Anatolian Research(25), 117-139. https://doi.org/10.26650/anar.2021.904234

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