Eskiçağ’da Tapınak Köleleri: Hierodouloi / Hetairai

Year 2022, Issue: 27, 275 - 303, 09.02.2023

Leyla Aydemir

https://doi.org/10.26650/anar.2022.996727

Abstract

Eskiçağ’da bir tanrı ya da tanrıçaya adanmayla ortaya çıkan kutsal köle statüsü, beraberinde birtakım ayrıcalık ve aynı zamanda yükümlülükler getirmiştir. Adanılan tanrı ve tanrıçaya göre tapınak hizmeti değişebildiği gibi farklı coğrafyalarda farklı şekillerde gerçekleşen adanma biçimleri de kutsal kölelerin hem sosyal ve hukuki statülerinin hem de görevlerinin değişmesine neden olmuştur. Genel literatüre göre, kutsal köleler bazen kültsel ritüellerde rahip ve rahibelere eşlik etmiş, kurban törenlerini yönetmiş, bazen büyük tapınak arazilerinin işletilmesi, tapınakların inşa ve bakımı gibi birtakım görevlerde rol almış, bazen de tapınağın bulunduğu kentin sosyo-ekonomik durumuna bağlı olarak fahişelik yapmış ve tapınağa gelir sağlamıştır. Bu makalede, bütün bu durumların hangi koşul ve kriterlere bağlı olarak ortaya çıktığı, kutsal köle anlamında kullanılan hierodoulos ve hetaira statüleri üzerinden ele alınarak eski edebi, epigrafik ve papirolojik kaynaklar ışığında değerlendirilecektir.

Keywords

Tapınak Köleleri, Kutsal Köleler, Hierodoulos, Hetaira, Hiera

Supporting Institution

Yok

Project Number

Yok

Temple Slaves in Antiquity: Hierodouloi / Hetairai

Abstract

The status of sacred slavery, which emerged with devotion to a deity in Antiquity, brought some privileges and obligations at the same time. As temple service can change according to the deity to whom it is dedicated to, the forms of dedication that take place in different ways in various lands have caused both the social and legal status of the sacred slaves to change, as well as their duties. According to the general literature, sacred slaves sometimes accompanied priests and priestess in cult rituals, directed sacrificial ceremonies, at times took part in some tasks such as the operation of large temple lands and, the construction, and maintenance of temples, and sometimes acted as prostitutes and provided income for the temple depending on the socio-economic situation of the city where the temple was located. In this article, the conditions and criteria of all these situations will be evaluated in light of the ancient literary, epigraphic, papyrological, and modern sources by considering the terms hierodoulos and hetaira, which are used in the sense of sacred slave

Keywords

Temple slaves, sacred slave, Hierodoulos, Hetaira, Hiera

Project Number

Yok

References

• Assante, J. A. (1999). The kar.kid/ harimtu, Prostitute or Single Woman? A Reconsideration of the Evidence. Manfried Dietrich & Oswald Loretz (Hrsg.). Ugarit Forschungen: Internationales Jahrbuch für die (596). Band 30. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag. google scholar
• Assante, J. A. (2009). Bad Girls and Kinky Boys? The Modern Prostituting of Ishtar, Her Clergy and Her Cıılts. Tanja S. Scheer, M. Linder (Eds.). Tempelprostitution im Altertum: Fakten und Fiktionen (pp. 2354). Oldenburg: Verlag Antike. google scholar
• Astour, M. C. (1966). Tamar the Hierodule: An Essay in the Method of Vestigial Motifs. Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 85, No. 2 (Jun., 1966), pp. 185-196. google scholar
• Athenaios. (2010). The Learned Banqueters, Volume VI: Books 12-13.594b. (Deipnosophist). S. Douglas Olson (Ed.). Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: MA: Harvard University Press. google scholar
• Austin, M. M. (2006). The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. google scholar
• Bayram, S. (2019). Eski Mezopotamya’da Kutsal Evlilik Metinleri ve “Kutsal/Kült/Mabet Fahişe(Si)” İbâresi. Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi, 6, ss. 546-575. google scholar
• Beard, M., & Henderson, J. (1997). With This Body I Thee Worship: Sacred Prostitution in Antiquity. Gender History, 9 (3), pp. 480-503. doi:10.1111/1468-0424.00072 google scholar
• Brosius, M. (2009). Tempelprostitution im antiken Persien?. Tanja S. Scheer, M. Linder (Eds.). Tempelprostitution im Altertum: Fakten und Fiktionen (pp. 126-153). Oldenburg: Verlag Antike. google scholar
• Budin, S. (2006a). Sacred Prostitution in the Ancient World. Melissa Hope Ditmore (Ed.). Encyclopedia of Prostitution and Sex Work (pp. 417-419). Volumes 1&2. London: Greenwood Press. google scholar
• Budin, S. (2006b). Sacred Prostitution in the First Person. Christopher A. Faraone & Laura K. McClure (Eds.). Prostitutes and Courtesans in the Ancient World (pp. 77-94). Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. google scholar
• Budin, S. (2008). The Myth of Sacred Prostitution in Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. google scholar
• Budin, S. (2009). Strabo’s Hierodules: Corinth, Comana and Eryx. Tanja S. Scheer, M. Linder (Eds.). Tempelprostitution im Altertum: Fakten und Fiktionen (pp. 198-220). Oldenburg: Verlag Antike. google scholar
• Burke, P. (2001). Olympians: The Gods and Goddesses of Classical Greece. Luxembourg: Centre Alexandre Wiltheim. Erişim adresi: https://www2.clarku.edu/faculty/facultybio.cfm?id=85 google scholar
• Caneva, S. G. - Pizzi A. D. (2015). Given to a Deity? Religious and Social Reappraisal of Human Consecrationsin the Hellenistic and Roman East. The Classical Quarterly, New Series, 65 (1) (MAY), pp. 167-191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838814000676 google scholar
• CIG. (1843). Corpus inscriptionum graecarum, August Boeckhius (Ed.). Volumen Secundum, Pars VII-XVI, Berolini. google scholar
• Curtius, E. (Ed.). (1843). Anecdota Delphica. Berlin: W. Besser. google scholar
• Çelgin, G.(2011). Eski Yunanca-Türkçe Sözlük. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi. google scholar
• Darmezin, L. (1999). Les Affranchissements par consécration en Béotie et dans le monde grec hellénistique. Paris: A.D.R.A-Nancy. google scholar
• Debord, P. (1971). L’esclavage sacré: état de la question. In: Actes du colloque 1971 sur l’esclavage. Actes des colloques du Groupe de recherche sur l’esclavage dans l’antiquité, 2. Besançon 10-11 mai 1971. Besançon: Presses Universitaires de Franche-Comté. 135-150. google scholar
• Diakonoff, I. M. (1986). Women in Old Babylonia Not under Patriarchal Authority. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, VoI. 29, No. 3, pp. 225-238. google scholar
• Dignas, B. (2002). Economy of the Sacred in Hellenistic and Roman Asia Minor. Oxford: Oxford University Press. google scholar
• Dillon, M. (2004). Girls and Women in Classical Greek Religion. London and New York: Routledge. google scholar
• Diodorus Siculus. (1939). The Library of History of Diodorus of Sicily. Book IV. (C. H. Oldfather Çev.). Loeb Classical Library. London: William Heinemann ltd. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. google scholar
• Edgar, C. C. (1971). Zenon Papyri. Vol. III. Hildesheim-New York: Georg Olms Verlag. google scholar
• Euripides, (1912). Ion, Hippolytus, Medea, Alcestis. Vol. IV. (Arthur S. Way Çev.). The Loeb Classical Library. Virginia: Library of University of Virginia. google scholar
• FD III. (1930). Fouilles de Delphes, III. Épigraphie. Fascicule IV. Inscriptions de la Terrasse du Temple et de la Region Nord du Sanctuaire. Gaston Colin. Paris: E. De. Boccard. google scholar
• Garcia-Bellido, M. P. de H. (2020). Helenismo e iranismo en el culto funerario de Antíoco I de Comagene. BOLETÍN ARCHIVO EPIGRÁFICO, N° 5, (enero). pp. 36-48. google scholar
• Gilhuly, K. (2014). Corinth, Courtesans, and the Politics of Place. Space, Place, and Landscape in Ancient Greek Literature and Culture, pp. 171-199. doi:10.1017/cbo9781107323766.006 google scholar
• Glotz, G. (1965). Ancient Greece at Work: An Economic History of Greece From the Homeric Period to the Roman Conquest, New York: Barnes & Noble. google scholar
• Grenfell, B. P., Hunt, A. S., Turner, E. G. (Ed.). (1906). The Hibeh Papyri. Vol. I, London: Egypt Exploration Fund. google scholar
• Günther, W. (1969/70). Eine neue didymeische Bauinschrift. Istanbuler Mitteilungen 19/20, 237-247. google scholar
• Güterbock, H. G. (1983). A Hurro-Hittite Hymn to Ishtar. Journal of the American Oriental Society. Studies in Literature from the Ancient Near East. by Members of the American Oriental Society. Dedicated to Samuel Noah Kramer, 103, (1), 155-164. https://doi.org/10.2307/601869 google scholar
• Heberdey, R. & Kalinka, E. (Ed.). (1896). Bericht über zwei Reisen im südwestlichen Kleinasien, ausgeführt im Auftrage der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Wien: In Commission Bei Carl Gerold’s Sohn. google scholar
• Herodotos. (2004). Herodot Tarihi (M. Ökmen çev.). İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. google scholar
• Hooker, J. T., (2003). Linear B as a Source for Social History. Anton Powell (Ed.). The Greek World (pp. 7-26). London and New York: Routledge. google scholar
• Hülsen, K. (2008). “Tempelsklaverei” in Kleinasien: Ein Beitrag zum Tempeldienst in Hellenistischer und Römischer Zeit, Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie im Fachbereich III, Alte Geschichte der Universität Trier. google scholar
• IG VII. (1882). Inscriptiones Graecae, VII. Inscriptiones Megaridis, Oropiae, Boeotiae, Guilelmus Dittenberger (Ed). Berolini Apud Georgium Reimerum. google scholar
• IGLSyr 1. (1929). Inscriptions grecques et latines de la Syrie, I. Commagène et Cyrrhestique. Louis Jalabert, Rene Mouterde (Eds.). Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner. google scholar
• Kapparis, K. (2017). Prostitution in the Ancient Greek World. Berlin/ Boston: De Gruyter. google scholar
• Larson, J. (2007). Ancient Greek Cults A Guide. New York: Routledge. google scholar
• Lewald, H. (1920). Griechische Papyri aus dem Besitz des Rechtswissenschaftlichen. Seminars der Universität Frankfurt. Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften. Heidelberg: PhilosophischHistorische Klasse. 11. Abh. 14. google scholar
• Lou M.- Munn, Z. (2003). Corinthian Trade with the Punic West in the Classical Period. Charles K. Williams II, Nancy Bookidis (Eds.). Corinth the Centenary 1896 - 1996 (pp.195 - 217). Princeton: The American School of Classical Studies at Athens. google scholar
• Maclachlan, B. (1992). Sacred prostitution and Aphrodite. Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses, 21 (2), pp. 145-162. doi:10.1177/000842989202100202 google scholar
• Malay, H. (1990). Çağlar Boyu Kölelik. Ankara: Gündoğan Yayınları. google scholar
• Masson, O. (1973). Les noms des esclaves dans la Grece antique. Actes du Groupe de Recherches sur l’Esclavage depuis l’Antiquité Année, (2), 9-23. Erişim adresi: https://www.persee.fr/doc/ girea_0000-0000_1973_act_2_1_1091 google scholar
• OGIS I. (1903). Orientis graeci inscriptiones selectae. Wilhelmus Ditteberger (Ed.), Lipsiae: S. Hirzel. google scholar
• Orlin, E. (2016). Encyclopedia of Ancient Mediterranean Religions. New York-London: Routledge. google scholar
• Otto, W. (1949). Beiträge zur Hierodulie im hellenistischen Ägypten. München: Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. google scholar
• Pausanias (1918). Description of Greece, Vol. I. Books I-II. (W.H.S. Jones Çev.). Loeb Classical Library. London: William Heinemann. google scholar
• Pironti, G. (2013). L’Afrodite di Corinto e il ‘mito’ della prostituzione sacra. P. Angelini Bernardini (Ed.). In Corinto: Luogo di azione e luogo di racconto (Atti del Convegno internazionale di Urbino, 23-25 Settembre 2009) (pp. 13-26). Pisa-Roma: Fabrizio Serra Editore. google scholar
• Potter, D. (2012). Hierodouloi. Simon Hornblower, Antony Spawforth, Esther Eidinow (Eds.). The Oxford Classical Dictionary (pp. 683). Oxford: Oxford University Press. google scholar
• Robert J.- Robert, L. (1983). Fouilles d’Amyzon en Carie: Exploration, Histoire, Monnaies, et Inscriptions. Paris: Diffusion De Boccard. google scholar
• Roth, M. T. (2006). Marriage, Divorce, and the Prostitute in Ancient Mesopotamia. Christopher A. Faraone & Laura K. McClure (Eds.). Prostitutes and Courtesans in the Ancient World (pp. 21-39). Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. google scholar
• Scheer, T. S. (2009). Einführung. Tanja S. Scheer, M. Linder (Eds.). Tempelprostitution im Altertum: Fakten und Fiktionen (pp. 9-22). Oldenburg: Verlag Antike. google scholar
• Scholl, R. (1985). IEPOAOYAOL im griechisch-römischen Ägypten. Historia: Zeitschrift Für Alte Geschichte, 34(4), 466-492. Erişim adresi: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4435939 google scholar
• SEG. (2007). Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum. Vols. 53-2. 2003, A. Chaniotis, R. S. Stroud, T. Corsten, R. A. Tybout (Eds.). Leiden-Boston: Brill. google scholar
• SGDI II. (1899). Sammlung der griechischen Dialekt-Inschriften. II. Epirus, Akarnanien, Aetolien. Hermann Collitz & Friedrich Bechtel (Ed.). Göttingen: Verlag von Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. google scholar
• Snell, D. C. (2011). Slavery in the Ancient Near East. K. Bradley - P. Cartledge (Eds.). The Cambridge World History of Slavery: The Ancient Mediterranean World. Vol. I (pp. 4-22). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. google scholar
• Strabon, Geographika. (2000). Antik Anadolu Coğrafyası (A. Pekman Çev.). İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları. google scholar
• Strabon. (1954). The Geography of Strabo, Vol. III. (Horace Leonard Jones Çev.). Loeb Classical Library. London: William Heinemann. google scholar
• Strabon. (1954). The Geography of Strabo, Vol. IV. (Horace Leonard Jones Çev.). Loeb Classical Library. London: William Heinemann. google scholar
• TAM V,2. (1989). Tituli Asiae Minoris, Tituli Lydiae linguis Graeca et Latina conscripti. V, 2. Petrus Herrmann (Ed.). Regio septentrionalis ad occidentem vergens. Vindobonae: Apud Academiam Scientiarum Austriacam. google scholar
• Thompson, D. J. (2011). Slavery in the Hellenistic World. (Keith Bradley and Paul Cartledge (Ed.). The Campbridge WorldHistory ofSlavery Volume 1: in Ancient Mediterranean World (194-214). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. google scholar
• Thukydides. (1976). Peloponnesos Savaşı (T. Gökçöl Çev.). İstanbul: Hürriyet Yayınları. google scholar
• Tovar, A. (1972). Indo-European Etymology of do-e-ro. Minos, (12), 318-326. Erişim adresi: https://dialnet. unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3160619 google scholar
• Turner, E. G. (Ed.), (1955). The Hibeh Papyri. Volume II. London: Egypt Exploration Society. google scholar
• Ventris, M. Chadwick, J. (1973). Documents in Mycenaean Greek, Cambridge: Cambridge at the University Press. google scholar
• Wacker, M. T. (2009). Kultprostitution“ im Alten Israel? Forschungsmythen, Spuren, Thesen. Tanja S. Scheer, M. Linder (Eds.). Tempelprostitution im Altertum: Fakten und Fiktionen (pp. 55-84). Oldenburg: Verlag Antike. google scholar
• Westenholz, J. G. (1989). Tamar, Qedesä, Qadistu, and Sacred Prostitution in Mesopotamia. Harvard Theological Review, Vol. 82, No. 3 (Jul., 1989), pp. 245-265. google scholar
• Westermann, W. L. (1945). Between Slavery and Freedom. The American Historical Review, Jan., 50 (2), pp. 213-227. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1842351 google scholar
• Westermann, W. L. (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. google scholar
• Wrenhaven, K. L. (2012). Reconstructing the Slave: The Image of the Slave in Ancient Greece. London: Bloomsbury. google scholar
• Yamauchi, E. (1966). Slaves of God. Buetin of the Evangelical Theological Society, 9 (1) pp. 31-49. Erişim adresi: https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/bets/vol09/9-1_yamauchi.pdf google scholar
• Yiğit, T. (2002). Boğazköy Arşivi Belgelerine Göre MUNUS (MES) KAR.KID Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, 17 (1), ss. 73-81. google scholar
• Zelnick-Abramo, R. (2005). Not Wholly Free: The Concept of Manumission and the Status of Manumitted Slaves in the Ancient Greek World. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. Mnemosyne-Supplementa 266. google scholar