Some Remarks on a Group of Early Bronze Age Pottery Kept in the Istanbul Archaeological Museums

Year 2023, Issue: 28, 1 - 29, 31.07.2023

Fatih Çongur

https://doi.org/10.26650/anar.2023.28.1262976

Abstract

This study evaluates a group of Early Bronze Age pottery kept in the İstanbul Archaeological Museums. Within the scope of this study, the material, which can be dated to the Early Bronze Age I-II, has been divided into two different ware groups according to their periods, taking into account the consistency of the paste, surface-slip colours, firing and production techniques. The material examined was divided into main form groups such as beak spouted jugs, jars, a miniature vessel and a duck vase (askos). The beak spouted jugs and pots were subsequently divided into subtypes, according to mouth, neck and body differences. Amongst the Ware 1 and Ware 2 pottery examined, beak spouted jugs with well burnished glossy surfaces, and decorated oblique/vertical reliefs dating to the EBA I, besides a very successfully fired beak spouted jug with well burnished glossy surface and grooved horizontal band and zigzag motifs dated to EBA II are most likely imitations of metal vessels. Apart from the mentioned jugs, a miniature vessel in the form of a pot with a swastika, a ‘Medallion’, a circle between waves/snakes and possibly a plant motif is also remarkable. The investigated duck vase (askos), which can be dated to the EBA III, has some similarities to examples within Phylakopi I Culture pottery. While presuming these 20 pieces of pottery originated from the Lakes District and Western Anatolia, the exact excavation sites of most of them are unknown. For this reason, comparisons shall be made between the pottery of Early Bronze Age settlements from the mentioned regions and the material examined, whereas an attempt shall be made to ascertain the probable origins of the vessels.

Keywords

Lakes District, Western Anatolia, Early Bronze Age, Pottery, Ware Groups

Project Number

Bulunmamaktadır.

References

• Akar, M. (2017). Pointed Juglets as an International Trend in Late Bronze Ritual Practices: A View from Alalakh. In Ç. Maner, M. T. Horowitz & A. S. Gilbert (Eds.), Overturning Certainties in Near Eastern Archaeology A Festschrift in Honor of K. Aslıhan Yener (pp. 1-24). Boston: Brill. google scholar
• Alp, S. (1994). Konya Civarında Karahöyük Kazılarında Bulunan Silindir ve Damga Mühürleri. Ankara: TTK. google scholar
• Anlağan, Ç. (1990). Sadberk Hanım Müzesinde Bulunan Bir Grup Eski Tunç Çağı Eseri. X. Türk Tarih Kongresi, 65-70, Lev. 45-62. google scholar
• Benzi, M. (1997). The Late Early Bronze Age Finds from Vathy Cave (Kalymnos) and Their Links with the Northeast Aegean. In C. G. Doumas & V. La Rosa (Eds.), Poliochni e l’antica eta del bronzo nell’egeo settentrionale (pp. 383-394). Athens: cuola Archeologica Italiana de Atene. google scholar
• Bilgen, N., & Kapuci, A. (2018). Seyitömer Höyük II, İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları. google scholar
• Bilgi, Ö. (2012). Anadolu’da İnsan Görüntüleri. Klasik Çağ Öncesi. İstanbul: Aygaz. google scholar
• Bittel, K. (1939-1941). Ein Graberfeld der Yortan-Kultur bei Babaköy. Archivfür Orienforschung 13, 1-31. google scholar
• Blegen, C. W., Caskey, C. L., Rawson, M., & Sperling, J. (1950). Troy General Introduction The First and Second Settlement Vol. I, Part 1, 2. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. google scholar
• Blegen, C. W., Caskey, C. L., & Rawson, M. (1951). Troy The Third, Fourth, and Fifth Settlement Vol. II, Part 1, 2. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. google scholar
• Böyükulusoy, K. (2016). Bakla Tepe Erken Tunç Çağı I Seramiğinin Ege Arkeolojisindeki Yeri ve Önemi (Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis). Hacettepe University, Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara. google scholar
• Çongur, F. M. (2019). Bademağacı İlk Tunç Çağı Çanak Çömleği (Unpublished Masters Thesis). İstanbul University, Institute of Social Sciences, İstanbul. google scholar
• Çongur, F. M. (Forthcoming). Some Remarks on the ‘Medallion’ Motif Decorated Pottery in the Vicinity of Burdur - Antalya in the Early Bronze Age. google scholar
• Duru, R. (1996). Kuruçay Höyük II. 1978-1988 Kazılarının Sonuçları. Geç Kalkolitik ve İlk Tunç Çağı Yerleşmeleri /Results of the Excavations 1978-1988. The Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Settlements - A Comprehensive Summary. Ankara: TTK. google scholar
• Duru, R. (2008). MÖ 8000’den MÖ 2000’e Burdur Bölgesi’nin Altıbin Yılı. Antalya: Suna - İnan Kıraç Akdeniz Medeniyetleri Araştırma Enstitüsü. google scholar
• Duru, R. (2016). Tarım’dan ‘Yazı’ya Burdur Yöresi ve Yakın Çevresinin Altıbin Yılı (MÖ 8000 - MÖ 2000). Antalya: Batı Akdeniz Kalkınma Ajansı. google scholar
• Düring, B. S. (2011). The Prehistory of Asia Minor. From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies. United States of America: Cambridge University Press. google scholar
• Efe, T. (1988). Demircihüyük. Band III. Die Keramik 2. Die Frühbronzezeitliche Keramik der Jüngeren Phasen (ab Phase H). Philipp von Zabern: Mainz am Rhein. google scholar
• Efe, T. (2020). Once Again on Early Bronze Age Trade and Trade Routes in Western Anatolia. In S. W. E. Blum, T. Efe, T. L. Kienlin & E. Pernicka (Eds.), From Past to Present. Studies in Memory ofManfred O. Korfmann (pp. 121-134). Bonn: Habelt. google scholar
• Efe, T., & Ay, D. Ş. M. (2000). Early Bronze Age I pottery from Küllüoba near Seyitgazi, Eskişehir. Anatolia Antiqua 8, 1-87. google scholar
• Efe, T., İlaslı, A., & Topbaş, A. (1995). Salvage Excavations of the Afyon Archaeological Museum Part 1: Kaklık Mevkii, A Site Transitional to the Early Bronze Age. Studia Troica 5, 357-399. google scholar
• Eslick, C. (2009). The Early Bronze Age Pottery of Karataş Habitation Deposits. Elmalı - Karataş 5. England: Bryn Mawr College. google scholar
• Fidan, E. (2020). Batı Anadolu’da Tarih Öncesi Dönemlerde Saray ve Tapınak Algısı. In E. Abay & F. Dedeoğlu (Eds.), Arkeolojide Çöküş ve Dönüşüm Süreçleri (pp. 167-176). İstanbul: Ege Yayınları. google scholar
• Fidan, E. (2022). MÖ 3. Binyıl’da İç Batı Anadolu. In M. Işıklı, E. Fidan, A. Türker & M. A. Yılmaz (Eds.), MÖ III. Binyılda Anadolu (pp. 311-324). İstanbul: Ege Yayınları. google scholar
• Fidan, E., Sarı, D., & Türkteki, M. (2015). An Overview of the Western Anatolian Early Bronze Age. European Journal of Archaeology 18.1, 60-89. google scholar
• Fischer, F. (1963). Die Hethitische Keramik von Boğazköy. Berlin: Verlag Gebr. Mann. google scholar
• Gimbutas, M. (1965). Bronze Age Cultures in Central and Eastern Europe. Netherlands: Mouton & Co. google scholar
• Gimbutas, M. (1977). The First Wave of Eurasian Steppe Pastoralists into Copper Age Europe. Journal of Indo-European Studies 5, 277-338. google scholar
• Gimbutas, M. (1989). The Language of the Goddess. San Francisco: Harper & Row. google scholar
• Glatz, C. (2009). Empire as Network: Spheres of Material Interaction in Late Bronze Age Anatolia. Journal ofAnthropological Archaeology 28, 127-141. google scholar
• Höckmann, O. (1984). Frühe Funde Aus Anatolien im Museum Altenessen, Essen, und in Privatbesitz. Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 31, 100-148. google scholar
• Hüryılmaz, H. (1998). Göller Bölgesi’nin Batısında Bulunmuş Bir “Maden Taklidi” Testi. BELLETEN 235/ LXII, 713-718. google scholar
• Joukowsky, M. S. (1986). Prehistoric Aphrodisias I-II. United States of America: Brown University. google scholar
• Kâmil, T. (1982). Yortan Cemetery in the Early Bronze Age of Western Anatolia. London: Oxford Press. google scholar
• Kara, O. (2013). Karia Bölgesi Tunç Çağı Yerleşmeleri (Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis). Selçuk University, Institute of Social Sciences, Konya. google scholar
• Kuru, A. (2016). Seyitömer Höyük Erken Tunç Çağ III Seramiği’nin Batı Anadolu Erken Tunç Çağı’na Katkıları (Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis). Adnan Menderes University, Institute of Social Sciences, Aydın. google scholar
• Lamb, W. (1936). Excavations at Thermi in Lesbos. London: Cambridge University Press. google scholar
• Lamb, W. (1937). Excavations at Kusura near Afyon Karahisar. London: Oxford Press. google scholar
• Lamb, W. (1938). Excavations at Kusura near Afyon Karahisar II. London: Oxford Press. google scholar
• Lloyd, S. & Mellaart, J. (1962). Beycesultan Vol. I, The Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Levels. London. google scholar
• Marketou, T. (2009). Rhodes and Cyprus in the Bronze Age: Old and New Evidence of Contacts and Interactions. In V. Karageorghis & O.Kouka (Eds.), Cyprus and the East Aegean. Intercultural Contacts from 3000 to 500 BC. An International Archaeological Symposium held at Pythagoreion, Samos, October 17th - 18th 2008 (pp. 48-58). Nicosia: A.G. Leventis Foundation. google scholar
• Mellaart, J. (1954). Preliminary Report on a Survey of Pre-classical Remains in Southern Turkey. Anatolian Studies 4, 175-240. google scholar
• Mellink, M. J. (1967). Excavations at Karataş - Semayük in Lycia, 1966. American Journal ofArchaeology 71/3, 251-267. google scholar
• Mellink, M. J. (1969). Excavations at Karataş - Semayük in Lycia, 1968. American Journal ofArchaeology 73/3, 319-331. google scholar
• Mellink, M. J., & Angel, J. (1966). Excavations at Karataş - Semayük in Lycia, 1965. American Journal of Archaeology 70/3, 245-257. google scholar
• Mellink, M. J., & Angel, J. (1968). Excavations at Karataş-Semayük in Lycia, 1967. American Journal of Archaeology 72/3, 243-263. google scholar
• Milojcic, C. (1961). Samos. Die Prahistorische Siedlung. Unter demHeraion. Grabung 1953 und 1955. Band I. Berlin: Rudolf Habelt Verlag. google scholar
• Oğuzhanoğlu-Akay, U. (2015a). Laodikeia-Kandilkırı Verileri Işığında Güneybatı Anadolu’da Erken Tunç Çağı 2 ve 3 (Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis). Pamukkale University, Institute of Social Sciences, Denizli. google scholar
• Oğuzhanoğlu, U. (2015b). Laodikeia Erken Tunç Çağı 2 Mezarlığından Bir Çukur ve Düşündürdükleri. In C. Şimşek, B. Duman & E. Konakçı (Eds.), Mustafa Büyükkolancı’ya Armağan / Essays in Honour of Mustafa Büyükkolancı (pp. 423-434). İstanbul: Ege Yayınları. google scholar
• Oğuzhanoğlu, U., & Pazarcı, S. (2020). Karia Bölgesi’nde Yeni Bir Erken Tunç Çağı Merkezi: Çapalıbağ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 37/1, 195-219. google scholar
• Orthmann, W. (1966). Keramik der Yortankultur in den Berliner Museen. Istanbuler Mitteilungen 16, 1-26. google scholar
• Özgen, İ. Baughan, E. P., & Ünlü, E. (2021). Hacımusalar Höyük in the Early Bronze Age. American Journal of Archaeology 125/4, 603-638. google scholar
• Özkan, T. (1999). İzmir Arkeoloji Müzesi Seramik Kataloğu. İzmir. google scholar
• Özkan, T., & Erkanal, H. (1999). Tahtalı Barajı Kurtarma Kazısı Projesi / Tahtalı Dam Area Salvage Project. İzmir. google scholar
• Öztan, A. (2008). Some New Finds from Acemhöyük. In D. Bonatz, R. M. Czichon & F. J. Kreppner (Eds.), Fundstellen: Gesammelte Schriften zur Archaologie und Geschichte Altvorderasiens ad honorem Hartmut Kühne (pp. 25-29). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. google scholar
• Pecorella, P. E. (1984). La Cultura Preistorica Di Iasos in Caria. Rome: G. Bretschneider. google scholar
• Renfrew, C. (2011). The Emergence of Civilisation. The Cyclades and the Aegean in the Third Millennium BC. Philadelphia: Oxford Press. google scholar
• Rutter, J. (1983). Some Observations on the Cyclades in the Later Third and Early Second Millennia. American Journal ofArchaeology 87/1, 69-76. google scholar
• Sarı, D. (2004). Küllüoba İlk Tunç Çağı II Çanak Çömleği (Unpublished Masters Thesis). İstanbul University, Institute of Social Sciences, İstanbul. google scholar
• Seeher, J. (1987). Demircihüyük: Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 1975- 1978; III; 1; Die Keramik 1. Philipp von Zabern: Mainz am Rhein. google scholar
• Seidl, U. (1972). Gefassmarken von Boğazköy. Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag. google scholar
• Şahoğlu, V. (2002). Liman Tepe Erken Tunç Seramiğinin Ege Arkeolojisindeki Yeri ve Önemi. (Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis). Ankara University, Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara. google scholar
• Şahoğlu. V. (2005). The Anatolian Trade Network and The İzmir Region During The Early Bronze Age. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 24.4, 339-361. google scholar
• Şahoğlu V. (2009). The Early Bronze Age Anatolian Trade Network and its Role on The Transformation of The Anatolian and Aegean Communities. In V. Şahoğlu, M. Şevketoğlu & Y. H. Erbil (Eds.), Kültürlerin Bağlantısı. Başlangıcından Roma Dönemi Sonuna Kadar Eski Yakın Doğuda Ticaret ve Bölgelerarası İlişkiler / Connecting Cultures. Trade and Interconnections in the Ancient Near East from the Beginning until the End of the Roman Period (pp. 115-131). Ankara. google scholar Şahoğlu, V., & Massa, M. (2015). The 4.2 ka BP Climatic Event in West and Central Anatolia: Combining Palaeo-climatic Proxies and Archaeological. In H. Meller, H. W. Arz , R. Jung & R. Risch (Eds.), 2200 BC - A Climatic Breakdown as a Cause for the Collapse of the Old World? (pp. 61-78), Barcelona: Halle. google scholar
• Şahoğlu, V., & Sotirakopoulou, P. (2011). Karşıdan Karşıya MÖ 3. Binde Kiklad Adaları ve Batı Anadolu. Sakıp Sabancı Müzesi: İstanbul. google scholar
• Topbaş, A., Efe T., & İlaslı A. (1998). Salvage Excavations of the Afyon Archaeological Museum, Part 2 : The Settlement of Karaoğlan Mevkii and the Early Bronze Age Cemetery of Kaklık Mevkii. Anatolia Antiqua 6, 21-94. google scholar
• Türkteki, M. (2004). Küllüoba İlk Tunç Çağı III Çanak Çömleği (Unpublished Masters Thesis). İstanbul University, Institute of Social Sciences, İstanbul. google scholar
• Türkteki, M. (2021). Skeuomorphism in 3RD Millennium BC Pottery from Western Central Anatolia: Metal Ves-Sels and Their Reflections. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 21/1, 149-165. google scholar
• Türktüzün, M., Ünan, S., & Ünal, S. (2014). Çiledir Höyük Erken Tunç Çağı Bulguları. TÜBA-AR 17, 49-72. google scholar
• Uhri, A. (2006). Batı Anadolu Erken Tunç Çagı Ölü Gömme Gelenekleri. (Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis). Ege University, Institute of Social Sciences, İzmir. google scholar
• Umurtak, G. (2005). Çömlekçilik. In R. Duru & G. Umurtak (Eds.), Höyücek 1989-1992 Yılları Arasında Yapılan Kazıların Sonuçları / Höyücek Results of the Excavations 1989-1992 (pp. 29-91). Ankara: TTK. google scholar
• Umurtak, G. (2009). A Study of Three Numerical (!) Tablets and a Stamp Seal from the Early Bronze Age Settlement at Bademağacı Höyük. ADALYA XII, 1-10. google scholar
• Umurtak, G. (2020). Some Remarks on the Early Bronze Age I Defence System at Hacılar Büyük Höyük (Burdur, Turkey). Bulgarian e-Journal of Archaeology 10.1, 33-54. google scholar
• Umurtak, G. (2021). Evidence of Daily Life Inside the EBA I Defence System at Hacılar Büyük Höyük (Burdur-Turkey). Bulgarian E-Journal ofArchaeology 11/1, 33-57. google scholar
• Umurtak, G., & Çongur, F. (2021). The Early Bronze Age II Settlement at Bademağacı Höyük: An Evaluation of the Pottery and Beak Spouted Jugs. OLBA XXIX, 1-24. google scholar
• Umurtak, G., & Duru, R. (2013). Yeniden Hacılar. Hacılar Büyük Höyük Kazıları 2011-2012. Arkeoloji ve Sanat 142, 1-22. google scholar
• Umurtak, G., & Duru, R. (2016). Hacılar Büyük Höyük 2015 Yılı Kazılarının Sonuçları. Arkeoloji ve Sanat 151, 19-44. google scholar
• Umurtak, G., & Duru, R. (2018). Hacılar Büyük Höyük Kazıları - 2016. KST 39/1, 411-420. google scholar
• Ünan, N. (2015). Höyüktepe 2014 Yılı Erken Tunç Çağı Çanak Çömleği. In M. Türktüzün & S. Ünan (Eds.), Kureyşler Barajı Kurtarma Kazıları 2014 / Kureyşler Dam Rescue Excavations 2014 (pp. 223-308). Ankara: Bilgin Kültür Sanat. google scholar
• Ünan, N. (2020). Höyüktepe 2015-2016 Yılı Erken Tunç Çağı Çanak Çömleği. In S. Ünan (Ed.), Kütahya Kureyşler Barajı Kurtarma Kazıları 2015-2016 / Kütahya Kureyşler Dam Rescue Excavations 20152016 (pp. 65-137). Ankara: Bilgin Kültür Sanat. google scholar
• Ünlüsoy, İ. (1993). Isparta İli Atabey İlçesi Harmanören (Göndürle) Kurtarma Kazısı 1989 - 1991. Müze Kurtarma Kazıları Semineri III, 291-322. google scholar
• Üstün-Türkteki, S. (2012). Göller Bölgesi İlk Tunç Çağı 1-2 Çanak Çömleği (Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis). İstanbul University, Institute of Social Sciences, İstanbul. google scholar
• Warner, J. L. (1994). Elmalı-Karataş II. The Early Bronze Age Village of Karataş. England: Bryn Mawr College. Anadolu Araştırmaları-Anatolian Research, 28, 2023 google scholar
• Wheeler, T. S. (1973). The Early Bronze Age Burial Customs of Karataş-Semayük (Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis). Bryn Mawr College, Classical and Near Eastern Archaeology, England. google scholar
• Yaylalı, S., & Akdeniz, E. (2002). Aphrodisias Müzesi’ndeki Karahisar Buluntuları. OLBA VI, 1-40, Lev. 1-34. google scholar