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‘Urban’ and ‘Rural’ in Byzantium: The Gulf of Mandalya (Güllük Körfezi) in light of Archaeological Evidence

Year 2023, Issue: 20, 531 - 560, 31.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/artsanat.2023.20.1292488

Abstract

This paper, focusing on the results of a long-term and interdisciplinary archaeological research project conducted in theGulf of Mandalya, investigates the transformation of rural settlements and the countryside in coastal Caria from Late Antiquity to Byzantine times, together with the economic activities and forms of labour, including the quarrying and exploitation of Iasos marble, on which the survival of rural communities had depended. Despite considerable changes in settlement patterns over time, the literary, epigraphic, and numismatic evidence suggest that this region was widely occupied, with numerous sites located both inland and in coastal areas. The most notable among these sites, whose history and experiences contributed to the formation and profound modification of the settlement features of the land surrounding the gulf, were Iasos and Kazıklı to the north and Bargylia to the south. The Mandalya Archaeological Survey Project (1988-2011) revealed an almost uninterrupted continuity of settlement and land exploitation in this micro-region from the Late Bronze Age through to the 18th/19th centuries CE, with a major concentration of archaeological evidence from the 6th century BCE to 7th century CE. Within this wide chronological context, the paper focuses on the continuity/ discontinuity of rural settlements, closely or more loosely affected by multiple factors, in the transition from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages (7th and 9th centuries) and beyond. It also attempts to explain the changing nature of settlements through transformation and adaptation, involving abandonment and resettlement (within or around the ruins of the now largely deurbanised and ruralised urban fabric) or relocation.

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Bizans’ta ‘Kent’ ve ‘Kırsal’: Arkeolojik Veriler Işığında Güllük (Mandalya) Körfezi

Year 2023, Issue: 20, 531 - 560, 31.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/artsanat.2023.20.1292488

Abstract

Mandalya Arkeolojik Yüzey Araştırması Projesi (1988-2011) verilerini temel alan bu çalışma, Antik Çağ’da Karia bölgesinin bir parçası olan ve Mandalya Körfezi olarak da bilinen Güllük Körfezi’nde Geç Antik ve Bizans Dönemi kırsal yerleşimlerinin değişim ve dönüşümünü, başta yerel Iasos mermerinin işletimi ve ihracatı olmak üzere bölgesel geçim kaynakları ve kent ve kırsal (territorium) ilişkisi üzerinden incelemeyi ve değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Mandalya Körfezi’ni çevreleyen ve Antik Dönem’de körfeze adını vermiş olan önemli kentsel yerleşimler arasında kuzeyde Iasos (Kıyıkışlacık) ve Kazıklı, güneyde ise Bargylia (Boğaziçi) bulunmaktadır. Bu bölgeyi merkez alan Mandalya Projesi’nden elde edilen arkeolojik veriler özellikle MÖ 6. yüzyıl ve MS 7. yüzyıl arasında yoğunlaşmakla birlikte, çok disiplinli araştırmalar burada kırsalın Geç Bronz Çağı’ndan 18. ve 19. yüzyıllara ve hatta günümüze kadar neredeyse kesintisiz olarak kullanıldığını doğrulamıştır. Bu çalışmada özellikle üstünde durulmak istenen konu, Bizans İmparatorluğu’nun başka bölgelerinde olduğu gibi, Anadolu’da da Pers ve Arap akınları başta olmak üzere, farklı faktörlerle ilişkili olarak arkeolojik verilerin azaldığı 7. ve 9. yüzyıllar arasında Mandalya Körfezi’ni çevreleyen kentler ve kırsalda yerleşim ‘sürekliliği’ olup olmadığıdır. Mimari ve arkeolojik nitelikli bulgular, Karia’nın bu kıyı bölgesinde yerleşim birimlerinin ve yaşamın ‘kent’ ve ‘kırsal’ arasında bir çizgide, zaman zaman kesintiye uğrayarak da olsa değişen ekonomik koşullara ve savunma gereksinimlerine uyum sağlamaya çalışarak, şekil ve nitelik değiştirerek devam ettiğini doğrular niteliktedir.

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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Art History
Journal Section ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ
Authors

Ufuk Serin 0000-0002-7087-9204

Publication Date July 31, 2023
Submission Date May 4, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 20

Cite

Chicago Serin, Ufuk. “Bizans’ta ‘Kent’ Ve ‘Kırsal’: Arkeolojik Veriler Işığında Güllük (Mandalya) Körfezi”. Art - Sanat, no. 20 (July 2023): 531-60. https://doi.org/10.26650/artsanat.2023.20.1292488.