https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/23272.pdf ;Mera Yönetmeliği. Resmî Gazete, 31.07.1998. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/ arsiv/23419.pdf google scholar" />
Research Article
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Kuzeydoğu Anadolu’da Yaylacılığın Sorunlarına Neden-Sonuç İlişkisiyle Bir Bakış: Ardahan Örneği

Year 2024, Issue: 48, 213 - 222, 05.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2024-1460517

Abstract

Yüzlerce yıldır Türkiye dağlarında sürdürülen yaylacılık faaliyeti günümüzde büyük bir değişim içindedir. Hayvancılığın merkezi olan KD Anadolu bu değişimlerin en çok yaşandığı bölgedir. Bu çalışma, Ardahan’da yaylacılık faaliyetindeki azalma problemine odaklanmıştır. Amaç, yaylacılığın mevcut durumunu vermek, azalma probleminin nedenlerini ve sonuçlarını belirlemektir. Ardahan’ın üç ilçesinde yaylaya çıkanlar arasında nitel araştırma yöntemi kapsamında tabakalı örneklemle seçilen kişilerle yarı yapılandırılmış sorular eşliğinde görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Bulgular içerik analizi ile değerlendirilmiş, tablolar ve şekiller hazırlanmıştır. Elde edilen en önemli bulgu, meralarda hayvan otlatmanın tarımsal işletmecilikten çok aile hayvancılığına geçiş sürecini yaşamasıdır. Bu durum, bölgede mera alanlarının daralması, hayvancılığın gerilemesi ve nihayetinde kırsal göç ile de yakından ilişkilidir. Çalışmanın bölgesel yaylacılık, yerel toplum ve kırsal yerleşim coğrafyası literatürüne katkı sağlaması beklenmektedir.

References

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  • Albayrak, L. (2020). Ardahan değerlemeleri-2: Değerler, potansiyeller ve yaklaşımlar. In İ. Kurtbaş (Ed.), Ardahan’da yaylacılık kültürü ve yaylacılık faaliyetlerinde yaşanan sorunlar (pp. 159-189). 1. Basım, Ankara: Nobel Akademi Yayınları. google scholar
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  • Bakırcı, M. (2019). Gerger ilçesinde (Adıyaman) yaylacılığın mekânsal ve sosyo-ekonomik değişimi. Uluslararası Yaylacılık ve Yayla Kültürü Sempozyumu, 26-28 Eylül 2019, Giresun, 479-498. google scholar
  • Belliggiano, A., Bindi, L., & Ievoli, C. (2021). Walking along the sheeptrack. Rural tourism, ecomuseums, and bio-cultural heritage. Sustainability, 13(16), 8870. google scholar
  • Bhasin, V. (2017). Status of women in transhumant societies. Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology, 2(1), 1-22. google scholar
  • Bourbouze, A. (2018). Les grandes transformations du pastoralisme Mediterraneen et l’emergence de nouveaux modes de production. CIHEAM Watch Letter, 39, 1-7. google scholar
  • Clout, H. (2005) La transhumance: Passe, present, avenir? Modern & Contemporary France, 13(2), 225-228. google scholar
  • Corbier, M. (2016). Interrogations actuelles sur la transhumance. Melanges de l’Ecole Française de Rome-Antiquite, 128(2), 1-23. google scholar
  • Costello, E., & Svensson, E. (2018). Historical archaeologies of transhumance across Europe, In E. Costello and E. Svensson (Eds.), Transhumant pastoralism in historic landscapes: Beginning a European perspective (pp. 1-55). The European Association of Archaeologists (EAA) by Routledge. google scholar
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  • Doğanay, H., & Coşkun, O. (2013). Türkiye yaylacılığındaki değişme eğilimleri ve başlıca sonuçları. Eastern Geographical Review,18(30), 1-27. google scholar
  • Doğanay, H. & Zaman, S. (2004). Oba-yayla yerleşmelerine tipik iki örnek: Çambaşı ve Turnalık obaları (Ordu İli). Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, 43, 1-29. google scholar
  • Doğanay, H. ve Coşkun, O. (2013). Türkiye yaylacılığındaki değişme eğilimleri ve başlıca sonuçları. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 18(30), 1-28. google scholar
  • Dorji, N. (2020). Transhumant pastoralism in a changing World: Challenges and opportunities to sustainable yakfarming in Bhutan. PhD Thesis, Wageningen University, Netherlands. google scholar
  • Durmus, E. (2020). Kargapazarı dağları ve çevresinde (Erzurum Kuzeydoğusu) yaylacılık faaliyetleri. Cografya Dergisi. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2019-0056 google scholar
  • Elibüyük, M., & Yılmaz, E. (2010). Türkiye’nin coğrafi bölge ve bölümlerine göre yükselti basamakları ve eğim grupları. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 8(1), 27-55. google scholar
  • Emiroğlu, M. (1977). Bolu’da yaylalar ve yaylacılık (No: 272). Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Yayınları. google scholar
  • EUROMONTANA. (2008). Challenges of pastoralism: Exchange of innovative experiences for a sustainable development in mountain areas. https://www.euromontana.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/2007-11-16_euromontana_defis_du_ pastoralisme_en.pdf google scholar
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  • Eurostat. (2022). Statistical regions for EU candidate and EFTA countries, NUTS-2. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/345175/7451602/2021-NUTS-2-map-TR.pdf google scholar
  • Fırıncıoğlu, H. K. (2007). An assessment of the pasture and forage production of Turkey. Tarla Bitkileri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(1-2), 2-28. google scholar
  • Gurung, D. B. (2019). Stumbling transhumance pastoralism in the shadow of globalization and the state. Contemporary Social Sciences, 28(3), 109-118. google scholar
  • Huntsinger, L., Forero, L. C., & Sulak, A. (2010). Transhumance and pastoralist resilience in the Western United States. Pastoralism, 1(1), 1-36. google scholar
  • Kalkınma Bakanlığı/Ministry of Development. (2018a). On Birinci Kalkınma Planı (2019-2023), Yerel Yönetimler ve Hizmet Kalitesi Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu. Ankara. google scholar
  • Kalkınma Bakanlığı/Ministry of Development. (2018b). On Birinci Kalkınma Planı (2019-2023), Kırsal Kalkınma Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu. Ankara. google scholar
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  • Lebaudy, G., Caraguel, B., Chenal, A., Castanieris, J., & Four, L. (2010). Un berger des bergeres. La Federation des Alpages de l’Isere, Maison du Berger, France. google scholar
  • Liechti, K., & Biber, J.-P. (2016). Pastoralism in Europe: Characteristics and challenges of highland-lowland transhumance. Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics), 35(2), 561-575. google scholar
  • Manzano, P., & Casas, R. (2010). Past, present and future of trashumancia in Spain: Nomadism in a developed country. Pastoralism, 1(1), 7290. google scholar
  • McGahey, D., Davies, J., Hagelberg, N., & Ouedraogo, R. (2017). Pastoralisme et economie verte-un lien naturel? UICN et PNUE. google scholar
  • Meini, M., Di Felice, G., & Petrella, M. (2018). Geotourism perspectives for transhumance routes. analysis, requalification and virtual tools for the geoconservation management of the drove roads in Southern Italy. Geosciences, 8(368), 1-32. google scholar
  • Millar, J., & Tenzing, K. (2021). Transforming degraded rangelands and pastoralists’ livelihoods in Eastern Bhutan. Mountain Research and Development, 41(4), D1-D7. google scholar
  • Ntassiou, K., Doukas, I. D., & Papadopoulos, I. (2016). On the study, modernisation, support and promotion of transhumance, through a dedicated Web-GIS, International Journal of Sustainable Agricultural Management and Informatics, 2(2/3/4), 193-205. google scholar
  • Ocak, S. (2016). Transhumance in central Anatolia: A resilient interdependence between biological and cultural diversity. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 29, 439-453. google scholar
  • Oteros-Rozas, E., Ontillera-Sanchez, R., Sanosa, P., Gomez-Baggethun, E., Reyes-Garüa, V., & Gonzalez, J. A. (2013). Traditional ecological knowledge among transhumant pastoralists in Mediterranean Spain. Ecology and Society, 18(3), 1-19. google scholar
  • Palladino, P. (2018). Transhumance revisited: On mobility and process between ethnography and history. Journal of Historical Sociology, 31, 119-133. google scholar
  • Philip, L., & Williams, F. (2019). Healthy ageing in smart villages? Observations from the field. European Countryside, 11(4), 616-633. google scholar
  • Rayamajhi, N., & Manandhar, B. (2020). Impact of climate change and adaptation measures on transhumance herding system in Gatlang, Rasuwa. Air, Soil and Water Research, 13, 1-10. google scholar
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  • Rode, C. (2019). Ameliorer l’attractivite du metier de berger et sa reconnaissance. Republique Française, Ministere de l’Agriculture et de l’Alimentation, Bureau du Changement Climatique et de la Biodiversite, Paris. google scholar
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  • Şahin, H., Çiftyıldız, K., & Evkaya, C. (2019). Çoban çalışanların çalışma şartlarının iş hukuku açısından değerlendirilmesi: Atyolu köyü örneği. Journal of Social Policy Conferences, 76, 129-157. google scholar
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A Look at the Problems of Transhumance in Northeastern Anatolia with a Cause-Effect Relationship: Ardahan Example

Year 2024, Issue: 48, 213 - 222, 05.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2024-1460517

Abstract

Transhumance activity, which has been carried on in the mountains of Türkiye for hundreds of years, has entered into a great change nowadays. NE Anatolia, the center of livestock grazing, is the region where these changes are experienced the most. This study focused on the problem of decrease in transhumance activity in Ardahan. The aim is to give the current status of transhumance and to determine the causes and consequences of the decline problem. Within the scope of the qualitative research method, interviews were conducted through semi-structured questions with people selected with stratified sampling among the plateau climbers in three districts of Ardahan. The findings were evaluated by content analysis while tables and figures were prepared. The most important finding is that grazing on pastures is experiencing a transition from agricultural management to family livestock farming. This situation is closely related to the shrinkage of pasture areas in the region, the decline of animal husbandry and ultimately rural migration. It is expected that the study will contribute to the literature on regional transhumance, local society and rural settlement geography.

References

  • Ahmad, Z., Postigo, J. C., Rahman, F., & Dittman, A. (2021). Mountain pastoralism in the eastern Hindu Kush: The case of Lotkuh Valley, Pakistan. Mountain Research and Development, 41(4), 16-28. google scholar
  • Albayrak, L. (2020). Ardahan değerlemeleri-2: Değerler, potansiyeller ve yaklaşımlar. In İ. Kurtbaş (Ed.), Ardahan’da yaylacılık kültürü ve yaylacılık faaliyetlerinde yaşanan sorunlar (pp. 159-189). 1. Basım, Ankara: Nobel Akademi Yayınları. google scholar
  • Alagöz, C. A. (1993). Türkiye’de yaylacılık araştırmaları. Ankara Üniversitesi Türkiye Coğrafyası Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Türkiye Coğrafyası Dergisi, 2, 1-51. google scholar
  • Arı, Y. (2014). Coğrafya araştırma yöntemleri. In Y. Arı & İ. Kaya (Eds.), Bilim, araştırma ve coğrafi araştırma (pp. 1-17). Balıkesir: Coğrafyacılar Derneği. google scholar
  • Aryal, S., Maraseni, T. N., & Cockfield, G. (2014). Sustainability of transhumance grazing systems under socio-economic threats in Langtang Nepal. Journal of Mountain Science, 11(4), 1023-1034. google scholar
  • Bakırcı, M. (2019). Gerger ilçesinde (Adıyaman) yaylacılığın mekânsal ve sosyo-ekonomik değişimi. Uluslararası Yaylacılık ve Yayla Kültürü Sempozyumu, 26-28 Eylül 2019, Giresun, 479-498. google scholar
  • Belliggiano, A., Bindi, L., & Ievoli, C. (2021). Walking along the sheeptrack. Rural tourism, ecomuseums, and bio-cultural heritage. Sustainability, 13(16), 8870. google scholar
  • Bhasin, V. (2017). Status of women in transhumant societies. Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology, 2(1), 1-22. google scholar
  • Bourbouze, A. (2018). Les grandes transformations du pastoralisme Mediterraneen et l’emergence de nouveaux modes de production. CIHEAM Watch Letter, 39, 1-7. google scholar
  • Clout, H. (2005) La transhumance: Passe, present, avenir? Modern & Contemporary France, 13(2), 225-228. google scholar
  • Corbier, M. (2016). Interrogations actuelles sur la transhumance. Melanges de l’Ecole Française de Rome-Antiquite, 128(2), 1-23. google scholar
  • Costello, E., & Svensson, E. (2018). Historical archaeologies of transhumance across Europe, In E. Costello and E. Svensson (Eds.), Transhumant pastoralism in historic landscapes: Beginning a European perspective (pp. 1-55). The European Association of Archaeologists (EAA) by Routledge. google scholar
  • Cumhurbaşkanlığı Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi/Presidency Legislation Information System. Mera Kanunu. Resmî Gazete, 28.02.1998. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/23272.pdf">https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/23272.pdf ;Mera Yönetmeliği. Resmî Gazete, 31.07.1998. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/ arsiv/23419.pdf google scholar
  • Daşcı, M., & Çomaklı, B. (2006). Yaylacılık ve tarımsal açıdan önemi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(2), 275-280. google scholar
  • Djohy, G. (2017). Pastoralism and socio-technological transformations in Northern Benin. Göttingen Series in Social and Cultural Anthropology, Göttingen University Press. google scholar
  • Doğanay, H., & Coşkun, O. (2013). Türkiye yaylacılığındaki değişme eğilimleri ve başlıca sonuçları. Eastern Geographical Review,18(30), 1-27. google scholar
  • Doğanay, H. & Zaman, S. (2004). Oba-yayla yerleşmelerine tipik iki örnek: Çambaşı ve Turnalık obaları (Ordu İli). Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, 43, 1-29. google scholar
  • Doğanay, H. ve Coşkun, O. (2013). Türkiye yaylacılığındaki değişme eğilimleri ve başlıca sonuçları. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 18(30), 1-28. google scholar
  • Dorji, N. (2020). Transhumant pastoralism in a changing World: Challenges and opportunities to sustainable yakfarming in Bhutan. PhD Thesis, Wageningen University, Netherlands. google scholar
  • Durmus, E. (2020). Kargapazarı dağları ve çevresinde (Erzurum Kuzeydoğusu) yaylacılık faaliyetleri. Cografya Dergisi. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2019-0056 google scholar
  • Elibüyük, M., & Yılmaz, E. (2010). Türkiye’nin coğrafi bölge ve bölümlerine göre yükselti basamakları ve eğim grupları. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 8(1), 27-55. google scholar
  • Emiroğlu, M. (1977). Bolu’da yaylalar ve yaylacılık (No: 272). Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Yayınları. google scholar
  • EUROMONTANA. (2008). Challenges of pastoralism: Exchange of innovative experiences for a sustainable development in mountain areas. https://www.euromontana.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/2007-11-16_euromontana_defis_du_ pastoralisme_en.pdf google scholar
  • EUROMONTANA. (2020). La transhumance est desormais officiellement inscrite au Patrimoine Culturel Immateriel de l’UNESCO. https://www.euromontana.org/la-transhumance-est-desormais-officiellement-inscrite-au-patrimoine-culturel-immateriel-de-lunesco/ google scholar
  • European Environment Agency. (2017). Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2016. An indicator-based report, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. google scholar
  • Eurostat. (2022). Statistical regions for EU candidate and EFTA countries, NUTS-2. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/345175/7451602/2021-NUTS-2-map-TR.pdf google scholar
  • Fırıncıoğlu, H. K. (2007). An assessment of the pasture and forage production of Turkey. Tarla Bitkileri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(1-2), 2-28. google scholar
  • Gurung, D. B. (2019). Stumbling transhumance pastoralism in the shadow of globalization and the state. Contemporary Social Sciences, 28(3), 109-118. google scholar
  • Huntsinger, L., Forero, L. C., & Sulak, A. (2010). Transhumance and pastoralist resilience in the Western United States. Pastoralism, 1(1), 1-36. google scholar
  • Kalkınma Bakanlığı/Ministry of Development. (2018a). On Birinci Kalkınma Planı (2019-2023), Yerel Yönetimler ve Hizmet Kalitesi Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu. Ankara. google scholar
  • Kalkınma Bakanlığı/Ministry of Development. (2018b). On Birinci Kalkınma Planı (2019-2023), Kırsal Kalkınma Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu. Ankara. google scholar
  • Koç, A., Schacht, W. H., & Erkovan, H. İ. (2015). The history and current direction of rangeland management in Turkey. Rangelands, 37(1), 39-46. google scholar
  • Lebaudy, G., Caraguel, B., Chenal, A., Castanieris, J., & Four, L. (2010). Un berger des bergeres. La Federation des Alpages de l’Isere, Maison du Berger, France. google scholar
  • Liechti, K., & Biber, J.-P. (2016). Pastoralism in Europe: Characteristics and challenges of highland-lowland transhumance. Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics), 35(2), 561-575. google scholar
  • Manzano, P., & Casas, R. (2010). Past, present and future of trashumancia in Spain: Nomadism in a developed country. Pastoralism, 1(1), 7290. google scholar
  • McGahey, D., Davies, J., Hagelberg, N., & Ouedraogo, R. (2017). Pastoralisme et economie verte-un lien naturel? UICN et PNUE. google scholar
  • Meini, M., Di Felice, G., & Petrella, M. (2018). Geotourism perspectives for transhumance routes. analysis, requalification and virtual tools for the geoconservation management of the drove roads in Southern Italy. Geosciences, 8(368), 1-32. google scholar
  • Millar, J., & Tenzing, K. (2021). Transforming degraded rangelands and pastoralists’ livelihoods in Eastern Bhutan. Mountain Research and Development, 41(4), D1-D7. google scholar
  • Ntassiou, K., Doukas, I. D., & Papadopoulos, I. (2016). On the study, modernisation, support and promotion of transhumance, through a dedicated Web-GIS, International Journal of Sustainable Agricultural Management and Informatics, 2(2/3/4), 193-205. google scholar
  • Ocak, S. (2016). Transhumance in central Anatolia: A resilient interdependence between biological and cultural diversity. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 29, 439-453. google scholar
  • Oteros-Rozas, E., Ontillera-Sanchez, R., Sanosa, P., Gomez-Baggethun, E., Reyes-Garüa, V., & Gonzalez, J. A. (2013). Traditional ecological knowledge among transhumant pastoralists in Mediterranean Spain. Ecology and Society, 18(3), 1-19. google scholar
  • Palladino, P. (2018). Transhumance revisited: On mobility and process between ethnography and history. Journal of Historical Sociology, 31, 119-133. google scholar
  • Philip, L., & Williams, F. (2019). Healthy ageing in smart villages? Observations from the field. European Countryside, 11(4), 616-633. google scholar
  • Rayamajhi, N., & Manandhar, B. (2020). Impact of climate change and adaptation measures on transhumance herding system in Gatlang, Rasuwa. Air, Soil and Water Research, 13, 1-10. google scholar
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Agriculture & Forestry. (2022). Çayır, mera ve yem bitkileri, mera alanlarının yıllar itibariyle değişimi, hayvancılık desteklemeleri. https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/Konular/Bitkisel-Uretim/Cayir-Mera-ve-Yem-Bitkileri google scholar
  • Rode, C. (2019). Ameliorer l’attractivite du metier de berger et sa reconnaissance. Republique Française, Ministere de l’Agriculture et de l’Alimentation, Bureau du Changement Climatique et de la Biodiversite, Paris. google scholar
  • Serhat Development Agency (SERKA). SERKA’dan sosyal girişimcilik kampı. https://www.serka.gov.tr/haber/haberler-serka-dan-sosyal-girisimcilik-kampi/2311 google scholar
  • Sidiropoulou, A., Karatassiou, M., Galidaki, G., & Sklavou, P. (2015). Landscape pattern changes in response to transhumance abandonment on Mountain Vermio (North Greece). Sustainability, 7, 15652-15673. google scholar
  • Şahin, H., Çiftyıldız, K., & Evkaya, C. (2019). Çoban çalışanların çalışma şartlarının iş hukuku açısından değerlendirilmesi: Atyolu köyü örneği. Journal of Social Policy Conferences, 76, 129-157. google scholar
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There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Habitation Geography, Human Geography (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ferdi Akbaş 0000-0003-1899-1458

Publication Date July 5, 2024
Submission Date March 28, 2024
Acceptance Date May 7, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Issue: 48

Cite

APA Akbaş, F. (2024). A Look at the Problems of Transhumance in Northeastern Anatolia with a Cause-Effect Relationship: Ardahan Example. Journal of Geography(48), 213-222. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2024-1460517
AMA Akbaş F. A Look at the Problems of Transhumance in Northeastern Anatolia with a Cause-Effect Relationship: Ardahan Example. Journal of Geography. July 2024;(48):213-222. doi:10.26650/JGEOG2024-1460517
Chicago Akbaş, Ferdi. “A Look at the Problems of Transhumance in Northeastern Anatolia With a Cause-Effect Relationship: Ardahan Example”. Journal of Geography, no. 48 (July 2024): 213-22. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2024-1460517.
EndNote Akbaş F (July 1, 2024) A Look at the Problems of Transhumance in Northeastern Anatolia with a Cause-Effect Relationship: Ardahan Example. Journal of Geography 48 213–222.
IEEE F. Akbaş, “A Look at the Problems of Transhumance in Northeastern Anatolia with a Cause-Effect Relationship: Ardahan Example”, Journal of Geography, no. 48, pp. 213–222, July 2024, doi: 10.26650/JGEOG2024-1460517.
ISNAD Akbaş, Ferdi. “A Look at the Problems of Transhumance in Northeastern Anatolia With a Cause-Effect Relationship: Ardahan Example”. Journal of Geography 48 (July 2024), 213-222. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2024-1460517.
JAMA Akbaş F. A Look at the Problems of Transhumance in Northeastern Anatolia with a Cause-Effect Relationship: Ardahan Example. Journal of Geography. 2024;:213–222.
MLA Akbaş, Ferdi. “A Look at the Problems of Transhumance in Northeastern Anatolia With a Cause-Effect Relationship: Ardahan Example”. Journal of Geography, no. 48, 2024, pp. 213-22, doi:10.26650/JGEOG2024-1460517.
Vancouver Akbaş F. A Look at the Problems of Transhumance in Northeastern Anatolia with a Cause-Effect Relationship: Ardahan Example. Journal of Geography. 2024(48):213-22.